Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 22: Reproductive Systems

Sperm are produced by the ______ sex organs and transported to the outside of the body by the actions of ______ sex organs.

primary; accessory

Which structures are formed in the ovary prior to birth?

primordial follicles

Which of the following is not a function of the female reproductive system? provide a favorable environment for a developing offspring produce and maintain the female sex cells produce estrogen and progesterone produce FSH and LH

produce FSH and LH

The hormone ______ primarily targets the uterus, preparing and maintaining the uterus during pregnancy.

progesterone

The hormone secreted by the ovaries, which promotes changes in the endometrium and helps regulate secretions of gonadotropins from the anterior pituitary gland, is ____________.

progesterone

The main female sex hormones, produced primarily by the ovaries, are estrogen and

progesterone

Which gland secretes a fluid that functions to lubricate the tip of the penis in preparation for intercourse?

bulbourethral gland

The female reproductive cycle is characterized by regular, recurring changes in the ______, which culminate in menstrual bleeding (menses).

endometrium

Millions of primordial follicles form in the ovarian cortex before birth. A primordial follicle consists of a layer of follicular cells surrounding a single, large cell called a ______________ oocyte.

primary

What do oogonia develop into?

primary oocytes

An outcome of polar body formation is an oocyte with ______.

a large amount of cytoplasm

Select all that apply After polar body formation, the oocyte has which two of the following characteristics? a diploid number of chromosomes a large amount of cytoplasm very little cytoplasm a haploid number of chromosomes

a large amount of cytoplasm a haploid number of chromosomes

The external accessory organs of the male reproductive system are the ______.

scrotum and penis

The function of the bulbourethral glands is to secrete ______.

a fluid that lubricates the end of the penis

Certain changes in females at puberty, like increased hair growth in the pubic and axillary regions, are related to the hormone(s) called ______ secreted by the adrenal cortex.

androgen

True or false: During prophase I, homologous chromosomes exchange segments of DNA in a process called fertilization.

false

Capacitation is a process that occurs in the ______ and results in ______.

female reproductive tract; weakening of the acrosomal membranes of sperm cells

Oocytes are the sex cells of which gender?

females

After an oocyte has been ovulated, the remnants of the follicle form a structure called the corpus _____________.

luteum

What is produced by the interstitial cells of the testes?

male sex hormones

Sperm are the sex cells of which gender?

males

During spermatogenesis, ______ is the process that ensures that each sperm cell will have only 23 chromosomes.

meiosis

Human gametes (sperm and ooocytes) are produced by which type of cell division?

meiosis

Male gametes (sperm) are reproduced by a type of cell division called

meiosis

The type of cell division that produces sperm and oocytes is called

meiosis

The developing female gametes, as they progress through meiosis I, are called ______.

primary oocytes

What are spermatogonia?

Diploid cells that will become sperm cells.

Which hormone stimulates the sustentacular cells of the seminiferous tubules to proliferate, grow, mature, and respond to the effects of the males sex hormone testosterone?

FSH

The root word that means origin is

Genesis

Select all that apply During spermiogenesis, a spermatid undergoes which of the following changes? Movement of spermatid toward periphery of seminiferous tubule. Growth of a flagellum. Formation of an acrosome. Reduction of chromosome number.

Growth of a flagellum. Formation of an acrosome.

______ line seminiferous tubules and give rise to sperm cells. ______ lie in between the tubules and secrete male sex hormones.

Spermatogenic cells; Interstitial cells (cells of Leydig)

Male sex cells are called

sperm

Which cells in the seminiferous tubule give rise to sperm cells?

spermatogenic cells

Undifferentiated diploid spermatogenic cells are called

spermatogonia

Differentiation of a spermatid into a single, mature sperm cell is called ______.

spermiogenesis

Emission occurs in response to ______ nerve impulses, which stimulate smooth muscle contraction in the walls of testicular ducts, epididymides, ductus deferentia, and ejaculatory ducts.

sympathetic

Emission is primarily regulated by which division(s) of the autonomic nervous system?

sympathetic division

Two endocrine organs (hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland) and a male reproductive organ (____________), secrete hormones that maintain sperm cell production and oversee the development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics.

testes

Where are seminiferous tubules located?

within the testes

The ability of a sperm cell to fertilize an oocyte generally lasts about ______ after the sperm enters the female reproductive tract.

1-2 days

Click and drag on elements in order Organize the sequence of structures through which sperm will travel after leaving the seminiferous tubules.

1. epididymis 2. ductus deferens 3. ejaculatory duct 4. urethra

Click and drag on elements in order Place in the correct order the sequence of events and the products of the ovarian cycle, with the earliest event/product at the top.

1. primordial follicle 2. primary follicle 3. pre-antral follicle 4. mature antral follicle 5. ovulation 6. corpus luteum

Click and drag on elements in order Place the structures in the order that sperm cells flow through them, with the structure closest to sperm origin at the top.

1. seminiferous tubules 2. epididymis 3. ductus deferens

A primary oocyte is stimulated to continue meiosis. The resultant cell has ______ chromosomes.

23

In general, the ability of a sperm cell to fertilize an oocyte lasts ______ after the sperm enters the female reproductive tract.

24-48 hours

It takes almost ______ days for the development of a mature antral follicle. A mature antral follicle is ready every ______ days.

300; 28

What is a primary oocyte?

A developing female gamete undergoing meiosis.

The two main female sex hormones, secreted mainly by the ovaries, are _____________ and ____________.

Blank 1: estrogen Blank 2: progesterone

The correct sequence of the ovarian cycle is: primordial follicle, ___________ follicle, preantral follicle, mature __________ follicle, and ovulation.

Blank 1: primary Blank 2: antral

The three male accessory glands are: the ___________ vesicles, ____________ gland, and bulbourethral glands.

Blank 1: seminal Blank 2: prostate

What are the effects of androgens in females?

Increased hair growth in the pubic and axillary regions

Select all that apply Indicate the characteristics of semen. It is an acidic fluid containing nutrients. It contains secretions from the prostate gland. It is an alkaline fluid containing nutrients.

It contains secretions from the prostate gland. It is an alkaline fluid containing nutrients.

Which is true regarding the time line of follicular development? It takes 15 days (half the cycle) for the follicle and oocyte to be ready for ovulation. It is an ongoing process, with one mature follicle ready for ovulation every 28 days. It is an ongoing process, with one mature follicle ready for ovulation every 300 days. It takes a total of 28 days for a primordial follicle to become a dominant mature antral follicle ready for ovulation.

It is an ongoing process, with one mature follicle ready for ovulation every 28 days.

After ovulation, what happens to a secondary oocyte?

It is swept into the uterine tube.

Select all that apply Which three statements are true about erection of the penis? The reflex is mediated by the pons of the brainstem. Nitric oxide increases blood flow into erectile tissue. The increasing pressure of arterial blood in erectile tissue compresses the veins. The penis swells and elongates. It is mediated by sympathetic nerve impulses.

Nitric oxide increases blood flow into erectile tissue. The increasing pressure of arterial blood in erectile tissue compresses the veins. The penis swells and elongates.

Sperm cells cannot fertilize an oocyte until they enter the female reproductive tract. Here they undergo a process called __________, which weakens the acrosomal membranes of sperm cells.

capacitation

The female reproductive system produces and maintains the female sex cells, called

eggs or oocytes

As the corpus luteum degenerates (about day 24 of the cycle), it is replaced by connective tissue. What is this remnant of the corpus luteum called?

corpus albicans

The ______ contracts when it is cold, and the scrotum becomes taut and wrinkled, holding the testes snugly against the body.

dartos muscle

The number of oocytes in the ovary steadily ______ from birth to menopause.

decreases

The epididymis directs sperm cells into what structure?

ductus deferens

Female sex cells are called

eggs

Just outside the prostate gland, each ductus deferens unites with the duct of a seminal vesicle. The fusion of these two ducts forms the _________________________ duct, which passes through the prostate gland and empties into the urethra.

ejaculatory

Select all that apply Indicate the structures that sperm cells pass through. ejaculatory duct prostate gland epididymis seminal vesicle bulbourethral gland ductus deferentia

ejaculatory duct epididymis ductus deferentia

Which layer of the uterus undergoes regular, recurring changes during the menstrual cycle?

endometrium

All of the following are accessory glands of the male reproductive system except the ______. prostate gland bulbourethral glands seminal vesicles epididymis

epididymis

The site of sperm cell maturation is the ____________. As they pass through this structure, sperm gain the ability to "swim."

epididymis

In the presence of the hormones ______ and testosterone, sustentacular cells stimulate the spermatogenic cells to undergo spermatogenesis, giving rise to sperm cells.

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

The products of the process of meiosis are ______.

four genetically unique daughter cells

The process of meiosis produces ______ genetically ______ cells.

four; different

Homologous chromosomes exchange segments of DNA in a process called crossing-over. What does this process produce?

genetically unique (different) sister chromatids

Beginning at puberty, primary oocytes continue meiosis. The resulting cells are secondary oocytes in which the original chromosome number is ______.

halved

Once ovulated, if the secondary oocyte is not fertilized within ______, it degenerates.

hours

elect all that apply Indicate which organs secrete hormones that control male reproductive functions. hypothalamus testes anterior pituitary gland adrenal gland thyroid gland

hypothalamus testes anterior pituitary gland

Where does fertilization usually occur?

in the uterine tube

The hormone that is secreted by the sustentacular cells, preventing oversecretion of FSH by exerting negative feedback on the anterior pituitary gland, is called

inhibin

Which hormone is secreted by sustentacular cells of the seminiferous tubules and prevents oversecretion of FSH?

inhibin

Which structures/cells produce the male sex hormones?

interstitial cells or cells of Leydig

In males, luteinizing hormone (LH) stimulates the _________ cells, which respond by secreting testosterone.

interstitial or Leydig

The hormone called ______ stimulates development of the interstitial cells of the testes, which secrete androgens, mainly testosterone.

luteinizing hormone (LH)

The meaning of the word element "-genesis" is ______.

origin

The period of life in which follicles no longer mature, the concentration of estrogens decreases, and female reproductive organs shrink is called _____________.

menopause

Baby girls are born with ______ oocytes than are present at puberty.

more

The ovarian stem cells that generate oocytes are

oogonia

Which cell type gives rise to primary oocytes?

oogonia

Which term refers to ovarian stem cells that give rise to oocytes?

oogonia

Sexual excitement often culminates in a pleasurable feeling of physiological and psychological release referred to as a(n) ______.

orgasm

The culmination of sexual stimulation is called a(n) _________, a pleasurable feeling of physiological and psychological release that is accompanied by emission and ejaculation in males.

orgasm

From the spinal cord, ______ impulses cause ______ of the arteries and subsequent ______ of the veins. Consequently, blood accumulates in the erectile tissue and produces an erection.

parasympathetic; dilation; constriction

The male erectile organ that serves to deposit semen in the vagina is the

penis

Select all that apply Indicate which of the following structures are male external reproductive organs. penis prostate gland scrotum bulbourethral glands seminal vesicles

penis scrotum

The male external reproductive organs are the penis and the sac-like structure called the

scrotum

Select all that apply Indicate two roles of the male reproductive system. secrete hormones vital to maintaining secondary sex characteristics spermatogenesis produce sex cells through mitosis maintaining the developing embryo

secrete hormones vital to maintaining secondary sex characteristics spermatogenesis

The fluid expelled during male orgasm is called

semen

The fluid that the urethra conveys to the outside during male ejaculation is called

semen

The penis serves to deposit __________ in the vagina.

semen

Each lobule within the testis contains one to four ______ with spermatogenic cells in the epithelial lining.

seminiferous tubules

What is the function of the epididymides?

site of sperm maturation

When exposed to cold temperatures, the testes move ______ the pelvic cavity. When exposed to warmth, the testes move ______ the pelvic cavity.

toward; away from

Sperm needs to reach the ______ in order to fertilize the oocyte.

uterine tube