Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 2-Chemical Level of Organization

In the reaction listed below, what coefficient needs to be added to balance the equation? 6 CO2 +6 H2O --- C6H12O6 + ___ O2

6

If an element is composed of atoms with an atomic number of 6 and a mass number of 14, then the nucleus of a neutral atom of this element contains

6 protons and 8 neutrons

Which of the following is both an anion and a compound

HCO3-

In an aqueous solution, sodium ions would move toward

a negative terminal

Elements that have atoms with full outer shells of electrons

are inert gases

Carbohydrate molecules

are the body's most readily available source of energy

By weight, which element is the second most abundant in the human body?

carbon

The molecule CO2 is known as

carbon dioxide

All fatty acids contain a functional group at one end called the ________ group.

carboxyl

In a molecule of oxygen gas, two pairs of electrons are shared equally by two oxygen atoms. The type of bond that is formed is an example of a

double nonpolar covalent bond

Which of the following lists contains only trace elements?

silicon, flourine, tin

If one pair of electrons is unequally shared between two atoms, a _______ _____ _________ _____ occurs

single polar covalent bond

A ________ is a homogeneous mixture containing a solvent and a solute.

solution

Hydrophilic molecules readily associate with

water molecules

In hydrolysis reactions, compounds react with

water, causing decomposition

Oppositely charged ions in solution are prevented from combining by

hydration spheres

The molecule H2 is known as

hydrogen

The weakest bond between two atoms is the _______ bond.

hydrogen

Which element commonly has only a proton as its nucleus?

hydrogen

Molecules that do no readily dissolve in water are called

hydrophobic

Nonpolar organic molecules are good examples of

hydrophobic compounds

Molecules that have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas are called

isomers

Atoms of the same element whose nuclei contain the same number of protons, but different number of neutrons, are called

isotopes

In dehydration reactions, compounds

lose water molecules

Compounds that can be synthesized or broken down by chemical reactions inside the body are called

metabolites

H2O is an example of a

molecular formula

A solution containing equal numbers of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions is

neutral

Isotopes of an element differ in the number of

neutrons in the nucleus

The center of an atom is called the

nucleus

Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are classified as

organic molecules

The chemical behavior of an atom is determined by the

outermost electron shell

By weight, which element is the most plentiful in the human body

oxygen

The molecule O2 is known as

oxygen

The __ of a solution is the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration expressed in moles per liter.

pH

Of the list below, which has the highest concentration of hydroxide ions?

pH 14

Which pH is closest to normal blood pH

pH 7

A fatty acid that contains multiple double covalent bonds is said to be

polyunsaturated

Kinetic energy is stored as _________ energy when a spring is stretched.

potential

Each of the following is an example of an inorganic compound except

proteins

The "atomic number" of an atom is determined by the number of _______ it has.

protons

The mass number represents the number of

protons + neutrons

The mass of an atom is largely determined by the number of

protons + neutrons

The atomic weight of an atom reflects the average number of

protons + neutrons + electrons

The nucleus of an atom consists of

protons and neutrons

The innermost electron shell in an atom holds up to

2 electrons

Of the following choices, the pH of the least acidic solution is

12.0

A polysaccharide that is formed in muscle cells to store glucose is

glycogen

If an isotope of oxygen has 8 protons, 10 neutrons and 8 electrons, its mass number is

18

Magnesium atoms have two electrons in the outermost shell. As a result, you would expect magnesium to form ions with a charge of

+2

Which of the following is the symbol for an amino group?

-NH2

Which of the following are needed to form a triglyceride molecule?

1 glycerol +3 fatty acid molecules

Magnesium atoms have two electrons in their outermost shells and chlorine atoms have seven. The compound magnesium chloride would contain

1 magnesium and 2 chlorine

Which has the greater concentration of hydrogen ions, a substance with a pH of 5 or a substance with a pH of 4?

A pH of 4 is greater

Lipids

All of the answers are correct A.form essential structural components of cells B.provide roughly twice the energy as carbohydrates C.help maintain body temperature D.cushion organs against shock

An excess of hydrogen ions in the body fluids can have fatal results because this can

All of the answers are correct: A. block ion movements B. change the shape of large complex molecules, rendering them nonfunctional C. Disrupt tissue functions

____________ are soluble inorganic compounds whose solutions will conduct an electric current.

Electrolytes

_______ accelerate chemical reactions that occur in the human body.

Enzymes

Which of the following statements about hydrogen bonds is false?

Hydrogen bonds are strong attractive forces between hydrogen atoms and negatively charged atoms

_________ compounds do not usually contain carbon as a primary structural atom.

Inorganic

Which of the following statements about water is not correct?

It has a relatively low heat capacity

When a small amount of HCI or NaOH is added to a solution of Na2HPO4, the pH of the solution barely changes. Based on these observations, all of the following are true concerning the compound Na2HPO4 except

Na2HPO4 adsorbs excess H+ and OH- directly onto the surface of its crystalline structure

An important buffer in body fluids is

NaHCO3

_______ molecules are compounds that contain carbon as the primary structural atom.

Organic

In chemical notation, the symbol Ca2+

a calcium ion that has lost two electrons

When two monosaccharides undergo a dehydration synthesis,

a disaccharide is formed

In living cells, complex metabolic reactions proceed in a series of steps called

a metabolic pathway

If a substance has a pH that is great than 7, it is

alkaline

Fructose

all of the above are correct A. is a hexose B. is an isomer of glucose C. is found in fruits

When electrons are transferred from one atom to another, and the two atoms unite as a result of the opposite charges,

an ionic bond is formed

In an aqueous solution, cations are attracted toward

anions

Ions with a negative charge are called

anions

Which of the following is not a cation

anything with a negative charge

All of the following are true concerning enzymes except that they

are consumed during the reaction

The actual mass of an atom is known as its

atomic weight

The smallest stable units of matter are

atoms

A functional group is best described as reoccurring clusters of

atoms that greatly influence the chemical properties of molecules they are part of

A ____ removes hydrogen ions, and a ____ releases hydrogen ions.

base;acid

Which of the following are inorganic substances?

both water and carbon dioxide

In the body, inorganic compounds

can serve as buffers

The group of organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a near 1:2:1 ratio is defined as

carbohydrate

Ions with a + charge are called

cations

Oxygen is required in biological systems for

cellular respiration

When atoms complete their outer electron shell by sharing electrons, they form

covalent bonds

During ionization, water molecules disrupt the ionic bonds of a salt to produce a mixture of ions. These ions can carry a current and so are called

electrolytes

Ionic bonds are formed when

electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another

A _______ is a pure substance composed of atoms

element

Chemical reactions that absorb energy are called

endergonic

The reaction A+B energy ---AB is an example of

endergonic reaction

Chemical reactions that release energy are called

exergonic

Chemical reactions that yield energy, such as heat, are said to be

exergonic

The three familiar states of matter listed in order from the least to most thermal energy are

gas, liquid, solid

The most important metabolic fuel molecule in the body is

glucose

Which of the following substances would be most acidic

stomach secretions, pH=1

When placed in water, an inorganic compound dissociates 99 percent, forming hydrogen ions and anions. This compound would be a

strong acid

An example of an organic substance is

sucrose

A dust particle floating on a water surface illustrates

surface tension

AB---A + B is to decomposition as A + B ---AB is to

synthesis

The reaction N2 +3 H2 ---2 NH3 is an example of a

synthesis reaction

Which property of water helps keep body temperature stabilized?

thermal inertia

Lipids made of a glycerol molecule with two fatty acids attached to one side and a phosphate group connecting a nonlipid group attached to the other are

triglycerides