Anatomy & Physiology Exam 4

Bundles of axons of olfactory receptor cells form the right and left ________(trigeminal, facial, optic, olfactory) nerves, which is cranial nerve_________(CNI, CNX, CNII, CNIII) fill in the blanks with one of the answer choices found in the parenthesis.

- Olfactory - CNI

Module 12 SPINAL CORD & SPINAL NERVES

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In the inner ear we have the following components: 1. Cochlea 2. Vestibule and semicurcular canals Match each of the components with its corresponding answer--> - Bony spiral canal, sense organ for hearing - Sense organ for equilibrium

1. Cochlea: Bony spiral canal, sense organ for hearing. 2. Vestibule and semicircular canals: Sense organ for equilibrium.

Neurons that have a single axon and a single dendrite are A. Tripolar B. Bipolar C. Multipolar D. Pseudo-unipolar

B. Bipolar

Are chemicals that bind toad stimulate the receptors in the olfactory cilia A. Umami B. Odorants C. Tastants D. Glutamate

B. Odorants

After taking your exam you stretched your neck by rotating your head to the right. This rotational movement is monitored by receptors in: A. The cochlea B. The semicircular ducts C. Your neck D. The cerebellum

B. The semicircular ducts

Below L1-L2, the vertebral canal is occupied by a bundle of spinal nerve roots called the: A. Filum terminale B. Sacral plexus C. Cauda equina D. Descending tracts E. Conus medullaris

C. Cauda equina

The posterior cord gives rise to which nerves? A. Radial and ulnar B. Axillary and median C. Musculocutaneous and median D. Radial and axillary E. Median and ulnar

D. Radial and axillary

Sensory Neuron

Depolarization triggers one or more action potentials in the axon of a sensory neuron that propagate along the axon into the CNS.

What is the name of the condition in which the canal of Schlemm is blocked?

Glaucoma

Cells are sensory neurons that respond to olfactory stimuli; olfactory transduction occurs in the cilia that extend from their dendrites; cilia contain olfactory receptor proteins that detect inhaled odorants A. Olfactory receptor B. Mitral C. Basal D. Supporting

A. Olfactory receptor

Which of the following is a main characteristic of a skeletal muscle fiber? A. Singule nucleated B. Incredibly long C. Branching D. Appearance presence of intercalated discs

B. Incredibly long

The limbic system: A. Has recently evolved B. Is associated with basic survival instincts of nutrition, memory, and reproduction C. Controls voluntary movements of the arms and legs D. Is a memory area in the midbrain E. Includes the brainstem

B. Is associated with basic survival instincts of nutrition, memory, and reproduction

What are the three ossicles? Place them in order from the outer most to the inner most A. Malleus, stapes, incus B. Malleus, incus, stapes C. Stapes, incus, malleus D. Incus, stapes, malleus

B. Malleus, incus, stapes

The phrenic nerve ______________. A. Is an integral part of the reflex arc. B. Branches off at the clavicle into the sternothyroid nerve. C. Reaches diaphragm and innervates it. D. Is part of the brachial plexus.

C. Reaches diaphragm and innervates it.

Integrating Center

Gray matter within the brain stem or spinal cord that processes the incoming sensory information.

The superior trunk originates from the branches of which cervical nerve? A. C3-C5 B. C1-C5 C. C5-T1 D. C5-C8 E. C5 and C6

E. C5 and C6

Which structure contains the utricle and saccule? A. Vestibule b. Middle ear C. Cochlea D. External acoustic meatus

A. Vestibule

One way the spinal cord promotes homeostasis is by propagating action potentials along tracts. The name of a tract often indicates its position in the white matter and where it begins and ends. Using this knowledge, select the location, the beginning and end of each tract and the function. Spinothalamic tract - location in white column ___________(anterior, posterior, ventrolateral, dorsolateral); beginning _________(spinal cord, thalamus, cerebral cortex, cerebellum ) ; ends __________(cerebellum, cerebral cortex, thalamus, spinal cord) ; function_______(motor, sensory). fill in the blanks with one of the answer choices in the parenthesis.

- Anterolateral - Spinal Cord - Thalamus - Sensory

__________ (sensory, motor)input travels along these tracts toward the brain, and _________ (motor, sensory) output travels from the brain along these tracts toward skeletal muscles and other effector tissues. fill in the blanks with one of the answer choices in the parenthesis

- Sensory - Motor

What is an oxygen deficit? A. A protein found along the groove of the F-actin double helix OAT-tubule and two adjacent terminal cisternae B. The combination of myosin heads with active sites on actin molecules C. The movement of myosin head while attached to actin myofilament D. After exercise, the taken in that exceeds the required for resting metabolism

D. After exercise, the taken in that exceeds the required for resting metabolism

The process of hearing begins when sound enters the_________ A. Eustachian tube B. Tympanic membrane C. Cochlea D. External auditory canal E. Internal acoustic meatus

D. External auditory canal

One way the spinal cord promotes homeostasis is by propagating action potentials along tracts. The name of a tract often indicates its position in the white matter and where it begins and ends. Using this knowledge, select the location, the beginning and end of each tract and the function. Ventral Spinocerebellar tract - location in white column ___________(anterior, posterior, ventrolateral, dorsolateral); beginning _________(spinal cord, thalamus, cerebral cortex, cerebellum ) ; ends __________(cerebellum, cerebral cortex, thalamus, spinal cord) ; function_______(motor, sensory). fill in the blanks with one of the answer choices in the parenthesis.

- Ventrolateral - Spinal Cord - Cerebellum - Sensory

Indicate the functions of the following three regions of the ear: 1. External Ear 2. Middle Ear 3. Inner Ear With its corresponding functions --> - Conveys sound vibrations to the oval window - Houses the receptors for hearing and equilibrium - Collects sound waves and channels them inwards

1. External ear: Collects sound waves and channels them inwards. 2. Middle ear: Conveys sound vibrations to the oval window. 3. Inner ear: Houses the receptors for hearing and equilibrium.

Raising your arm laterally to shoulder level is accomplished almost entirely by the A. Pectoralis major B. Biceps brachii C. Trapezius D. Deltoid E. Triceps brachii

D. Deltoid

What happens when the stereocilia tilts on top of the kinocilium? A. The hair cell is inactivated and therefore inhibiting the sensory nerve ending from sending a signal B. The hair cell is stimulated but an impulse cannot be sent C. The hair cell in inactivated D. The hair cell is stimulated and therefore the sensory nerve ending is stimulated sending the impulse

D. The hair cell is stimulated and therefore the sensory nerve ending is stimulated sending the impulse

Where are your water receptors located? A. Cheeks B. Pharynx C. Uvula D. Tongue E. Larynx

D. Tongue

One way the spinal cord promotes homeostasis is by propagating action potentials along tracts. The name of a tract often indicates its position in the white matter and where it begins and ends. Using this knowledge, select the location, the beginning and end of each tract and the function. Ventral Corticospinal Tract - location in white column ___________(anterior, posterior, ventrolateral, dorsolateral); beginning _________(spinal cord, thalamus, cerebral cortex, cerebellum ) ; ends __________(cerebellum, cerebral cortex, thalamus, spinal cord) ; function_______(motor, sensory). fill in the blanks with one of the answer choices in the parenthesis.

- Anterior - Cerebral Cortex - Spinal Cord - Motor

One way the spinal cord promotes homeostasis is by propagating action potentials along tracts. The name of a tract often indicates its position in the white matter and where it begins and ends. Using this knowledge, select the location, the beginning and end of each tract and the function. Lateral Corticospinal Tract - location in white column ___________(anterior, posterior, ventrolateral, dorsolateral); beginning _________(spinal cord, thalamus, cerebral cortex, cerebellum ) ; ends __________(cerebellum, cerebral cortex, thalamus, spinal cord) ; function_______(motor, sensory). fill in the blanks with one of the answer choices in the parenthesis.

- Posterior - Cerebral Cortex - Spinal Cord - Motor

One way the spinal cord promotes homeostasis is by propagating action potentials along tracts. The name of a tract often indicates its position in the white matter and where it begins and ends. Using this knowledge, select the location, the beginning and end of each tract and the function. Dorsal Spinocerebellar tract - location in white column ___________(anterior, posterior, ventrolateral, dorsolateral); beginning _________(spinal cord, thalamus, cerebral cortex, cerebellum ) ; ends __________(cerebellum, cerebral cortex, thalamus, spinal cord) ; function_______(motor, sensory). fill in the blanks with one of the answer choices in the parenthesis.

- Posterior - Spinal Cord - Cerebellum - Sensory

One way the spinal cord promotes homeostasis is by propagating action potentials along tracts. The name of a tract often indicates its position in the white matter and where it begins and ends. Using this knowledge, select the location, the beginning and end of each tract and the function. Dorsal columns - location in white column ___________(anterior, posterior, ventrolateral, dorsolateral); beginning _________(spinal cord, thalamus, cerebral cortex, cerebellum ) ; ends __________(cerebellum, cerebral cortex, thalamus, spinal cord) ; function_______(motor, sensory). fill in the blanks with one of the answer choices in the parenthesis.

- Posterior - Spinal Cord - Thalamus - Sensory

Match each of the following definitions: 1. Caused by the presence of sodium ions (Na+) in food, most commonly found as NaCl (table salt) 2. Produced by hydrogen ions (H+) released from acids, for example, lemons are sour due to containing citric acid 3. Elicited by sugars such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose and artificial sugars 4. Caused by a wide variety of substances; aversion to this taste serves as a protection against ingesting harmful substances 5. Described as "meaty" or "savory" and is elicited by amino acids (especially glutamate) that are present in food With its corresponding primary taste: - Umami taste - Salty taste - Sweet taste - Bitter taste - Sour taste

1. Caused by the presence of sodium ions (Na+) in food, most commonly found as NaCl (table salt) - Salty taste 2. Produced by hydrogen ions (H+) released from acids, for example, lemons are sour due to containing citric acid" - Sour taste 3. Elicited by sugars such as glucose, fructose, and sucrose and artificial sugars" - Sweet taste 4. Caused by a wide variety of substances; aversion to this taste serves as a protection against ingesting harmful substances" - Bitter taste 5. Described as 'meaty' or 'savory' and is elicited by amino acids (especially glutamate) that are present in food" - Umami taste

After the aqueous humor is created by the ciliary bodies, where does it travel to and where is it collected? A. Anterior cavity, canal of schlemm B. Posterior cavity, canal of schlemm C. Iris, cornea D. Anterior cavity, posterior cavity

A. Anterior cavity, canal of schlemm

An impulse from the olfactory nerve can go to all of the following EXCEPT? A. Cerebellum B. Cerebral cortex C. Thalamus D. Limbic system E. Hypothalamus

A. Cerebellum

Taste and smell are referred to as the ______ senses A. Chemical B. Physical C. Biological D. Specific E. Electrical

A. Chemical

The spinal cord tapers at a conical tip called the: A. Conus medullaris B. Cauda equina C. Meninge D. Filum terminale

A. Conus medullaris

The clear continuation of the sclera is known as the: A. Cornea B. Fovea C. Iris D. Retina

A. Cornea

The epimysium, endomysium and perimysium come together at the end of a skeletal muscle to form a: A. Tendon B. Sarcomere C. Thin filaments D. Thick filaments

A. Tendon

The sciatic nerve eventually branches into which nerves? A. Tibial and fibular nerves B. Common fibular and tibial nerves C. Deep and superficial fibular nerves D. Obturator and femoral nerves

A. Tibial and fibular nerves

What is the function of these ossicles? A. Transmit and amplify vibrations from tympanic membrane towards oval window B. Cartilages that collect sound waves and directs them to external auditory canal C. Transmit and amplify vibrations from tympanic membrane towards round window D. Transmit and amplify vibrations from Eustachian tube towards oval window

A. Transmit and amplify vibrations from tympanic membrane towards oval window

The motor command leaves through the: A. Ventral root B. Dorsal root C. Dorsal root ganglion D. Posterior root

A. Ventral root

The posterior cavity is filled with a fluid called ________ while the anterior cavity is filled with _______ A. Vitreous humor; aqueous humor B. Vitreous humor; vitreous humor C. Aqueous humor; aqueous humor D. Aqueous humor; vitreous humor

A. Vitreous humor; aqueous humor

In order for an odor to be smelled it must have which of the following characteristics? A. Volatile B. Water soluable C. All answers are correct D. Lipid soluable

A. Volatile

The spinal cord has two principal functions in maintaining homeostasis: action potential propagation and integration of information. The _______ tracts in the spinal cord serve as the "highways" for action potential propagation. A. White matter B. Gray matter

A. White matter

Which region of the diencephalon controls the body temperature, various emotions and behavioral drives, and it is known as the center of homeostasis? A. Epithalamus B. Hypothalamus C. Thalamus D. Infundibulum

B. Hypothalamus

Which cranial nerve has a direct attachment to the cerebrum? A. Optic B. Olfactory C. Vagus D. Facial E. Hypoglossal

B. Olfactory

If you were to find glial cells in white matter (Information processing in CNS) which ones will be located in this area? In you think there are no glial cells in this location, then select the answer choice "none" A. Schwann cells B. Oligodendrocytes C. Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes D. Satellite cells E. None

B. Oligodendrocytes

Which is the last structure to vibrate in this sequence? A. Incus B. Oval window C. Malleus D. Stapes

B. Oval window

When light passes through the eye in high intensity & large amounts the ______ will ________ A. Lens; constrict B. Pupil; constrict C. Iris; dilate D. Lens; dilate E. Pupil; dilate

B. Pupil; constrict

Which of the following is NOT a glial cell of the CNS? A. Ependymal cells B. Satellite cells C. Oligodendrocytes D. Astrocytes E. Microglia

B. Satellite cells

When you "pull your tummy in" and compress your abdomen, you use the rectus abdominis, external abdominal oblique, internal abdominal oblique, and transversus abdominis muscles. This is an example of muscles working as A. Fixators B. Synergists C. Antagonists D. Prime movers E. Cooperatives

B. Synergists

Which statement defines contractility? A. Ability to respond to stimulation B. The ability to shorten forcefully and exert a pull or tension C. The ability to continue to contract over a range of resting lenghts D. The ability of a muscle to rebound toward its original length after a contraction

B. The ability to shorten forcefully and exert a pull or tension

The cerebral aqueduct connects: A. The two lateral ventricles B. The third ventricle to the fourth ventricle C. The lateral ventricles to the third ventricle D. The fourth ventricle to the subarachnoid space

B. The third ventricle to the fourth ventricle

The motor (efferent) division of the peripheral nervous system is a division of the CNS A. Detects presence of food in the stomach B. Transmits impulses from the CNS to effectors, such as skeletal muscle C. Has nerve cell bodies located in ganglia near the spinal cord and brain D. Detects a stimulus

B. Transmits impulses from the CNS to effectors, such as skeletal muscle

Earwax helps protect WHICH structure of the ear? A. Cochlea B. Tympanic membrane C. Auditory ossicles D. Internal acoustic meatus E. External auditory canal

B. Tympanic membrane

Choose the correct answer to complete the statements below. The ________(blank 1) cord is formed by the merging of the superior, middle, and inferior trunks. ‪ ‪A patient is experiencing pain on the posterior part of his thigh. What nerve may be implicated? ________(blank 2) Musculocutaneous nerve stems from ________(blank 3) cord, which stems from ________(blank 4) trunks. The ________(blank 5) trunk stems from C7, which gives rise to the ________(blank 6) cords. The sciatic nerve branches into the ________(blank 7) nerves. Damage to the ________(blank 8) nerve will interfere with one's diaphragm which may be deadly. This nerve originates between ________(blank 9) (vertebral nerves). The superficial fibular nerve runs on top of the ________(blank 10) (bone) while the deep fibular nerve runs on top of the ________(blank 11) (bone). The posterior cord gives rise to the ________(blank 12) nerves, while the medial cord gives rise to the ________(blank 13) nerves. The ________(blank 14) cords merge to form the median nerve. The cervical plexus is comprised of ________(blank 15) nerves (total number)

Blank 1: Brachial Blank 2: Sciatic Blank 3: Lateral Blank 4: Superior, middle, and inferior Blank 5: Posterior Blank 6: Lateral and medial Blank 7: Common fibular and tibial Blank 8: Phrenic Blank 9: C3-C5 Blank 10: Fibula Blank 11: Tibia Blank 12: Radial and axillary Blank 13: Ulnar and median Blank 14: Medial Blank 15: 8

Nociceptors detect ________(blank 1). ________(Blank 2) (type of receptor) respond to tactile stimuli. If firefighters did not wear protective gear, ________(blank 3) (type of receptors) would be activated. ________(Blank 4) are a type of receptors that detect changes in blood pressure. Chemoreceptors of carotid bodies are sensitive to changes in blood ________(blank 5). ________(Blank 6) receptors are always active like the photoreceptors of the eye and various receptors that monitor body position, while a ________(blank 7) receptor becomes active only when stimulated, like when walking into a cold room. The ________(blank 8) cranial nerve present in carotid bodies and the vagus nerve, present in aortic bodies are sensitive to changes in pH, levels of CO2 and O2 in blood and is. ________(Blank 9) pain is the name of the mechanism in which pain sensations from visceral organs are often perceived as originating in regions that are more superficial. The information that arrives at a sensory receptor is called a ________(blank 10), while the sensory information arriving at the CNS is called a ________(blank 11). A ________(blank 12) is a conscious awareness of a sensation, while a r

Blank 1: Pain Blank 2: Mechanoreceptors Blank 3: Nociceptors Blank 4: Baroreceptors Blank 5: pH, and levels of CO2 and O2 Blank 6: Tonic Blank 7: Phasic Blank 8: Glossopharyngeal Blank 9: Referred Blank 10: Stimulus Blank 11: Sensory input Blank 12: Perception Blank 13: Adaptation

The ________(blank 1) of a neuron is the stimulated physical area, specific group of chemicals, or particular set of sound frequencies that causes a response in that neuron. The advantage of a somatic sensory neuron having over-lapping receptive fields is that it improves stimulus localization because the brain is able to compare the ________(blank 2). ________(blank 3) are slow adapting receptors that respond to steady pressure changes. ________(blank 4) is defined by perception of body movement. Cold and warmth are detected by ________(blank 5), free nerve endings that are present in the skin. ________(blank 6) respond to various stimuli, including mechanical stimuli, extreme thermal stimuli, and chemicals released from damaged tissue. ________(blank 7) are located in the upper part of the dermis of glabrous (non-hairy) skin and are rapidly adapting receptors. ________(blank 8) pain that is felt at a site other than the place of origin is called ________(blank 9). Most sensory pathways ________(blank 10) (cross over to the opposite side) as they course through the spinal cord or brain stem. fill in each of the blanks with one of the following answer selections: "poly-mod

Blank 1: Receptive field Blank 2: Information from multiple receptive fields Blank 3: Ruffini corpuscles Blank 4: Kinesthesia Blank 5: Thermoreceptors Blank 6: Polymodal nociceptors Blank 7: Merkel discs and Meissner corpuscles Blank 8: Pain that is felt at a site other than the place of origin is called referred pain. Blank 9: Referred pain Blank 10: Decussate

Which of the following steps happens first regarding a muscle contracting? A. Sarcoplasmic reticulum releases calcium B. Calcium binds to troponin C. A motor neuron releases acetylcholine D. Action potential travels down the transverse tubule E. Calcium binds to tropomyosin

C. A motor neuron releases acetylcholine

Cells are stem cells that continually undergo cell division to produce new olfactory receptor cells, which live for only about two months before being replaced A. Olfactory receptor B. Mitral C. Basal D. Supporting

C. Basal

What happens to sodium during a chemical synapse? A. Enters the presynaptic terminal B. Enters the postsynaptic terminal C. Binds to the receptors D. Enters the synaptic vesicles E. Binds to the postsynaptic cell membrane

C. Binds to the receptors

The vascular coat of the eyeball is called: A. Cornea B. Pupil C. Choroid D. Sclera

C. Choroid

The olfactory nerves exit the cranium through the: A. Optic foramen B. Olfactory bulbs C. Cribriform plate D. Nasal conchae

C. Cribriform plate

Which of the following situations occurs in electrically excitable cells? A. When Na^ + ion channels open K^ + ion channels close B. The sodium-potassium pump moves sodium into the cell C. Depolarization causes voltage-gated sodium ion channels to open D. Sodium ion channels are opened by high extracellular calcium levels E. The opening and closing of ligand-gated channels cause depolarization

C. Depolarization causes voltage-gated sodium ion channels to open

Which of the following connective tissue layers is covers all the others? A. Perimysium B. Endomysium C. Epimysium D. Hypomysium E. Sarcolemma

C. Epimysium

If one nerve stimulus arrives at a muscle fiber so soon that the fiber has only partially relaxed from the previous twitch, the most likely result will be A. Fatigue B. Spasm C. Incomplete tetanus D. Complete tetanus E. Flaccid paralysis

C. Incomplete tetanus

What is the primary function of skeletal muscles in the human body? A. Help with digestion B. Pump blood through the body C. Move bones and joints D. Protect internal organs

C. Move bones and joints

Produce mucus that moistens the surface of olfactory epithelium and dissolves odorants so that transduction can occur A. Mitral cells B. Glomeruli C. Olfactory glands D. Olfactory bulbs

C. Olfactory glands

While driving to school to take an anatomy test, Peter gets in a car accident and breaks the clavicle on the steering wheel. Which of the following muscles is the most likely damaged in this injury? A. Mylohyoid B. Stylohyoid C. Osternocleidomastoid D. Digastric E. Stemohyoid

C. Osternocleidomastoid

Flexion of the hip is a movement produced by the A. Gluteus medius and gluteus maximus B. Gluteus maximus and vastus lateralis C. Psoas major and iliacus D. Sartorius and rectus femoris E. Piriformis and quadratus femoris

C. Psoas major and iliacus

The vestibulocochlear nerve (N VIII): A. Has motor neurons that are located within an adjacent ganglion, and their axons target the vestibular of the medulla oblongata B. Is involved with the consensual light reflex C. Reaches the sensory receptors of the inner ear by entering the internal acoustic meatus along with the facial nerve (N VII) D. Medial to the origin of the facial nerve (N VII), straddling the boundary between the pons and the medulla oblongata

C. Reaches the sensory receptors of the inner ear by entering the internal acoustic meatus along with the facial nerve (N VII)

Which of the following branched patterns of nerves is part of the brachial plexus? A. Superior trunk, lateral cord, axillary nerve B. Middle trunk, posterior cord, medial nerve C. Superior trunk, lateral cord, musculocutaneous nerve D. Inferior trunk, posterior cord, ulnar nerve

C. Superior trunk, lateral cord, musculocutaneous nerve

Where are neurotransmitters located before they are released the synaptic cleft? A. Soma B. Dendrites C. Synaptic vesicles D. Receptors E. Axon hillock

C. Synaptic vesicles

Which of the following in NOT considered to be a general sense? A. Touch B. Pain C. Vision D. Proprioception

C. Vision

Where would the cell body of the pseudounipolar neuron be located? A. Spinal cord B. Thalamus C. Cerebrum D. Dorsal root ganglion E. Skin

D. Dorsal root ganglion

Which of the following muscles is used to look to the right with the right eye? A. Inferior rectus B. Superior rectus C. Medial rectus D. Lateral rectus E. Inferior oblique

D. Lateral rectus

Potentially damaging stimuli that result in pain are selectively detected by: A. Proprioceptors B. Interoceptors C. Photoreceptors D. Nociceptors

D. Nociceptors

Gaps or interruptions in the myelin sheath are called A. Internodes B. Tight junctions C. Neurofilaments D. Nodes of Ranvier E. Gap junctions

D. Nodes of Ranvier

The blood- brain barrier: A. Permits passage of foreign substances from the blood to the neurons B. Prohibits the transport of amino acids and glucose to the neurons C. Prohibits the removal of waste materials from the neurons D. Protects neurons from toxic substances in the blood E. Does not prevent fluctuations in the composition of the blood from affecting the functions of the brain

D. Protects neurons from toxic substances in the blood

If you were to find glial cells in the dorsal root ganglion, which ones will be located in this area? In you think there are no glial cells in this location, then select the answer choice "none" A. Astrocytes and microglial cells B. Oligodendrocytes C. Ependymal cells D. Satellite cells E. None

D. Satellite cells

The length of the resting sarcomere is: A. Longer than the length of a contracted sarcomere B. Shorter than the length of a contracted sarcomere. C. The same length as a contracted sarcomere D. The same length as the muscle fiber E. The same length as the myofibril

D. The same length as the muscle fiber

Which of the following muscles is named for its shape A. Pectoralis major B. Adductor pollicis C. Vastus lateralis D. Trapezius E. Pectoralis minor

D. Trapezius

The sensory systems keep the CNS informed of changes in the external and internal environments. The sensory information is integrated by interneurons in the spinal cord and brain. Responses to the integrative decisions are brought about by motor activities (muscular contractions and glandular secretions). The cerebral cortex, the outer part of the brain, plays a major role in controlling precise voluntary muscular movements. Other brain regions regulate involuntary movements. Motor output to skeletal muscles travels down the spinal cord in two types of descending pathways: direct and indirect. Choose which pathways are direct and which ones are indirect. Known as the pyramidal pathways Referred to as the extrapyramidal pathways Lateral corticospinal tract Tectospinal tract Vestibulospinal tract Ventral (anterior) corticospinal tract Rubrospinal tract Corticobulbar tract Lateral reticulospinal tract Medial reticulospinal tract

Direct Motor Pathway --> - Known as the pyramidal pathways Referred to as the extrapyramidal pathways - Lateral corticospinal tract - Ventral (anterior) corticospinal tract - Corticobulbar tract - Convey action potentials that originate in the cerebral cortex and are destined to cause voluntary movements of skeletal muscles Indirect Motor Pathway --> - Referred to as the extrapyramidal pathways - Tectospinal tract - Vestibulospinal tract - Rubrospinal tract - Lateral reticulospinal tract - Medial reticulospinal tract - Convey action potentials from the brainstem to cause involuntary movements that regulate posture, balance, and muscle tone

Within the gray matter of the spinal cord are three horns, the (1) dorsal gray horns, (2) lateral gray horns, and (3) ventral gray horns. Match below what is present in each of these horns with one of the following answer choices: - Cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons - Cell bodies of somatic motor neurons - Axons of sensory neurons and cell bodies of interneurons Dorsal Gray Horns: Lateral Gray Horns: Ventral Gray Horns:

Dorsal Gray Horns: Axons of sensory neurons and cell bodies of interneurons Lateral Gray Horns: Cell bodies of autonomic motor neurons Ventral Gray Horns: Cell bodies of somatic motor neurons

Although both are involved with the tongue, the _______ nerve moves the tongue while the _________ nerve allows for sensation and taste on the tongue A. Hypoglossal; accessory B. Glossopharyngeal; olfactory C. Trochlear; hypoglossal D. Abducens; accessory E. Hypoglossal; glossopharyngeal

E. Hypoglossal; glossopharyngeal

Which of these is NOT a region of the spinal cord? A. Cervical B. Sacral C. Thoracic D. Lumbar E. Pelvic

E. Pelvic

The __________ (gray matter, white matter)of the spinal cord receives and integrates incoming and outgoing information. fill in the blanks with one of the answer choices in the parenthesis

Gray Matter

Sensory Receptor

It responds to a specific stimulus - a change in the internal or external environment- by producing a graded potential known as a receptor potential.

Compare what happens to the lens when you need to view an object far away to when you need to view an object up-close. Choose the best option to answer the question. Option 1 - When an object is far away, the lens stretches and becomes thinner. When the object is closer, the lens become more rounded. Option 2 - When an object is far away, the lens recoils and becomes more rounded. When the object is closer, the lens stretches and becomes thinner.

Option 1 - When an object is far away, the lens stretches and becomes thinner. When the object is closer, the lens becomes more rounded

Receptors vary in how quickly they adapt. Classify the statements below as being tonic or phasic receptors. - Known as rapidly adapting receptors. - Known as slowly adapting receptors. - Continues to produce a significant response as long as the stimulus persists. - Responds when the stimulus is first applied—the on response—and then cease to respond while the stimulus is maintained. - Some of these receptors also produce a second response called the off response when the stimulus is removed. - Specialized for signaling changes in a stimulus. - Associated with stimuli that require constant monitoring. - Baroreceptor is an example of this stimulus. - As an example of this stimulus, the brain must be continuously informed about the level of arterial blood pressure in order to maintain the driving force for movement of blood through body tissues. - As an example of this stimulus, you normally notice your clothes touching your body when you first put them on and then are unaware of them after that.

Tonic receptors: - Continues to produce a significant response as long as the stimulus persists. - Associated with stimuli that require constant monitoring. - Baroreceptor is an example of this stimulus. - As an example of this stimulus, the brain must be continuously informed about the level of arterial blood pressure in order to maintain the driving force for movement of blood through body tissues. Phasic receptors: - Responds when the stimulus is first applied—the on response—and then ceases to respond while the stimulus is maintained. - Some of these receptors also produce a second response called the off response when the stimulus is removed. - Specialized for signaling changes in a stimulus. - Known as rapidly adapting receptors. - Known as slowly adapting receptors. - As an example of this stimulus, you normally notice your clothes touching your body when you first put them on and then are unaware of them after that.

The nerve branching off of C5 can belong to both the _________ and ________ plexuses. A. Cervical; brachial B. Brachial; lumbar C. Cervical; thoracic D. Cervical; phrenic E. Lumbar; sacral

A. Cervical; brachial

The olfactory nerves extend to parts of the brain known as the A. Olfactory bulbs B. Olfactory cortex C. Olfactory glands D. Mitral cells

A. Olfactory bulbs

Which of the following is a group of four muscles in the anterior thigh? A. Quadriceps femoris B. Gluteal muscles C. Biceps femoris D. Hamstrings Gracilis

A. Quadriceps femoris

Olfactory glands function to: A. Secrete mucus B. Transduce chemical information into action potentials C. Help neutralize odors D. Produce olfactory cells

A. Secrete mucus

Which of the following statements concerning types of muscle coptractions is false? A. In isometric contractions, the amount of tension produced by the muscle is constant B. In isotonic contractions , the muscle fibers shorten C. The contractile processes in isometric and isotonic contractions are the same D. Most skeletal muscle contractions are a combination of isometric and isotonic contractions E. In isotonic contractions, the amount of produced by the muscle fibers is constant during the contraction

A. In isometric contractions, the amount of tension produced by the muscle is constant

T/F: You can only taste certain things such as salty, sweet, umami, bitter, or sour in specific places on your tongue

False

The central nervous system: A. Is the site for processing information B. Initiates visual and auditory stimuli C. Consists of 43 pairs of nerves D. Is totally involuntary E. Does not interact with the peripheral nervous system

A. Is the site for processing information

Coordinating skeletal muscle movements and maintaining equilibrium are two of several important functions of the: A. Cerebrum B. Cerebellum C. Diencephalon D. Mesencephalon

B. Cerebellum

Which cranial nerve innervates the muscles of facial expression and several glands, and conducts gustatory impulses from the anterior part of the tongue? A. Trigeminal B. Facial C. Glossopharyngeal D. Hypoglossal

B. Facial

Which type of general sense receptor detects pressure changes in walls of blood vessels and in portions of the digestive, reproductive and urinary tracts? A. Mechanoreceptors B. Thermoreceptors C. Nociceptors D. Chemoreceptors

A. Mechanoreceptors

Which of these types of receptors responds to pain stimuli? A. Nociceptors B. Mechanoreceptors C. Photoreceptors D. Chemoreceptors

A. Nociceptors

Effector

Part of the body that responds to the motor neuron, usually muscle or gland.

When traveling in a plane we often experience "popping" in our ears. The pressure causes an uncomfortable feeling that can be relieved by yawning. Explain why this occurs 1. _____________("due to connection of pharynx to eustachian tube. Yawning releases pressure, which in turn relieves pain due to connection of external auditory tube to eustachian tube", "Yawning releases pressure , which in turn relieves pain due to connection of external auditory tube to tympanic membrane", "Yawning releases pressure, which in turn relieves pain due to connection of pharynx to tympanic membrane", "Yawning releases pressure , which in turn relieves pain) and indicate what region of the ear undergoes this experience") 2. _____________(middle ear, internal ear, external ear); answer the question by filling in the blanks with one of the answer choices found in the parenthesis

1. Popping 2. Middle ear

Motor Neuron

Action potentials triggered by the integrating center propagate out of the CNS along the axon of a motor neuron to the effector.

If you were to find glial cells in gray matter (information processing in CNS) which ones will be located in this area? In you think there are no glial cells in this location, then select the answer choice "none". A. Astrocytes and Schwann cells B. Astrocytes and microglial cells C. Schwann cells D. Satellite cells E. None

B. Astrocytes and microglial cells

Which auditory structure is being defined by each statement below? answer each of the following questions below with one of the answer choices found in the parenthesis 1: ________(external auditory canal, auricle, tympanic membrane, round window): skin covered flap of cartilage that collects sound waves and directs them to the external auditory canal 2: ________(eustachian tube, eardrum, oval window, pinna): receives sound waves and transmits to middle ear 3: ________(eustachian tube, pinna, external auditory canal, tympanic membrane): curved tube that takes sound waves from auricle to tympanic membrane 4: ________(cerumen, paraffin, bikini wax, pinna): earwax, prevents foreign objects from coming into ear 5: ________(middle ear, pinna, eustachian tube, tympanic membrane): also known as eardrum.

Blank 1--> Auricle: skin-covered flap of cartilage that collects sound waves and directs them to the external auditory canal. Blank 2--> Tympanic membrane: receives sound waves and transmits them to the middle ear. Blank 3--> External auditory canal: curved tube that takes sound waves from the auricle to the tympanic membrane. Blank 4--> Cerumen: earwax, prevents foreign objects from coming into the ear. Blank 5--> Tympanic membrane: also known as the eardrum.

Which of the following describes titin's roles in muscle contraction? A. Accounts for muscle's excitability B. Allows the actin to recoil and stretch C. Helps to hold the actin myofilaments in position D. Anchors thick filaments to Z disc and M line

D. Anchors thick filaments to Z disc and M line

Cells provide physical support to the olfactory receptor cells and help detoxify chemicals that come in contact with the olfactory epithelium A. Olfactory receptor B. Mitral C. Basal D. Supporting

D. Supporting

Match the following different types of sensory receptors: Mechanoreceptors Thermoreceptors Photoreceptors Chemoreceptor Nociceptors With its corresponding functions --> - Respond to painful stimuli resulting from physical or chemical damage to tissues - Sensitive to mechanical such as deformation, stretching, or bending of cells. Provide of pressure, vibration, proprioception, and - Detect chemicals in the mouth (taste ), nose (smell), and body fluids - Detect changes in temperature - Detect light that strikes the retina of the eye

Mechanoreceptors: Sensitive to mechanical stimuli such as deformation, stretching, or bending of cells. Provide the sense of pressure, vibration, proprioception (awareness of body position), and tactile sensations. Thermoreceptors: Detect changes in temperature. Photoreceptors: Detect light that strikes the retina of the eye. Chemoreceptors: Detect chemicals in the mouth (taste), nose (smell), and body fluids. Nociceptors: Respond to painful stimuli resulting from physical or chemical damage to tissues.