Anatomy and Physiology Final Exam

Put the following layers of the digestive tract wall in order from the lumen to the deepest layer. 1. lamina propria 2. muscularis externa 3. submucosa 4. digestive (mucous) epithelium 5. serosa 6. muscularis mucosae

4, 1, 6, 3, 2, 5

Match the organelle (1-4) with the correct description (5-8). 1) mitochondrion 2) centriole 3) endoplasmic reticulum 4) cytosol 5) synthesizing molecules 6) liquid in cell 7) provides cell with energy 8) aids the formation of the spindle apparatus

1 and 7 2 and 8 3 and 5 4 and 6

Which of the following statements about water is false? a. It has a relatively low heat capacity. b. It can dissolve many substances. c. It is composed of polar molecules. d. It contains hydrogen bonds. e. It is responsible for much of the mass of the human body

a. It has a relatively low heat capacity.

________ sweat glands are widely distributed across the body surface, ________ glands are located wherever hair follicles exist, and ________ sweat glands are found only in a few areas. a. Merocrine; sebaceous; apocrine b. Merocrine; apocrine; sebaceous c. Sebaceous; merocrine; apocrine d. Apocrine; sebaceous; merocrine e. Apocrine; merocrine; sebaceous

a. Merocrine; sebaceous; apocrine

Which of the following statements concerning mitochondria is false? a. The mitochondria produce oxygen in the process of energy transformation. b. The mitochondria produce most of a cell's ATP. c. The cristae increase the inner surface area of the organelle. d. Respiratory enzymes are attached to the surface of the cristae. e. The matrix contains metabolic enzymes involved in ATP synthesis.

a. The mitochondria produce oxygen in the process of energy transformation.

Which of the following descriptors is false regarding enzymes? a. They are consumed during the reaction. b. They affect only the rate of a chemical reaction. c. They function as biological catalysts. d. They lower the activation energy required for a reaction. e. They are proteins.

a. They are consumed during the reaction.

Which organ system transports nutrients, metabolic wastes, gases, and defense cells? a. cardiovascular b. muscular c. urinary d. respiratory e. digestive

a. cardiovascular

A tissue with a firm gel matrix and cells inside lacunae is a. cartilage. b. areolar connective tissue. c. dense regular connective tissue. d. epithelium. e. bone.

a. cartilage.

The bulk of each tooth consists of a mineralized matrix similar to that of bone called a. dentin. b. enamel. c. cement. d. periodontium. e. pulp.

a. dentin.

Any substance that enters or leaves your body must cross a. epithelial tissue. b. secretory tissue. c. connective tissue. d. neural tissue. e. muscle tissue.

a. epithelial tissue.

A blood cell undergoes crenation when it is placed in a(n) ________ solution. a. hypertonic b. isotonic c. hypotonic d. merotonic e. homotonic

a. hypertonic

Macrophages are cells that engulf and consume germs or debris. What organelle must be especially plentiful in these cells? a. lysosomes b. mitochondria c. ribosomes d. nuclei e. centrioles

a. lysosomes

The three structural components of a nucleotide are a pentose, a phosphate group, and a ________ base. a. nitrogenous b. nucleic c. hydrochloric d. sulfuric e. hydrophilic

a. nitrogenous

Loose connective tissue functions in all of the following ways except a. providing strong connections between muscles and bones. b. anchoring blood vessels and nerves. c. supporting epithelia. d. cushioning and stabilizing. e. filling spaces between organs.

a. providing strong connections between muscles and bones.

The duplication of DNA is called ________, the copying of DNA to mRNA is called ________, and the reading of the mRNA by the cell to make a protein is called ________. a. replication; transcription; translation b. replication; translation; transcription c. mitosis; duplication; protein synthesis d. interphase; replication; active transport e. reproduction; duplication; initiation

a. replication; transcription; translation

Functions of the plasma membrane include all of the following except a. thermal insulation. b. separation of the cytoplasm from the extracellular fluid. c. sensitivity to chemical changes in the extracellular fluid. d. structural support. e. regulation of exchange of materials with the extracellular environment.

a. thermal insulation.

In DNA replication, a. two copies are made of each chromosome, and each copy contains one of the DNA strands from the original chromosome. b. 23 copies are made of each chromosome. c. the chromosome is copied to RNA, which is then copied to DNA for a new chromosome. d. one new copy is made of each chromosome, and the original chromosome remains intact. e. two new copies are made of each chromosome, and the original chromosome is destroyed.

a. two copies are made of each chromosome, and each copy contains one of the DNA strands from the original chromosome.

Unlike cartilage, bone a. undergoes remodeling throughout life. b. is a connective tissue. c. has an outer covering. d. has a matrix that contains collagen. e. has cells within lacunae.

a. undergoes remodeling throughout life.

Which of the following happens if body temperature rises above normal? a. Circulation in the skin decreases. b. Blood flow to the skin increases. c. The activity of melanocytes increases. d. Sweat gland activity decreases. e. Evaporative cooling stops.

b. Blood flow to the skin increases.

________ pair(s) of salivary glands secrete into the oral cavity. a. One b. Three c. Six to Ten d. Four e. Two

b. Three

The function of simple cuboidal epithelium is a. support and structure. b. absorption and secretion. c. protection and transport. d. phagocytosis and immunity. e. storage and retrieval.

b. absorption and secretion.

Vitamin D3 is important for proper ________ development. a. muscle b. bone c. neural d. skin e. vision

b. bone

Which structure is not found in the oral cavity? a. palatoglossal arch b. conchae c. gingivae d. uvula e. palatine tonsil

b. conchae

The largest quantities of keratin are found in the epidermal layer called the stratum a. granulosum. b. corneum. c. basale. d. lucidum. e. spinosum.

b. corneum.

Glands that secrete hormones into the interstitial fluid are ________ glands. a. exocrine b. endocrine c. merocrine d. holocrine e. interstitial

b. endocrine

Oppositely charged ions in solution are prevented from combining by a. water's nonpolar nature. b. hydration spheres. c. hydrogen bonding d. heat capacity of water. e. free radicals.

b. hydration spheres.

Microvilli are found on cells of the inner surface of the small intestine, where they a. push food along the digestive tract. b. increase the absorption of nutrients from digested food. c. sense the presence of food in the digestive tract. d. slow the movement of food through the digestive tract. e. protect the intestinal lining from irritants or toxins in the food.

b. increase the absorption of nutrients from digested food.

The oral mucosa in much of the oral cavity such as the roof of the mouth and the surface of the tongue is comprised of ________ epithelium. a. keratinized simple squamous b. keratinized stratified squamous c. nonkeratinized simple squamous d. nonkeratinized stratified squamous e. goblet cell

b. keratinized stratified squamous

An albino individual lacks the ability to produce a. keratin. b. melanin. c. carotene. d. perspiration. e. eleidin.

b. melanin.

In ________ a stimulus produces a response that opposes or negates the original stimulus. a. dynamic equilibrium b. negative feedback c. positive feedback d. homeostatic equilibrium e. homeostasis

b. negative feedback

Which of the following is arranged in correct order from the most complex to the simplest? a. organ, organism, molecular, cellular, tissue, system b. organism, system, organ, tissue, cellular, molecular c. molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism d. tissue, cellular, molecular, organ, system, organism e. cellular, tissue, molecular, system, organ, organism

b. organism, system, organ, tissue, cellular, molecular

Homeostatic regulation usually involves a(n) ________ that detects a particular stimulus, and a(n) ________ that responds to the stimulus by communicating with a(n) ________ whose activity has an effect on the same stimulus. a. control center; receiver; effector b. receptor; control center; effector c. control center; effector; receptor d. receiver; communicator; effector e. effector; receiver; communicator

b. receptor; control center; effector

A stratified squamous epithelial lining can be found in all of the following except in the a. anal canal. b. stomach. c. esophagus. d. oral cavity. e. oropharynx.

b. stomach

Diffusion of a substance across the cell membrane may be influenced by all of the following except a. the presence of membrane channels for the substance. b. the availability of ATP. c. its charge of the substance. d. its lipid solubility. e. its concentration gradient.

b. the availability of ATP.

A structure that helps prevent food from entering the pharynx prematurely is the a. palatoglossal arch. b. uvula. c. epiglottis. d. pharyngeal arch. e. palatopharyngeal arch.

b. uvula.

Which of the following statements about the Golgi apparatus is false? a. It supplies new membrane components. b. It produces secretory vesicles. c. It sends transport vesicles to the RER. d. It produces lysosomes. e. It receives transport vesicles from the RER.

c. It sends transport vesicles to the RER.

Carbohydrate molecules a. are composed of C, H, O, and N atoms. b. form the regulatory molecules known as enzymes. c. are the body's most readily available source of energy. d. contain the genetic information found in cells. e. are the building blocks of cellular membranes.

c. are the body's most readily available source of energy.

Each of the following is an example of dense connective tissue except a. tendons. b. ligaments. c. areolar tissue. d. elastic tissue. e. aponeuroses.

c. areolar tissue.

Identify the mismatched pair. a. enzymes—speed up chemical reactions b. channel proteins—provide passageway for ions c. carrier proteins—allow a cell to move d. receptor proteins—bind to extracellular ligands e. recognition glycoproteins and glycolipids—identify the cell as "self"

c. carrier proteins—allow a cell to move

The cell theory includes all of these concepts except a. all cells come from the division of preexisting cells. b. each cell maintains homeostasis at the cellular level. c. every cell is capable of living on its own if isolated from the body. d. cells are the building blocks of all organisms. e. cells are the smallest units that carry out the essential functions of life.

c. every cell is capable of living on its own if isolated from the body.

Which of the following is not a function of the digestive system? a. mechanical processing b. absorption c. filtration d. secretion e. ingestion

c. filtration

The junction type that lets neighboring cells exchange small molecules is the a. hemidesmosome. b. desmosome. c. gap junction. d. tight junction. e. zonula adherens.

c. gap junction.

A gene is a set of specific instructions that a. copies DNA strands for mitosis. b. produces amino acids for proteins. c. indicates the sequence of amino acids in a protein molecule. d. directs carbohydrate synthesis. e. controls the process of mitosis.

c. indicates the sequence of amino acids in a protein molecule.

Cells that engulf bacteria or cell debris within loose connective tissue are a. fibroblasts. b. mast cells. c. macrophages. d. adipocytes. e. melanocytes

c. macrophages.

Which of the following is an accessory organ of digestion? a. appendix b. colon c. pancreas d. esophagus e. spleen

c. pancreas

Increased secretion by all the salivary glands results from a. hunger. b. hormonal stimulation. c. parasympathetic stimulation. d. sympathetic stimulation. e. myenteric reflexes.

c. parasympathetic stimulation.

The thoracic cavity contains the a. pericardial cavity b. coelom c. pericardial and pleural cavities d. pelvic cavity e. pleural cavities

c. pericardial and pleural cavities

The muscle found in the walls of most hollow organs of the body is a. involuntary striated muscle. b. voluntary striated muscle. c. smooth muscle. d. skeletal muscle. e. cardiac muscle.

c. smooth muscle.

All of the following are true of neurons except that a. they cannot divide. b. they are composed of a cell body and axon. c. they are a very specialized form of connective tissue. d. they conduct a nervous impulse. e. they receive information from other neurons through their dendrites.

c. they are a very specialized form of connective tissue.

An excess of hydrogen ions in the body fluids can have fatal results because this can a. break chemical bonds. b. change body fluid pH. c. change the shape of proteins, rendering them nonfunctional. d. All of the answers are correct. e. disrupt tissue functions.

d. All of the answers are correct.

Which of the following are functions of proteins? a. metabolic regulation b. defense c. buffering d. All of these are functions of proteins. e. support

d. All of these are functions of proteins.

In an ionic bond, the electron donor is the ________, whereas the electron acceptor is the ________. a. acid; base b. anion; cation c. base; acid d. salt; ion e. cation; anion

e. cation; anion

Which statement about tissues is correct? a. Tissues are microscopic, and invisible to the naked eye. b. All the organs of an organ system are composed of a single tissue type. c. Tissues are always in the form of sheets of cells. d. An organ combines several different tissues. e. A tissue is composed of a single type of cell.

d. An organ combines several different tissues.

When a small amount of HCl or NaOH is added to a solution of Na2HPO4, the pH of the solution barely changes. Based on these observations, all of the following are true concerning the compound Na2HPO4, except a. Na2HPO4 is able to accept extra hydrogen ions from the HCl. b. Na2HPO4 is a salt formed from reacting a strong base with a weak acid. c. Na2HPO4 is able to donate hydrogen ions to the OH- from NaOH. d. Na2HPO4 adsorbs excess H+ and OH- directly onto the surface of its crystalline structure. e. Na2HPO4 acts as a buffer.

d. Na2HPO4 adsorbs excess H+ and OH- directly onto the surface of its crystalline structure.

The movement of nutrients from the digestive tract lumen across the epithelium is called a. ingestion. b. reabsorption. c. chemical digestion. d. absorption. e. secretion.

d. absorption.

A process that requires cellular energy to move a substance against its concentration gradient is called a. passive transport. b. facilitated transport. c. osmosis. d. active transport. e. diffusion.

d. active transport.

A chemical imbalance in the body can cause the heart to stop pumping blood, which in turn will cause other tissues and organs to cease functioning. This observation supports the view that a. congenital defects can be life-threatening. b. chemical molecules make up cells. c. blood has magical properties. d. all levels of organization within an organism are interdependent. e. all organisms are composed of cells.

d. all levels of organization within an organism are interdependent.

A person who is standing facing forward with hands at the sides and palms facing forward is in the ________ position. a. supine b. prone c. sagittal d. anatomical e. frontal

d. anatomical

Each of the following organs is a component of the digestive tract except the a. pharynx. b. colon. c. stomach. d. bladder. e. esophagus.

d. bladder.

The three types of protein fibers in connective tissue are a. polar, cellular, and permeable. b. cartilage, bone, and collagen. c. tendons, ligaments, and elastic ligaments. d. collagen, reticular, and elastic. e. loose, dense, and irregular.

d. collagen, reticular, and elastic.

Within the oral cavity, both mechanical and chemical ________ begin. a. secretions b. ingestion c. deglutition d. digestion e. mastication

d. digestion

Germinative cells a. start in the superficial layers of epithelial tissue. b. cannot function in the repair of epithelial tissue. c. cannot divide in the deep layers of epithelial tissue. d. divide continually to produce new epithelial cells. e. make up most of the epithelial type of tissue.

d. divide continually to produce new epithelial cells.

Which of the following contains adipose tissue and provides padding for the anterior and lateral portions of the abdomen? a. lesser omentum b. falciform ligament c. mesentery proper d. greater omentum e. diaphragm

d. greater omentum

Oppositely charged ions in solution are prevented from combining by a. heat capacity of water. b. water's nonpolar nature. c. free radicals. d. hydration spheres. e. hydrogen bonding.

d. hydration spheres.

Water loss due to evaporation of fluid that has penetrated through the skin is called ________ perspiration. a. inactive b. active c. sensible d. insensible e. latent

d. insensible

A cell can increase how fast a substance diffuses across its plasma membrane by inserting channels, which modify the a. charge of the substance. b. size and mobility of the substance. c. concentration gradient of the substance. d. membrane's permeability to the substance. e. distance across the membrane.

d. membrane's permeability to the substance.

The chemical behavior of an atom is determined by the a. number of protons. b. size of the atom. c. number of neutrons. d. outermost electron shell. e. mass of the nucleus.

d. outermost electron shell.

Identify the branch of biological science that deals with the study of how living organisms perform their vital functions. a. anatomy b. embryology c. genetics d. physiology e. cytology

d. physiology

Tissue changes with age include all of the following except a. thinner epithelia. b. less efficient tissue maintenance. c. decreased ability to repair tissue damage. d. proliferation of epidermal cells. e. more fragile connective tissues.

d. proliferation of epidermal cells.

Which plane divides the body into right and left parts? a. proximal b. orthogonal c. transverse d. sagittal e. frontal

d. sagittal

Each of the following is a function of the integumentary system except a. detection of sensations. b. maintenance of body temperature. c. excretion of salts and wastes. d. synthesis of vitamin C. e. protection of underlying tissue.

d. synthesis of vitamin C.

Fine hairs (like "velvet") that lack pigment and cover much of the body surface are called ________ hairs. a. terminal b. lanugo c. venner d. vellus e. gossamer

d. vellus

The common term for the carpal region is the a. fingers. b. shin. c. chest. d. wrist. e. ankle.

d. wrist

Characteristics of the epidermis include a. serves as UV radiation protection. b. contains desmosomes. c. flexible. d. multilayered. e. All of the answers are correct.

e. All of the answers are correct.

The sensory cells associated with the deep layers of the epidermis are a. Meissner's corpuscles. b. keratinocytes. c. melanocytes. d. Pacinian corpuscles. e. Merkel cells.

e. Merkel cells.

Which of the following statements concerning hair is false? a. The medulla is the soft core of the hair. b. The cortex of the hair is composed of hard keratin. c. Club hair is hair that has ceased growing. d. Terminal hairs are heavy and more darkly pigmented than other types of hair. e. Scalp hairs grow constantly throughout life.

e. Scalp hairs grow constantly throughout life.

What would be an example of a cell maintaining homeostasis at the cellular level? a. a cell divides to become two cells b. a muscle cell contracts c. a sperm fertilizes an egg d. a cell of the intestine secretes digestive enzymes e. a cell takes up potassium to maintain the proper cytoplasmic potassium concentration

e. a cell takes up potassium to maintain the proper cytoplasmic potassium concentration

The smallest living unit within the human body is a. a tissue. b. an organ system. c. an organ. d. a protein. e. a cell.

e. a cell.

The most abundant high-energy compound in cells is a. adenosine monophosphate. b. adenosine diphosphate. c. RNA. d. DNA. e. adenosine triphosphate.

e. adenosine triphosphate.

An anatomical term that means the same as ventral is a. inferior b. superior c. posterior d. abdominal e. anterior

e. anterior

Each of the following is an inorganic compound except a. acids. b. bases. c. water. d. salts. e. carbohydrates.

e. carbohydrates.

The two components of the integumentary system are the a. integument and hypodermis. b. cutaneous membrane and hypodermis. c. epidermis and dermis. d. epidermis and superficial fascia. e. cutaneous membrane and accessory structures.

e. cutaneous membrane and accessory structures.

Which of the following best describes osmosis? a. movement of water into a solute b. diffusion of water from a greater to a lesser water concentration c. random movement of water due to kinetic energy d. active transport of water across the cell membrane e. diffusion of water from a greater to a lesser water concentration across a selectively permeable membrane

e. diffusion of water from a greater to a lesser water concentration across a selectively permeable membrane

The wrist is ________ to the elbow. a. horizontal b. lateral c. proximal d. medial e. distal

e. distal

The tissue that always has an apical and a basal surface is ________ tissue. a. connective b. apical c. muscle d. basal e. epithelial

e. epithelial

The process by which molecules such as glucose are moved into cells along their concentration gradient with the help of membrane-bound carrier proteins is called a. osmosis. b. active transport. c. exocytosis. d. endocytosis. e. facilitated diffusion.

e. facilitated diffusion.

The endoplasmic reticulum is responsible for all of the following except a. drug and toxin neutralization. b. modification of new proteins. c. lipid synthesis. d. passing molecules to the Golgi apparatus. e. housing the chromosomes.

e. housing the chromosomes.

Rapid water loss from burned skin is an extreme form of ________ perspiration. a. vacuous b. imprudent c. impractical d. non-sense e. insensible

e. insensible

The correct order of phases in the cell cycle is a. telophase, anaphase, metaphase, interphase, and prophase. b. prophase, interphase, anaphase, metaphase, and telophase. c. interphase, prophase, anaphase, metaphase, and telophase. d. metaphase, anaphase, interphase, prophase, and telophase. e. interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

e. interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

The combination of fibers and ground substance in supporting connective tissues is known as a. collagen. b. chondroitin. c. cartilage. d. scaffold. e. matrix.

e. matrix.

Exposure to ultraviolet light (sunlight) causes the skin to darken by increasing the production of a. carotene. b. hemoglobin. c. collagen. d. keratin. e. melanin.

e. melanin.

The proper distribution of a somatic cell's genetic material to two daughter cells is accomplished by the process of a. meiosis b. cytokinesis c. phoresis d. cytosis e. mitosis

e. mitosis

Which one of the following is not one of the four main tissue categories? a. neural tissue b. connective tissue c. muscle tissue d. epithelial tissue e. osseous tissue

e. osseous tissue

Increased secretion by all the salivary glands results from a. sympathetic stimulation. b. hormonal stimulation. c. myenteric reflexes. d. hunger. e. parasympathetic stimulation.

e. parasympathetic stimulation.

Waves of muscular contractions that propel the contents of the digestive tract are called a. pendular movements. b. mastication. c. churning movements. d. segmentation. e. peristalsis.

e. peristalsis.

Molecules with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate group that form biological membranes are called a. disaccharides. b. diglycerides. c. prostaglandins. d. dipeptides. e. phospholipids.

e. phospholipids.

Stored energy that has the ability to do work is called a. light energy. b. heat energy. c. kinetic energy. d. dark energy. e. potential energy.

e. potential energy

The layer of the skin that contains bundles of collagen and elastic fibers responsible for the strength of the skin is the ________ layer. a. hypodermal b. subcutaneous c. epidermal d. papillary e. reticular

e. reticular

The electric potential difference across the cell membrane is known as a. the cellular difference. b. the plasmalemma potential. c. the membrane difference. d. the cellular potential. e. the membrane potential.

e. the membrane potential.

Which of the following is formed in the skin when it is exposed to sunlight? a. vitamin C b. vitamin B c. vitamin E d. vitamin A e. vitamin D

e. vitamin D