Anatomy and Physiology Final (First Semester)
There are how many different types of amino acids?
20
Core body temperature is about
37°C
What is the maximum number of electrons in a shell?
8
Which of the following is LEAST characteristic of the pelvic girdle?
designed for wide range of movements
What type of junction would be found in organs that are subject to stretching?
desmosomes
For charged particles, transport across the cell membrane is influenced by the concentration gradient and
electrical gradient
The integument consists of all of the following EXCEPT
endocrine glands
Phagocytosis is a form of
endocytosis
The organelle with a flattened channel that begins at the nuclear envelope and passes into the cytoplasm is the
endoplasmic reticulum
A protein inside cells that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction is an
enzyme
When going from a seated to standing position, the knee undergoes
extension
Motor units containing only a few hundred muscle fibers are found where?
eye
Glucose moves through a protein transporter down its concentration gradient into the cell. This is an example of
facilitated diffusion
Which characteristic is NOT associated with red muscle fibers?
fast fibers
Which bone articulates with the coxal bone to form the hip joint?
femur
Which bone withstands stresses of several tons per square inch?
femur
Which structure produces cell movements?
flagella
Decreasing the angle between two bones is
flexion
Spongy bone is
found inside a long bone's shaft
Each carbon atom can share pairs of electrons with as many as ____ other atoms
four
A dissolved substance in water is an
free radical
We shiver when we are cold. In this process the brain plays which homeostatic role?
integrating center
Which cytoskeletal element anchors the proteins actin and myosin to strengthen the cytosol?
intermediate filaments
A phospholipid molecule contains a "head" portion that
is hydrophilic
A solution with a pH of 7.4
is similar in acidity to normal body fluids
Myotonic muscular dystrophy
is usually seen in adults
To stand upright for a long period of time without moving, the muscles of the back must produce which type of contraction?
isometric
The stomach and liver are located in which body cavity?
abdominal
A substance that gives up an electron to a free radical is an
antioxidant
. Covalent bonds ____.
are extremely strong and stable
DNA and its attached proteins are known as
chromatin
Which skin disorder is caused by a type of herpes virus?
cold sores
When the biceps brachii muscle contracts the forearm moves towards the upper arm. Based on this movement, on which bone is the biceps brachii insertion?
radius
Which bone is found on the "thumb side" of the forearm?
radius
The process by which the movement of internal bonds converts one type of organic compound into another is
rearrangement
Which muscle produces the action of a sit up?
rectus abdominis
Which of the following produces muscle tetanus?
repeated stimulations over short periods of times
Sebaceous glands in the skin produce
oils
How many bones are in the fully formed human skeleton?
206
Together, all muscle types make up what percentage of the body?
50 percent
How many cervical vertebrate are found in an intact skeleton?
7
Which statement is NOT true of diffusion?
The process requires ATP
What major factor limits cell size?
The surface area to volume ratio
Which structure marks the ends of a sarcomere?
Z line
Which type of injury is treated first with an ice pack and later with a heating pad?
a joint sprain
A single contraction of all the muscle fibers in a motor unit is known as
a muscle twitch
A prokaryotic cell has all of the following EXCEPT
a nucleus inside a membrane
A tracer is a substance with what attached to it?
a radioisotope
The basic unit of contraction in a skeletal muscle is
a sarcomere
What is released into the neuromuscular junction to produce a muscle contraction?
acetylcholine
A buildup of H+ in the blood will lead to
acidosis
A cell moves sodium ions against its concentration gradient. This is an example of
active transport
Which transport process requires ATP utilization?
active transport
When riding a horse, a jockey squeezes his thighs together to stay on the saddle. This is an example of
adduction
Which type of connective tissue is specialized for energy storage?
adipose
The structural building blocks for proteins are
amino acids
A free radical takes what particle from a stable molecule?
an electron
Reciprocal innveration means that the
antagonist muscle groups alternate contraction and relaxation
The portion of the skeleton that includes bones of the limbs, shoulder and hips is classified as the
appendicular skeleton
The thick filaments of skeletal muscle
are composed of proteins with a double head and tail
A system that compensates for pH fluctuations by donating or accepting H+ is known as an
buffer
A tennis player suffered an injury after a long match. Her elbow was significantly swollen and irritated. She most likely damaged what structure in her elbow joint?
bursae
Bone tissue is a storage area for
calcium
The ion required for skeletal muscle contraction is
calcium
Which of the following is composed of a 1:2:1 ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen?
carbohydrate
Which muscles are involuntary?
cardiac and smooth
Muscle that is striated and involuntary is
cardiac only
What muscle tissue contains specialized junctions that allow cells to contract as a unit?
cardiac only
A computer programmer complains of pain in his wrist and numbness and tingling of his fingers. He likely suffers from
carpal tunnel syndrome
What specialized type of connective tissue consists mostly of collagen in a watery matrix?
cartilage
The intervertebral disks are classified as
cartilaginous joints
Which carbohydrate, found only in plants, is indigestible by humans?
cellulose
Which structure gives rise to microtubules?
centrioles
Positive feedback systems play a role in
child birth
The type of bone that forms the shaft of long bones is known as
compact bone
A thyroid gland cell secretes thyroid hormones into the blood. This is an example of
exocytosis
The nerve cell that controls skeletal muscle contraction is the
motor neuron
The motor neuron and the muscle fibers it controls are known as a
motor unit
Membranes that line cavities and tubes in the digestive and respiratory systems are classified as
mucous
Which cell characteristic is associated with skeletal muscle?
multinucleated
Active muscle cells produce ATP by four of the following means. Which is the exception?
muscle tetanus
Which system maintains posture and body temperature?
muscular
Skeletal muscle fibers are composed of
myofibrils
Red muscle fibers are red because they contain large amounts of
myoglobin
The general medical term that describes a muscle disorder is
myopathy
During a skeletal muscle contraction ATP energizes
myosin
The cells that the body uses for rapid communication and control are
neurons
A lipid is an
nonpolar hydrocarbon
An organelle found in the nucleus is known as a
nucleolus
The structure where parts of ribosomes form before passing into the cytoplasm is the
nucleolus
In what portion of a eukaryotic cell is the majority of DNA isolated?
nucleus
Isotopes of an element are different from the most common standard form due to differences in the
number of neutrons in the nucleus
Which bone completely surrounds the foramen magnum?
occipital
A nucleotide is composed of at least one sugar, one phosphate group, and
one nitrogen-containing base
The state during which muscle cells require more ATP than cellular respiration can provide is known as
oxygen debt
A fracture to the cheek would likely damage all of the following bones EXCEPT
parietal
The bladder and rectum are located in which body cavity?
pelvic
The coxal bones are components of the
pelvis
The type of bond that exists between amino acids in a protein is an ____ bond.
peptide
The organelle that converts harmful hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen is the
peroxisome
What organelle inactivates toxins?
peroxisomes
Which part of the pectoral girdle contains the most bones?
phalanges
What fat is the building block for cell membranes?
phospholipids
Which type of bond is responsible for the linking together of atoms within a water molecule?
polar covalent
The extracellular ground substance of the matrix is composed of
polysaccharides
Which of the following is NOT part of a homeostatic system?
positive feedback
The plasma membrane is composed of
primarily phospholipids
The sequence of amino acids in a protein represents its
primary structure
Which portion of the plasma membrane carries out most of the membrane's specific functions?
proteins
An acid is a substance that donates an
proton
An atom carries no charge because it has as many electrons as
protons
The atomic number denotes the number of ____ in an atom of a particular element.
protons
What type of tissue consisting of a single layer of cells containing cilia lines the throat and nasal passages?
pseudostratified epithelium
Which muscle extends the leg at the knee?
quadriceps femoris
In which structure do cilia covered in mucus trap foreign particles?
respiratory tract
Membranes that surround the heart and lungs would be classified as
serous
Which muscle assists in pushing movements of the arm?
serratus anterior
What type of tissue, consisting of a single layer of flattened cells, is designed to allow the easy diffusion of oxygen from blood to tissue?
simple squamous epithelium
A nuclear envelope has four of the following characteristics. Which is the exception?
single lipid bilayer
Which type of muscle makes up the majority of the body's muscle tissue?
skeletal
Muscle that is composed of cylindrical cells that maintain posture is
skeletal only
Muscle that is striated and voluntary is
skeletal only
The axial skeleton contains bones that form the
skull, rib cage, and vertebral column
The theory that describes how skeletal muscles contract is the
sliding filament theory
Gap junctions are most plentiful in
smooth and cardiac muscle
What muscle tissue is found in the walls of blood vessels and hollow organs?
smooth only
Plants store large amounts of carbohydrates in the form of
starch
Which bone is also known as the "breastbone"?
sternum
Which class of fats is used to synthesize various vitamins and hormones?
sterols
Proteins perform four of the following functions. They do NOT, however
store large amounts of energy
During a synthesis reaction, glucose and fructose combine to form
sucrose
Which bone forms the lower sides of cranium and surrounds the ear canal?
temporal
What structure connects a muscle to a bone?
tendon
The force a contracting muscle exerts to move an object is muscle
tension
Which bone helps support the nose?
ethmoid
Botox used in cosmetic medicine blocks
ACh release
When blood calcium levels fall,
PTH secretion increases
Which part of the amino acid helps to determine its chemical properties?
R-group
Which nucleotide contains the sugar ribose?
RNA
How do hydrophilic molecules interact with water?
They are attracted to water
If a chlorine atom has 7 electrons in its outer energy level, which of the following is true about chlorine?
When it fills its outer electron shell, it becomes a negatively charged ion.
Radioisotopes ____.
are unstable and emit energy and particles to stabilize themselves
Every living organism must have
at least one cell
Motor neurons that carry messages from the spinal cord to muscles in the foot would have long
axons
The structure that separates epithelial tissue from the underlying supporting tissue is the
basement membrane
In which type of connective tissue are the proteins dissolved in a liquid matrix?
blood
Bone remodeling is LEAST likely to be used in
blood cell formation
What is found in the channels within the Haversian system?
blood vessels and nerves
During an hydrolysis reaction
bonds are broken
What muscle tissue is considered involuntary?
both cardiac and smooth
Which structure reduces friction around tendons?
bursae
Atoms or clusters of atoms that are covalently bonded to carbon and influence the behavior of organic compounds are known as
functional groups
What type of junction allows electrical signals to rapidly spread from cell to cell?
gap junctions
Which muscle is the "calf muscle"?
gastrocnemius
Which of the following is NOT classified as a type of connective tissue?
glands
Which cells make up the majority of the body's nervous tissue?
glial
Which cells supply nutrients to and remove wastes from nerve cells?
glial
The building block of large carbohydrates is
glucose
Which muscle extends the hip when walking and climbing?
gluteus maximums
Animals store carbohydrates in the form of
glycogen
Mucus is secreted onto membrane surfaces by
goblet cells
What prevents growth plates from calcifying, preserving their ability to grow?
growth hormone
Which muscle is the antagonist of the quadriceps femoris group?
hamstrings
The term append means to
hang
A protein combined with cholesterol in the blood is an example of an
lipoprotein
A reticular form of loose connective tissue is the framework for the
liver
In which organ does the smooth ER inactivate drugs and harmful metabolic byproducts?
liver
Which system defends against infections and cancer?
lymphatic
Bacteria captured by white blood cells are collected in vesicles and destroyed by
lysosomes
The use of microscope
microscopy
Which muscles are found in the walls of small blood vessels and airways?
only smooth
A compound that contains both carbon and hydrogen is
organic
The diffusion of water across a membrane is known as
osmosis
A former basketball player complains of significant right knee pain. After examination, it is determined that he needs a knee replacement. The most likely cause of his issue is
osteoarthritis
During the remodeling process, which cells break down the bone matrix?
osteoclasts
What structure is found in bone lacunae?
osteocytes
An elderly woman has a significant loss of bone mass. The most likely diagnosis is
osteoporosis
The production of ATP in the mitochondria requires
oxygen
Which particle is able to freely cross the plasma membrane?
oxygen
Which bones make up the hard palate?
palatine and maxillary
A patient with joint pain was sent to the hospital for lab work. The results showed significant over activity of her immune system. Based on these results, the most likely diagnosis is
rheumatoid arthritis
What component of the cell is the site of polypeptide assembly?
ribosome
During a routine, a dancer spins in a circle three consecutive times. This is an example of
rotation
The major difference between the smooth and rough ER is that
rough ER contains ribosomes
In which region of the vertebral column have the vertebrate fused together?
sacral
Calcium is stored and released by the
sarcoplasmic reticulum
On which bone would you find extensive sites for muscle attachments?
scapula
Which skeletal structure is NOT part of the axial skeleton?
scapula
What term refers to the ability of a cell membrane to regulate which molecules can enter and exit the cell?
selective permeability
Membranes that occur in paired sheets are classified as
serous
The infectious disease that produces spastic paralysis is
tetanus
In a contracted sarcomere,
the Z lines are close together
The extracellular fluid is
the body's internal environment
Each end of a long bone is called
the epiphysis
What type of microscope uses magnetic lenses to bend beams of electrons?
transmission electron microscope
Which molecule causes actin and myosin to detach?
ATP
Which nucleotide is associated with energy transfer?
ATP
Rigor mortis occurs when
ATP levels fall
What organelle modifies new polypeptides and sorts proteins and lipids?
Golgi body
Which type of cell functions to help control immune responses in the skin?
Granstein cells
What makes water a good solvent?
It dissolves ions and polar molecules
Which statement is true of mitochondria?
Mitochondria possess their own DNA
What factor of the plasma membrane provides fluidity?
The movements of the phospholipids
During a muscle contraction, electrical impulses travel to the interior of the cell through
T-tubules
. A red blood cell is placed in a solution. After a period of time, the cell has shrunk to half its original size. Which of the following is true?
The cell was placed in a hypertonic solution
Which description of skeletal muscle is correct?
The fibers and filaments are arranged in parallel
Which statement is true of electron shells?
The innermost shell can hold up to two electrons
Which statement is true of water?
Water molecules are polar
Two solutions A and B are separated by a membrane, which is permeable to water but not salts. Solution A is a 2% NaCl solution, while solution B is a 3% NaCl solution. Which of the following will occur?
Water will move from side A to side B
A 20-year-old man is injured in a motorcycle accident. His ulna was broken and protruding from the skin. His injury is classified as a
compound fracture
Which type of tissue produces a matrix that surrounds and supports cells?
connective
A chromosome
consists of DNA and its associated proteins
A painful muscle contraction that does immediately release is a
cramp
The brain is located in which body cavity?
cranial
The first metabolic pathway by which ATP is made in an active muscle cell is
creatine phosphate transfer
A severe sunburn would result in damage to which membrane?
cutaneous
What portion of the cell contains microtubules and microfilaments?
cytoskeleton
Which muscle makes up the bulk of the shoulder?
deltoid
Which portion of nerve cells receives incoming messages?
dendrite
Hair follicles and the bodies of sweat glands are located in the
dermis
Which of the following is an inherited disorder in which skeletal muscle fibers break down?
dystrophy
During the process of sweating to cool body temperature, the sweat gland is acting as which homeostatic component?
effector
What type of fiber allows tissue to easily stretch and recoil?
elastic
A pure substance that cannot be broken down into another substance is known as an
element
Above 41* C
enzymes denature
Melanocytes are located in the
epidermis
Which layer of the integument contains stratified squamous cells?
epidermis
Endocrine and exocrine glands are derived from what type of tissue?
epithelial
What type of tissue covers body surfaces or lines cavities?
epithelial
The two basic types of tissue membranes are
epithelial and connective tissue
The term eukaryotic means
having a true nucleus
The most extreme form of body temperature increase is
heat stroke
Which element is not one of the four most common elements found in organisms?
helium
Which protein binds and releases oxygen molecules?
hemoglobin
In adults, most blood cells are formed in which type of bones?
hip bones
Exocrine glands secrete all of the following EXCEPT
hormones
Which bone of the pectoral girdle fits into the open socket of the scapula?
humerus
Which type of bond is responsible for the linking together of two water molecules?
hydrogen
Water has a high heat capacity because it has
hydrogen bonds
The body's "thermostat" is located in the
hypothalamus
In which type of muscle contraction does the load exceed the muscle's peak capacity?
isometric
Which type of cell produces proteins that form the tough, water-insoluble layer in the skin?
keratinocytes
Tear ducts pass between which two bones?
lacrimal and maxillary
Which muscle is the largest back muscle?
latissimus dorsi
The skeletal system performs four of the following functions. Which is NOT one of the skeletal system's functions?
maintaining body temperature
The connective tissue fibers in bone are found in the
matrix
Which type of cell protects the skin from UV light damage?
melanocytes
Which bones make up the sole of the foot?
metatarsals
A photograph formed using a microscope is called an
micrograph
The most abundant cytoskeletal elements are
microtubules
Bone performs four of the following functions. Which is the exception?
mineral storage for calcium and potassium
The organelle that produces the majority of the cell's ATP is the
mitochondria
What organelle is the site of ATP production?
mitochondria
Scientists believe that mitochondria may have evolved from bacteria because
mitochondria have their own DNA
The blending of two or more kinds of molecules is an
mixture
The bonding of two or more atoms creates an
molecule
The cell membrane mix of lipids and proteins is referred to as an
mosaic
When an atom's outer electron shell is filled, the atom is
most stable
Which membrane reduces friction in joints?
synovial
The most common type of joint in the human body is a
synovial joint
Joints like the hip and shoulder are classified as
synovial joints
Which part of a synovial joint secretes lubricating fluid?
synovial membrane
What level of protein structure is associated with the folding of coils and sheets to form a hollow region through which substances can move into and out of cells?
tertiary
The heart is located in which body cavity?
thoracic
Which bone is NOT part of the pectoral girdle or upper limbs?
tibia
Which bone is the major load-bearing bone of the lower leg?
tibia
What type of junction prevents stomach acids from leaking into the gut cavity?
tight junctions
The bones of the pectoral girdle are arranged
to maximize movements
The measure of the concentration of solutes in a solution is
tonicity
Positron emission tomography (PET) utilizes ____ to yield results of a scan.
tracers
Which muscle is involved in shrugging your shoulders?
trapezius
Which muscle lifts and braces the shoulder?
trapezius
Which muscle straightens the forearm?
triceps brachii
The most abundant lipids in the body are
triglycerides
Which protein blocks the interaction sites that produce skeletal muscle contraction?
tropomyosin
Calcium binds directly to which muscle protein?
troponin
Which bone joins the lower end of the humerus to form the elbow joint?
ulna
Fats that stay liquid at room temperature are
unsaturated
Which system functions to maintain blood volume and composition?
urinary
An ion is formed
when atoms exchange electrons
