Anatomy and Physiology Module 10 - Nervous System
What kind of neurotransmitter is GABA
Negative or inhibitory neurotransmitter
A mass of nerve cells is called
Neurons
What is the base unit of the nervous system
Neurons
Does a reflex involving a painful stimulus get processed in the brain
No
Gaps between the myelin sheath along an axon are called:
Nodes of Ranvier
What are the gaps between the Schwann cells called?
Nodes of Ranvier
Basal ganglia
Nuclei that control the motor control
Which part of the brain is responsible for processing visual information?
Occipital lobe
Where does the Potassium begin
On the inside of the banana
Where does the Sodium begin
On the outside of the banana
Does a reflex involving a painful stimulus go through the CNS or just the PNS
PNS
What nervous system is this a part of: CNS or PNS
PNS
Which of the following is not part of the neuron?
Pons
Repolarization occurs as a result of...
Potassium ions diffusing to the outside of the cell membrane and potassium channels closing.
List the parts of a reflex arc in the correct sequence.
Receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, effector
What is the Na+/K+ pump
Reestablishes the gradient
What side does your left field of view go to in the brain
Right
What happens during an "electrical storm" in the brain
Seizure
Posterior pituitary
Sending off hormones
Parietal lobe
Sensation
Somatosensory cortex
Sensory (info) nerves coming into the brain
What type of receptor receives information when you touch something
Sensory neurons
What surgical procedure can be used to calm seizures
Sever the corpus callosum, and when it severed the 2 hemispheres can't communicate
What pair of ions are responsible for depolarization of the membrane?
Sodium and Potassium
What ions are necessary for a nerve impulse to occur?
Sodium and potassium
Which part of the nervous system controls voluntary movement?
Somatic
Thalamus
Sorts data and sends information where it needs to go.
List the four sections of the primitive brain
Spinal cord, hindbrain, midbrain, forebrain
When sodium enters the membrane during message transfer and depolarization occurs. what typically happens to the voltage?
Starts at -55 mV and becomes more positive
A ___ is the gap located between the terminal ends of the axons and the target cell to receive the message.
Synapse
What is the gap between neurons
Synapse
What does he recommend about the number of connections
The number of connections forms memories. The more things you can get via auditoral, verbal, etc. The more likely you are to remember things.
Once the Sodium channels close, what happens next
The potassium channels open up and allow the potassium to exit the banana so there is a balance.
List the steps of the action potential at a nerve synapse
We get an influx of calcium ions, that release neurotransmitters across the gap that match up with a channel on the other side of the gap, changes it shape so it can take ions in.
What is function
What does it do
What is structure
What its made up of
A threshold stimulus results in the creation of a(n):
action potential
What is another term for a nerve impulse?
action potential
When the membrane potential depolarizes, if it reaches a threshold a(n) _______ will result.
action potential
Sensory neuron = Motor neuron =
afferent efferent
Which cell connects neurons to blood vessels?
astrocyte
The central nervous system consists of the:
brain and spinal cord
Breathing and circulation are two very important necessities of life that are controlled by the ___ of the Central Nervous System.
brain stem
Which part of the CNS makes up 80% of the brain?
cerebrum
What allows the ions to cross the membrane
channels
When nerve cells come together in a neuronal pool to make a signal stronger they are?
converging
When a message is sent from one neuron to the next, and the message keeps on going it is considered to be_
excitatory
When a neuron becomes more excitable because of incoming subthreshold stimulation, it is said to be..
facilated
A mass of nerve cells are called what?
ganglia
When Sodium crosses the membrane during a "message transfer", what typically happens to the voltage?
increases up to +50mV
A person with an injury to her frontal lobe may have
mood swings
White matter appears white due to ________.
myelin
___ are chemicals that are responsible for sending messages from one neuron to the next.
neurotransmitters
Which neuronal cells are responsible for providing support and insulation to the axons by creating a myelin sheath?
oligodendrocytes
A person with an injury to her frontal lobe may have difficulty
reasoning and making decisions
When a nerve cell is polarized (at its resting potential), the concentration of...
sodium ions are higher on the outside and potassium ions are higher on the inside of it's membrane
The skeletal muscles are controlled by the...
somatic nervous system
Reflexes (such as the knee-jerk reflex) occur when impulses travel from the muscle to the ____ and then back to the muscle.
spinal cord
Masses of myelinated nerve fibers appear...
white
Which reflex responds to pain?
withdrawal reflex
Frontal Lobe
Emotional control
Cerebrum includes
-Corpus callosum -Basal ganglia -Cerebral cortex -Frontal Lobe -Parietal lobe -Occipital lobe -Temporal lobe -Somatosensory cortex -Motor cortex
Brain Stem includes
-Midbrain -Pons -Medulla
Thalamus includes
-Thalamus -Hypothalamus -Posterior pituitary
What is the axon
Everything from the dendrite to the end of the neuron (axon terminals).
Why can't a person describe what they saw if it was on the left side of the Plus sign (+)
It's being processed on the right side of the brain, and on the right side they can't use speech to describe what they saw.
Temporal lobe
Language, hearing, memory
How should you refer to the hemispheres of the brain
Left and right hemispheres
Jamey was hit in the head with a softball during his game last summer and is currently undergoing speech therapy due to damage sustained to this part of the cerebrum.
Left side of cerebrum
Cerebral cortex
Main part of the brain (80%).
What is an action potential
Messages
In the central nervous system, myelin is formed by...
Microglial Cells
Motor cortex
Motor nerves going out
What is a reflex
Body reacts to a stimulus with a patterned response.
After the sensory neuron, where is a signal sent for processing
Brain
Midbrain
Breathing
What happens to the voltage when the Sodium crosses the membrane
It will become less and channels are activated by the mV
What happens when the threshold is met
It will have an action potential
If motor control and motor memory are bodily functions affected from a motor vehicle accident, which part of the brain was damaged due to the trauma?
Cerebellum
Once muscle contractions are initiated, what portion of the Central Nervous System ensures that the motions are smooth and well coordinated?
Cerebellum
Which of the following is NOT part of the limbic system?hypothalamus, Hippocampus, Amygdala, Cerebellum
Cerebellum
Skeletal muscle contractions are begun by signals coming from the _____.
Cerebral Cortex
What do the neurotransmitters do
Chemicals that send a message to the next neuron
Pons
Circulation
Give an example of radial symmetry (different from the video)
Coral polyp
What connects the two sides of the brain
Corpus callosum
What is the name of the structure that affords a connection between the right and left hemispheres of the brain?
Corpus collosum
Which direction does an impulse travel along a neuron?
Dendrite to axon
Put these in the correct order from receiving an action potential to passing it on to the next neuron: cell body, axon, dendrite
Dendrite 🡪 Cell body 🡪 axon
The cytoplasmic extensions that provide the main receptive surfaces for neurons are?
Dendrites
Medulla oblongata
Digestion
When do the channels open - all at once or as a domino effect
Domino effect
What type of neuron carries the information away from the spinal cord to the muscle or effector organ
Motor neuron or effector neurons
What is the threshold measurement
-55mV
What is the resting voltage of the membrane?
-70 mV
What is the voltage for the membrane
-70mV for an average neuron
Corpus callosum
A bundle of nerves that connects 2 hemispheres of the brain
What goes to your brain after you are hurt
A number of action potentials
Describe the role of a synapse and neurotransmitters in the communication between nerve cells. Also describe the difference between excitatory and inhibitory synapses.
A synapse is a site of transmission of electrical nerve impulses between two neurons. Synapse helps to permit a neuron to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another neuron, or target effector cell. Synapse and neurotransmitters work together in a way because in a synapse its impulses pass by diffusion of a neurotransmitter. Neurotransmitters help to transmit messages between neurons and communication between 2 neurons is located in the synaptic cleft. The difference between excitatory and inhibitory synapses is that excitatory synapses increase the activity of the receiving neuron, while inhibitory synapses reduce neuron activity.
Which cell types receive external signals and carry them to the CNS?
Afferent (Sensory)
What kinds of functions are found closest to the spinal cord
Basic functions such as keeping the heart beating, keeping the circulation going, and keeping digestion going
Cerebellum
Body control (such as coordination) and motion memory. "Balance and coordination"
What is myelin
Fat material, and its used to insulate and speed up messages as they go.
Which relates to the physiology
Function
What happens at a node of Ranvier
Gaps between the myelin where the message jumps
Hypothalamus
Homeostasis (temperature, osmolarity)
Describe the space between action potentials if the pain is severe or light
If the pain is severe the space is very short, and if the pain is very light there is a lot of space between action potentials.
How is myelin formed in the PNS and CNS
In the PNS myelin is formed by Schwan cells, and in the CNS myelin is formed by oligodendroglial cells
What is a Schwann cell
It is what myelin is made of.
Which direction does an inhibitory message send the voltage
It send the voltage further down from -70
What are the two divisions of the nervous system, and describe them briefly
The two divisions are the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system includes the remainder of the nerves in the body, which all connect to the central nervous system.
Occipital lobe
Vision
What does an excitatory message mean
Want the action potential to go (fire)
What does an inhibitory message mean
Wants the action potential to stop (don't fire)