Anatomy & Physiology Chapter 7 B: The Appendicular Skeleton

Metatarsus

consists of five small, long bones called metatarsals.

Medial Longitudinal Arch

curves well above the ground. The talus is the keystone of this arch, which originates at the calcaneus, rises toward the talus, & then descends to the three medial metatarsals.

Auricular Surface

("ear-shaped") articulates with the same-named surface of the sacrum, forming the sacroiliac joint.

Glenoid Cavity

("pit-shaped") This cavity articulates with the humerus of the arm, forming the shoulder joint.

Medial & Lateral Epicondyles

(sites of muscle attachment in the Femur) flank the condyles superiorly.

Deltoid Tuberosity

About midway down the shaft on its lateral side is the V-shaped, the roughened attachment side for the deltoid muscle of the shoulder.

Arm

Anatomically, only that part of the upper limb between the shoulder & elbow.

Bases of the Metacarpals

Articulate with the carpals proximally & each other medially & laterally.

Obturator Foramen

As the two rami of the pubis run laterally to join with the body & ramus if the ischium, they define a large opening in the hip bone, through which a few blood vessels & nerves pass.

(Medial) Trochlea & Capitulum

At the distal end of the humerus are two condyles, These condyles articulate with the ulna & the radius, respectively.

Greater & Lesser Trochanter

At the junction of the shaft & neck are the, Those projections serve as sites of attachment for thigh & buttock muscles. The two trochanters are connected by the intertrochanteric line anteriorly & by the prominent intertrochanteric crest posteriorly.

Acetabulum

At the point of fusion of the ilium, ischium, & pubis is a deep hemispherical socket called? Receives the head of the femur, or thigh bone, at this hip joint.

Pelvic Girdle (Hip Girdle)

Attaches the lower limbs to the axial skeleton, transmit the full weight of the upper body to the lower limbs, and supports the visceral organs of the pelvis. secured to the axial skeleton by some of the strongest ligaments of the body.

Appendicular Skeleton

Bones of the limbs & their girdles, they are appended to the axial skeleton that forms the longitudinal axis of the body.

Lower Limbs

Carry the entire weight of the erect body & are subjected to exceptional forces when we jump or run. Thus, it is not surprising that the bones of the lower limbs are thicker & stronger than comparable bones of the upper limbs.

Clavicles

Collarbones, lender, S-shaped bones that can be felt along their entire course as they extend horizontally across the superior thorax. Medial two-thirds of the clavicle is convex anteriorly; its lateral third is concave anteriorly. Its superior surface is fairly smooth, but the inferior surface is ridged & grooved by ligaments & by the action of the muscles that attach to it.

Hallux

Great Toe, has two phalanges, proximal & Distal

Coracoid Process

Helps anchor the biceps muscle of the arm. It is bounded by the suprascapular notch (a nerve passage) medially & the glenoid cavity laterally.

Anatomical Neck of Humerus

Immediately inferior to the head is a slight constriction.

Tarsus

Is made up of seven bones called the tarsals that form the posterior half of the foot. It corresponds to the carpus of the hand.

Lesser Sciatic Notch

Just inferior to the ischial spine, a number of nerves & blood vessels pass through this notch to supply the anogenital area.

Greater Sciatic Notch

Just inferior to the posterior inferior iliac spine, the ilium indents deeply to form? through which the thick cordlike sciatic nerve passes to enter the thigh.

Ilium

Large flaring bone that forms the superior region of a coxal bone. Consists of a body & a superior region of a coxal bone. Consists of a body & a superior winglike portion called the ala.

Medial & Lateral Condyles of the Tibia

Looks like two huge checkers lying side by side. These are separated by an irregular projection, the intercondylar eminence. Articulates with the corresponding condyles of the femur. The inferior region of the lateral tibial condyle bears a facet that indicates the site of the superior tibiofibular joint.

Ulna

Main responsibility for forming the elbow joint with the humerus. Bears two prominent processes, the olecranon (elbow) & the coronoid process. Contributes more heavily to the elbow joint.

Ulnar Styloid Process

Medial to the head, from which a ligament runs to the wrist.

Calcaneal Tuberosity

The part of the calcaneus that touches the ground

Os Coxae (Coxal Bone)

The pelvic girdle is formed by the sacrum & a pair of hip bones, each also called? Each hip bone unites with its partner anteriorly and with the sacrum posteriorly.

Medial (Vertebral) Border of the Scapulae

Parallels the vertebral column

Ischial Spine

Projects medially into the pelvic cavity & serves as a point of attachment of the sacrospinous ligament running from the sacrum.

Femur

Single bone of the thigh, is the largest, longest, strongest bone in the body. Its durable structure reflects the fact that the stress on the femur during vigorous jumping can reach 280/cm2 (about 2 tons per square inch). Its length is roughly one-quarter of a person's height.

Humerus

Sole bone of the arm, is a typical long bone. The largest, longest bone of the upper limb, it articulates with the scapula at the shoulder & with the radius & ulna (forearm bones) at the elbow.

Public Crest

The anterior border of the pubis is thickened to form the?

Head of Femur

The ball-like, has a small central pit called the fovea capitis ("pit of the head"). The short ligament of the head of the femur runs from this pit to the acetabulum, where it helps secure the femur.

Gluteal Surface

The broad posterolateral surface of the ilium. Is crossed by three ridges, the posterior, anterior, & inferior gluteal lines, to which the gluteal muscles attach

Olecranon Fossa of the Humerus

The fossa at the distal end of the humerus, on the posterior surface.

Coronoid Fossa of the Humerus

The fossa at the distal end of the humerus, superior to the trochlea on the anterior surface.

Ischial Tuberosity

The inferior surface of the ischial body is rough & grossly thickened, When we sit, our weight is borne entirely by this, which are the strongest parts of the hip bones.

Iliac Fossa

The medial surface of the iliac ala exhibits a concavity

Interosseous Membrane

The radius & ulna are connected along their entire length by a flat, flexible ligament

Radioulnar Joints

The radius & ulna articulate with each other both proximally & distally?

Metatarsals

These are numbered I to V beginning on the medial (great toe) side of the foot. The first metatarsal, which plays an important role in supporting body weight, is short & thick.

Metacarpus (Palm)

These small long bones are not named, but instead are numbered I to V from thumb to little finger.

Tibia & Fibula

These two bones are connected by an interosseous membrane & articulate with each other both proximally & distally.

Olecranon & Coronoid Fossa of the Ulna

These two processes grip the trochlea of the humerus, forming a hinge joint that allows the forearm to be bent upon the arm (flexed), then straightened again (extended).

Patella

Triangular sesamoid bone enclosed in the tendon that secures the anterior thigh muscles to the tibia. Protects the knee joint anteriorly & improves the leverage of the thigh muscles acting across the knee.

Antebracium

Two parallel long bones, the radius & the ulna, form the skeleton of the forearm

Pectoral Girdles

Yoke-like, attach the upper limbs to the body trunk. consists of the clavicle anteriorly & the scapula posteriorly.

Lateral (Axially) Border

abuts the armpit & ends superiorly in a small, shallow fossa, the glenoid cavity

Pubic Arch (Subpubic Angle)

an inverted V-shaped arch, the acuteness of the angle helps to differentiate the male & female pelves.

Heads of the Metacarpals

articulate with the proximal phalanges of the fingers. When we clench our fists, they become prominent as your knuckles.

Acromial End of Clavicle

articulates with the scapula

Metacarpel I

associated with the thumb, is the shortest & most mobile. Occupies a more anterior position than the other metacarpals.

Sternal End of Clavicle

attaches to the sternal manubrium

Curves of the Clavicles

ensure that it usually performs fractures anteriorly (outward).

Lateral Malleolus

forms the conspicuous lateral ankle bulge & articulates with the talus.

Ischium

forms the posteroinferior part of the hip bone. Roughly L- or arc-shaped, it has a thicker, superior body adjoining the ilium & a thinner, inferior ramus.

Phalanges

he fingers, or digits of the upper limb, are numbered 1 to 5 beginning with the thumb, or pollex. In most people, the third finger is the longest. Each hand contains 14 miniature long bones, Except for the thumb, each finger has three phalanges: distal, middle, proximal. The thumb has no middle phalanx.

Arcuate Line

helps define the pelvic brim, the superior margin of the true pelvis.

Skeleton of Foot

includes the bones of the tarsus, the bones of the metatarsus, & the phalanges, or toe bones.

Neck of the Femur

is the weakest part of the femur & is often fractured, an injury commonly called a broken hip.

Functions of the Foot

it supports our body weight, & it acts as a lever to propel the body forward when we walk & run.

Radial Fossa

lateral to the coronoid fossa, receives the head of the radius when the elbow is flexed.

Pubis

or pubic bone, forms the anterior portion of the hip bone. In the anatomical position, it lies nearly horizontally & urinary bladder rests upon it.

Head of Humerus

proximal end of the humerus is its smooth & hemispherical, which fits into the glenoid cavity of the scapula in a manner that allows the arm to hang freely at one's side.

Carpus (Wrist)

proximal part of the structure we generally call our hand. Consists of eight marble-size short bones, or carpals, closely united by ligaments. Because gliding movements occur between these bones, as a whole is quite flexible.

Tibia

receives the weight of the body from the femur & transmits it to the foot. It is second only to the femur in size & strength.

Radial Grooce

runs obliquely down the posterior aspect of the shaft of the humerus, marking the course of the radial nerve, an important nerve of the upper limb.

Head of the Radius

shaped somewhat like the end head of a nail. The superior surface of this head is concave, & it articulates with the capitulum of the humerus.

Sustentaculum Tali (Talar Shelf)

shelf-like projection that supports part of the talus is

Superior Border of the Scapulae

shortest, sharpest border.

Greater & Lesser Tubercles of Humerus

site of attachments of the rotator cuff muscles.

Surgical Neck of Humerus

so named because it is the most frequently fractured part

Fibula

sticklike bone with slightly expanded ends. It articulates proximally & distally with the lateral aspects of the tibia. Its proximal end is its head; its distal end is the lateral malleolus. Does not bear weight, but several muscles originate from it.

Skeleton of the Hand

the bones of the carpus (wrist); the bones of the metacarpus (palm); & the phalanges (bones of the fingers).

Radius

thin at its proximal end & wide distally. is concave where it articulates with carpal bones of the wrist. is the major forearm bone contributing to the wrist joint. Moves the Hand

Scapulae

thin, triangular flat bones. Lie on the dorsal surface of the rib cage, between ribs 2 & 7.

Iliac Crests

to which many muscles attach in the pelvis.

Tibial Tuberosity

to which the patellar ligament attaches.

Lateral Longitudinal Arch

very low. It elevates the lateral part of the foot just enough to redistribute some of the weight to the calcaneus & the head of the fifth metatarsal. The cuboid is the keystone bone of this arch.

Radial Notch of Ulna

where the ulna articulates with the head of the radius.

Radial Tuberosity

which anchors the biceps muscle of the arm.

Talus

which articulates with the tibia & fibula superiorly, Weight baring bone of the foot

Calcaneus

which forms the heel of the foot & carries the talus on its superior surface. Weight baring bone of the foot. The thick calcaneal, or Achilles, tendon of the calf muscles attaches to its posterior surface

Medial Malleolus

which forms the medial bulge of the ankle.

Transverse Arch

which runs obliquely from one side of the foot to the other, following the line of the joints between the tarsals & metatarsals. Together, the arches of the foot form a half-dome that distributes about half of a person's standing & walking weight to the heel bones & half to the head of the metatarsals.