Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1
Describe the anatomical position.
In the anatomical position, the subject is standing erect facing the observer with the head level and the eyes facing forward. The lower limbs are parallel and the feet are flat on the floor and directed forward, and the upper limbs are to the sides with the palms facing forward.
Which of the following anatomical terms refers to the thumb?
Pollex
Describe the differences between positive and negative feedback systems.
Positive feedback strengthens or reinforces a change in one of the body's controlled conditions, while negative feedback reverses a change in a controlled condition.
Feeling the presence of a mosquito biting your arm is an example of
Responsiveness
A condition NOT regulated by a negative feedback loop would be:
a)childbirth B): body temperature C): blood pressure D: heart rate E: blood sugar Answer:A
Which of the following organs contains the control center for the feedback system that regulates blood pressure?
brain
An embryonic stem cell undergoes _____ to become a neuron.
differentiation
Which directional term means farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk or farther from the origination of a structure?
distal
Which feedback system structure receives output from the control center?
effector
four basic types of tissues found in the human body?
epithelial, nervous, connective, skeletal
Great toe
hallux
Which subspecialty of physiology deals with the study of the body's defense against disease-causing agents?
immunology
Which body fluid fills the narrow spaces between cells and tissues and directly affects the proper functioning of cells?
interstitial fluid
The ribs are _____ to the sternum.
lateral
Which directional term means farther from the midline?
lateral
Mammography and bone densitometry are good examples of which of the following types of medical imaging.
low-dose radiography
Which term refers to the sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body?
metabolism
The two organ systems that regulate and maintain homeostasis are the
nervous and endocrine systems.
Which subspecialty of physiology deals with the study of the functional properties of nerve cells?
neurophysiology
Which of the following represents the largest and most complex level of structural organization in the human body?
organismal level
Which of the following anatomical terms refers to the ear?
otic
What is the name of the outer layer of the serous membrane that surrounds the heart?
parietal pericardium
Which subspecialty of anatomy deals with the study of structural changes associated with disease?
pathological anatomy
Which subspecialty of physiology deals with the study of functional changes associated with disease and aging?
pathophysiology
Which of the following anatomical terms refers to the groin?
pelvic
Which cavity contains the heart?
pericardial
Which term describes the study of the functions of body structures?
physiology
The lungs are located in the
pleural cavity.
The function of the secretions of a serous membrane, like the pleura, is to
reduce friction between neighboring organs.
Objective changes in a patient's normal body function that can be directly observed or measured by a clinician are referred to as
signs
During a visit to your doctor, you complain about headache and nausea. These changes in your body functions are considered to be
symptoms
Which of the following is a safe non-invasive imaging technique that uses the reflection of high frequency sound waves off of body tissues to visualize a fetus during pregnancy?
ultrasound scanning
Which of the following is NOT a common characteristic of a negative feedback system?
usually requires an event outside the feedback system to shut it off
What is the name of the serous membrane in closest proximity to the lungs?
visceral pleura