ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY II; "THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM"

Hydrocortisone

(cortisol and adrenal steroid) used to relief of inflammation for a variety of pathologies, such a rheumatoid arthritis, ulcerative colitis, lupus, and asthma

Infundibulum

A stalk that attaches the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus.

Hormones Controlled by the Pituitary Glands

Adrenocorticotropic - ACTH - (Adrenal Cortex) Thyroid Stimulating Hormone- TSH - (Thyroid Gland) Growth Hormone- GH - (all cells; mainly muscles & bone) Prolactin- PRL- (mammary glands (milk production) Follicle Stimulation Hormone- FSH- (testes - ovaries) Luteinizing Hormone - LH- (testes - ovaries) Melanocyte- MSH- (skin to release melanin)

Flight or Fight Response Hormones

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) - Cortisol (Hydrocortisone) - Epinephrine

2 Lobes Control

Anterior Lobe of the Pituitary Gland is controlled Hormonally Posterior Lobe of the Pituitary Gland is to controlled by Nerve Impulses

Parathyroid Glands

4 small granules located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland - Secrete Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) - INCREASES Blood Calcium Levels

2 categories of chemically hormones

Protein Hormones - amino-acids compounds Steroid Hormones - lipid-molecules from cholesterol

glucagon

Raises blood glucose

Thymus Glands

Secretes hormones called thymosins that affect the production of certain white blood cells called T Lymphocytes (TCELLS) which are essential to the functioning of the Immune system

Hashimoto Thyroiditis

The most common cause of hypothyroidism.

Hormones secreted by the thyroid gland

Thyroxine (T4) -regulates cellular metabolism Triiodothyronine (T3) - regulates cellular metabolism Calcitonin - lowers blood calcium level

Humoral Control

a change in the blood level of a hormone nutrient, or mineral ion releases hormones

Graves Disease

a common form of hyperthyroidism resulting from overproduction of thyroxine

Cortisol

a glucocorticoid, also called hydrocortisone, stress hormone that causes the liver to undergo gluconeogenesis, elevates blood glucose in between meals.

Aldosterone

a mineralocorticoid; plays an important role in the regulation of blood volume/pressure by regulating water reabsorption by the kidneys.

Adrenal Glands

a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones epinephrine <adrenaline> - Fight or Flight: that help arouse the body in times of stress: Causes the Liver to Convert Glycogen to Glucose increasing the blood glucose level to provide energy for muscular activity

hormones

chemical "messengers" of the endocrine system that are released into the blood

The Endocrine System

composed of a group of organs and ductless glands that produce hormones.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

during stress: is released from the anterior pituitary in response to a releasing hormone from the hypothalamus. Stimulates the release of cortisol from adrenal cortex

Epinephrine

during stress: release is stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system. it increases heart rate and blood pressure. causes the liver to convert glycogen to glucose to elevate blood glucose

Pineal Gland

endocrine gland that produces melatonin that helps regulate sleep/wake cycle, depresses mood and is associated with Seasonal Affective Disorder.

Ovaries

female gonads secrete estrogen & progesterone stimulated by follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinising hormone.

Endocrine System Functions

growth, reproduction, metabolism, behavior, and water-electrolyte-nutrient balance.

Hyperthyroidism

high levels of T3 & T4 hormones; causes intense nervousness, weight loss, rapid pulse, sweating, and tremors - Exophthalmos - Bulging Out of the Eyes

Hormonal Control

hormones from one gland cause the release of hormones from another gland

Oxytocin

induces contraction of the uterine muscles during childbirth and causes the mammary glands to eject milk during nursing

Thyroid Gland Location

inferior to the larynx and anterior to the trachea - in throat below Adam's apple , is a bi-lobed butterfly shaped gland located in the front and sides of the trachea below the larynx

Epinephrine

is used for asthmatic attacks by relaxation of the small bronchial tubes and the of the acute allergic reaction anaphylaxis

Pancreas

located inferior and posterior to the greater curvature of the stomach, secretes insulin and glucagon

Hypothyroidism

low levels of T3 & T4 hormones; causes mental and physical sluggishness, feeling cold, dry hair and skin; facial swelling - Goiter - enlarged Thyroid Gland

insulin

lowers blood sugar

Testes

male gonads secrete testosterone stimulated by luteinizing hormones

Prostaglandins

molecules that act like hormones, they are produced, act and are rapidly inactivated in or close to their sites of origins

Negative Feedback

most common mechanism for the regulation for the release of hormones. <rising level of a hormone or the action of the target tissues inhibits further release of the hormone.

Estrogen & Progesterone

oral contraceptive and to treat symptoms of menopause.

gluconeogenesis

process which the lover converts amino acids to glucose to elevate blood glucose to provide energy for muscular activity.

Neural Control

release of some hormones directly controlled by the nervous system

Gonads

reproductive glands male, testes female, ovaries

Adrenal Cortex

the outer part of the adrenal gland that secretes Cortisol & Aldosterone

Endocrine System Regulates

Growth Hormone - GH Thyroxine (T4) & Triiodothyronine(T3) Follicle-Stimulation Hormone (FSH) & Luteinizing Hormone(LH) Melatonin Aldosterone, Antidiuretic Hormone, Insulin, Glucagon, Calcitonin & Parathyroid Hormone

Cushings Disease

HYPERsecretion of cortisol and adrenal cortex from the adrenal cortex: Hyperglycemia losses in muscle tone and bone protein and water and sodium retention, hypertension and edema.

Diabetes Insipidus

HYPOsecretion of Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) by the posterior pituitary gland.

Addison's Disease

HyPOfunction of the adrenal glands / do not produce enough of the hormones cortisol or aldosterone / weight loss, muscle atrophy, weakness, dark pigmentaion of the skin and gums. increases secretion of melanin and hypertension. low glucose and sodium high potassium.

Diabetes Mellitus

HyPersecretion of insulin by the pancreas, or decreased insulin sensitivity by the bodys cells, which results in excessive urination due to an elevated blood glucose .

Signs of Diabetes

Hyperglycemia DeHydration Polyuria (excessive urination) Polyphagia (excessive hunger) Glucosuria (glucose in urine Diabetes Mellitus) Ketonuria (ketone bodies in urine from excessive metabolism of fat for energy) Poor Circulation (extreme dehydration and hypertension)

Commander-In-Chief

Hypothalamus - it controls the pituitary gland and therefore most of the endocrine system

Lobes of Pituitary Gland

Mechanisms of control by the hypothalamus for the release of hormones from the pituitary gland

Sources that Control Hormone Levels

Neural Control - Hormonal Control - Humoral Control -