Anatomy & Pshysiology Exam 1
Which of the following would NOT diffuse through the plasma membrane by means of simple diffusion?
glucose
Carbohydrates are stored in the liver and skeletal muscles in the form of ________.
glycogen
Starch is the stored carbohydrate in plants, while ________ is the stored carbohydrate in animals
glycogen
Which of the following is an example of a positive feedback?
the formation of a platelet plug during blood clotting
The structure at letter C is located within what area of this structure?
the matrix
What is the structure at A?
the nucleolus
In certain kinds of muscle cells, calcium ions are stored in ________.
the smooth ER
The dorsal body cavity is divided into which of the following subdivisions?
the vertebral/spinal and cranial cavities
Which body cavity is further separated into other cavities?
thoracic
What level of structural organization is represented by the image numbered 5 in the figure?
tissue
What is the function of the structures at D?
to allow large molecules, with the exception of DNA, to pass through the envelope
In a DNA molecule, the phosphate serves ________.
to hold the molecular backbone together
Generally what is the result of the negative feedback process?
to maintain homeostasis
Which of the following statements about genes is not correct?
Each single chromosome contains one single gene.
Which of the following is the best situation for maintaining homeostasis?
Extracellular fluid should be isotonic to intracellular fluid.
A coronal section creates a superior and an inferior section.
False
A dipeptide can be broken into two amino acids by dehydration synthesis.
False
A resting membrane potential is a sign of a depolarized membrane.
False
About 60% to 80% of the volume of most living cells consists of organic compounds
False
Cells within the body work independently of one another and rarely have direct effects on other cells.
False
Channel-mediated diffusion is a form of active transport.
False
Embryology concerns the structural changes that occur in an individual from conception through old age.
False
Phospholipids provide the specific functions of the plasma membrane.
False
Prophase has a series of checkpoints that determine whether a cell will undergo all stages of mitosis.
False
The elbow is proximal to the shoulder.
False
The knee is proximal to the thigh.
False
The part of the serous membrane that lines the peritoneal cavity wall is called visceral peritoneum.
False
The right hypochondriac region contains the majority of the stomach.
False
The serous membrane is a double-layered membrane created by two separate membranes.
False
Triglycerides are a poor source of stored energy.
False
Your patient has a respiratory disease that has literally paralyzed the cilia. Why would this patient be at an increased risk for a respiratory infection?
If cilia are paralyzed then mucus-containing particles, including bacteria, will remain in the lungs and may cause a respiratory infection.
Which of the following is true of protein structure?
Secondary protein structures are caused by hydrogen bonding between adjacent amine and carboxyl groups.
Which of the following is a FALSE statement about carbohydrates?
The chemical composition of carbohydrates includes two oxygens and one hydrogen for every carbon present.
Which of the following is true about lipids?
Triglycerides are composed of three fatty acids and one glycerol and are stable because they do not dissolve in water.
A charged particle is generally called an ion or electrolyte.
True
A tissue consists of groups of similar cells that have a common function.
True
ATP is an unstable, high-energy molecule that provides body cells with a form of energy that is immediately usable.
True
All organic compounds contain carbon
True
All salts are ions, but not all ions are salts.
True
Buffers resist abrupt and large changes in the pH of body fluids by releasing or binding ions.
True
Each daughter cell resulting from mitotic cell division has the exactly same genetic composition.
True
Glucose is an example of a monosaccharide
True
Glycogen, the storage form of glucose, is primarily stored in skeletal muscle and liver cells.
True
In their resting state, all body cells exhibit a resting membrane potential; therefore, all cells are polarized.
True
It is important for any organism to maintain its boundaries, so that its internal environment remains distinct from the external environment surrounding it.
True
It is the difference in the R group that makes each amino acid chemically unique.
True
Lungs carry out an excretory function
True
Lysosomes perform digestive functions within a cell.
True
Microtubules are hollow tubes made of subunits of the protein tubulin.
True
Responsiveness or irritability is the ability to sense changes in the environment and then respond to them.
True
The acidity of a solution reflects the concentration of free hydrogen ions in the solution.
True
The lower the pH, the higher the hydrogen ion concentration.
True
The major function of DNA is to store the genetic instructions that are used during protein synthesis
True
The pH of body fluids must remain fairly constant for the body to maintain homeostasis
True
Without some sort of negative feedback mechanism, it would be impossible to keep our body chemistry in balance.
True
Choose the following statement that is not completely correct regarding serous membranes.
Visceral pericardium covers the outer surface of the heart, and parietal pericardium lines the internal walls of the heart.
________ is fat soluble, produced in the skin on exposure to UV radiation, and necessary for normal bone growth and function
Vitamin D
Foods are broken down into their building blocks by adding water. This would be an example of which characteristic of water?
Water acts as a reactant.
Water acts to dissolve molecules in the body. How does water dissolve the salt (NaCl) in your mouth from a salty pretzel?
Water acts as a solvent because the partial negative charge on the oxygen in water attracts sodium, while the partial positive charge on hydrogen attracts chloride. This results in the separation of sodium from chloride, thus breaking the ionic bond.
Which of the following statements about osmosis is FALSE?
Water moves toward the solution with the lowest concentration of solutes.
If a membrane is impermeable to solutes, which of the following is true?
Water will move toward the more concentrated solutes.
Which of the following statements is false?
When the hydrogen ion concentration decreases, the hydroxyl ion concentration also decreases.
What does the small circular structure indicated by the letter C represent?
a DNA molecule
Choose the answer that best describes HCO3-.
a bicarbonate ion
Assume that Na+ is being transported across a membrane via facilitated diffusion. Which of the following conditions would allow for the most transport of Na+ across that membrane?
a gradient of more than 50% difference between sides for the Na+ and Na+ diffusing toward Cl−
The chloride ion (Cl-) indicated by the arrow is interacting most closely with which of the following?
a hydrogen atom within a water molecule
Which cellular organelle is seen in this figure?
a mitochondrion
If the molecules indicated by (A) are amino acids, then the line in the figure indicated by (D) is __________.
a peptide bond
Homeostasis is the condition in which the body maintains ________.
a relatively stable internal environment, within limits
In plasma, a typical body fluid, protein floating around would be considered to be which of the following?
a solute, specifically both a colloid and an electrolyte
Which of the following is formed once the ions in the salt crystal have completely dissociated from one another?
a solution
Water is an important molecule because it __________.
can form hydrogen bonds
Which of the following describes the operation of the heart and blood vessels?
cardiovascular physiology
Each individual gene does which of the following?
carries the instructions for making a single polypeptide
What cellular process occurs on the infolded membranes shown at B?
cellular respiration
The electron microscope has revealed that one of the components within the cell consists of pinwheel array of 9 triplets of microtubules arranged to form a hollow tube. This structure is a ________.
centriole
Ions are transported across membranes using __________, which requires __________.
channel-mediated facilitated diffusion; kinetic energy
Electrolytes are charged particles called ions that are dissolved in body fluids. Which of the following ions would be considered a major anion in the body?
chloride
All living organisms maintain an external boundary. Which of the following systems functions only within the body?
circulatory system
Tendons are strong, rope-like structures that connect skeletal muscle to bone. Which of the following proteins would provide strength to a tendon?
collagen
The single most abundant protein in the body is ________.
collagen
Mitochondria ________.
contain some of the DNA and RNA code necessary for their own function
What process ultimately pinches a dividing cell to produce two daughter cells?
cytokinesis
Which of the following is LEAST like the other three?
cytoplasm
Which of the following names the three main parts of a human cell?
cytoplasm, plasma membrane, and nucleus
Which of the following best demonstrates the principle of complementarity of structure and function?
Bones can support and protect body organs because they contain hard mineral deposits.
The region of molecule B that encodes a polypeptide is 24 nucleotides in length. Consider another such molecule with a coding region of 300 nucleotides. What is a reasonable estimate for the length of the corresponding polypeptide that will be produced during protein synthesis?
100 amino acids
Which numbered arrow represents the net movement of carbon dioxide?
2
Which numbered image in the figure would represent the level of organization corresponding to a protein molecule?
2
Place the following in correct sequence from simplest to most complex: 1. molecules 2. atoms 3. tissues 4. cells 5. organs
2-1-4-3-5 (atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs)
What is the ratio of fatty acids to glycerol in triglycerides (neutral fats)?
3:1
Which numbered arrow in the figure represents the net movement of nitrogenous wastes and excess ions?
4
What is the mediastinum?
A subdivision of the cavity indicated by the letter C.
Which letter is pointing to an mRNA molecule?
B
The nucleolus __________
is the site of ribosome assembly in a cell
Anatomical position is important because ________.
it allows a common point of reference for body position to help communicate anatomical relationships
What is the specific role of the enzyme indicated by B during the formation of the new DNA strands?
joining the nucleotides that form the new DNA strand
Which of the following describes tight junctions?
junctions among epithelial cells lining the digestive tract
In which quadrant of the abdominopelvic cavity is the stomach located?
left upper quadrant
Molecule A is a __________.
phospholipid
Which of the following is a component of the plasma membrane that creates a chemical barrier between the inside and the outside of the cell?
phospholipids
It is wise to study anatomy alongside with physiology because ________.
physiology is only explainable in terms of the underlying anatomy
In which body cavities are the lungs located?
pleural, ventral, and thoracic
What is a vertical section through the body, dividing it into left and right, called?
sagittal
Which of the following cuts could cross the umbilical, pelvic, and nasal regions?
sagittal section
What structural level is represented by the coiling of the protein chain backbone into an alpha helix?
secondary structure
One of the functional characteristics of life is excitability or responsiveness. This refers to ________.
sensing changes in the environment and then reacting or responding to them
The genetic information is coded in DNA by the ________
sequence of the nucleotides
__________ is a molecule that brings amino acids to the ribosome during translation.
t-RNA
In which stage of mitosis do the identical sets of chromosomes uncoil and resume their chromatin form?
telophase
Each number above molecule B refers to a codon. If an RNA codon was UAG, what would the corresponding DNA codon be?
ATC
What is the primary energy-transferring molecule in cells?
ATP
What is the difference between active and passive transport across the plasma membrane?
Active transport is ATP dependent, whereas passive transport uses only the kinetic energy of the particles for movement across the plasma membrane.
According to the Cell Theory, which of the following statements is incorrect?
All organisms are made of multiple cells.
The ventral cavity includes which of the indicated subdivisions in the figure?
C, D, and E
Which of the following would be regarded as an organic molecule?
CH4
Which of the following is the best explanation for why cells are considered the smallest units of living things
Cells are the simplest structures to fit all of the characteristics necessary to be considered alive.
Although his cholesterol levels were not high, Mr. Martinez read that cholesterol was bad for his health, so he eliminated all foods and food products containing this molecule. He later found that his cholesterol level dropped only 20%. Why did it not drop more?
Cholesterol is produced naturally by the liver, in addition to being ingested in foods.
Choose the anatomical topic and definition that is not correctly matched.
Cytology: study of the structures in a particular region.
Which set of membrane proteins in the figure depicts an interaction between two separate cells?
D
Select the most correct statement regarding nucleic acids.
DNA is a long, double-stranded molecule made up of A, T, G, and C bases.
During DNA replication, the covalent bonding of nucleotides into a new strand of DNA is performed by __________.
DNA polymerase
What is the genetic material at B?
DNA wound around histone proteins
Brenda is a 26-year-old female who is being discharged from the hospital after a vaginal delivery of an 8-pound healthy infant. Brenda is instructed by the nurse to eat a diet high in fiber and to drink 8 glasses of water per day to prevent constipation. Why?
Dietary fiber adds bulk that cannot be absorbed by the body. This results in more water remaining in the digestive tract, easing the movement of feces through the bowel.
Which of the following organ systems is involved in the uptake and transport of materials required for life-sustaining processes?
Digestive System, Circulatory System, Respiratory System
Which of the following statements is true?
During exocytosis, substances from inside the cell are moved outside.
Which of the following statements most accurately describes the complementarity of anatomy and physiology?
Functions occur because of the anatomy that exists within the body
Beta cells in the pancreas produce and secrete the protein hormone insulin. You would expect to see a relatively large amount of which organelles in these cells?
Golgi apparatus, rough endoplasmic reticulum
Which of the following is a neutralization reaction?
HCl+NaOH⟶NaCl+H2O
A 23-year-old male was riding his road bike in 100-degree heat, when he suddenly became nauseated and weak. He called 911 from his cell phone. When the ambulance came, the paramedics started intravenous therapy for severe dehydration. Which physical property and which physiological role of water caused the dehydration, and why?
High heat of vaporization; water was lost when evaporating from the skin to cool the body.
Drinking alcohol makes the blood hypertonic. Which option best describes the consequences of this hypertonic blood?
Hypertonic blood draws water out of the interstitial fluid, which makes the interstitial fluid hypertonic. This, in turn, draws water out of the cells.
Type I diabetes is caused when an individual does not produce insulin. Which of the following statements regarding insulin is TRUE?
Insulin controls blood sugar.
Which of the following is not true of DNA?
It carries amino acids to the ribosome.
Which of these would be an INCORRECT conclusion about the structure shown in image 3 in the diagram?
It could be found throughout the body as an independent entity.
What is the function of serous fluid?
It enables organs, such as the heart and the stomach, to slide across cavity walls and each other without friction.
Which of the following best defines anatomy?
It is the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships with one another.
Colchicine is a drug that can prevent the formation of microtubules. Which is the most likely affect colchicine would have on cell division?
It will arrest mitosis by preventing the formation of spindle microtubules.
What must happen before a body cell can begin mitotic cell division?
Its DNA must be replicated exactly so that identical copies of the cell's genes can be passed on to each of its offspring.
Which response provides the best explanation as to why ionic compounds easily dissociate in water?
Its unusual polar arrangement allows more substances to dissolve in water than in any other chemical.
Which of the following statements is true regarding the enzyme-catalyzed reaction compared to the uncatalyzed reaction?
Less energy input is required to start the reaction in the presence of enzyme.
Which of the following is not a passive process?
Na+/K+ pump
When your biceps brachii (upper arm) muscle contracts, ultimately and most directly, what is producing the movement?
Proteins within the cells of the biceps brachii slide past each other lengthwise, shortening the muscle.
The basic structural material of the body consists of ________.
Proteins.
Mrs. Mulligan goes to her dentist and, after having a couple of cavities filled, her dentist strongly suggests that she reduce her intake of sodas and increase her intake of calcium phosphates in the foods she eats. Why?
Sodas are strong acids that can dissolve the calcium phosphate in bone and teeth.
In this illustration, the three compartments are separated by semipermeable membranes. The red balls represent solutes, and the lightly shaded area represents water. Which of the following is a true statement?
Solution B is hypotonic to solution A, but hypertonic to solution C.
If a person goes to the hospital for surgery and requires IV (intravenous) fluids, which of the following should you expect?
The IV fluid should be isotonic to the patient's blood.
A small family was traveling in its van and had a minor accident. The children in the back seats were wearing lap belts, but still sustained numerous bruises about the abdomen, and had some internal organ injuries. Why is this area more vulnerable to damage than others?
The abdominal organs are not protected by a bony covering.
Which of the following is the proper description of the human body in the anatomical position?
The body is erect with feet slightly apart and palms facing forward with thumbs pointing away from the body
What can we infer if we see a large number of mitochondria in a cell?
The cell has a great metabolic demand.
As you look under a microscope you see a nucleus with a large density of nucleolus. What inference can you make about that cell?
The cell is producing a large amount of proteins
One of the descriptions below is from the perspective of physiological study, the rest are from an anatomical perspective. Select the description below that comes from physiological perspective.
The contraction of smooth muscle in blood vessels (vasoconstriction) can reduce the flow of blood through the vessel.
Salivary amylase is an enzyme produced by the salivary glands that breaks down carbohydrates. What will happen to this enzyme as it follows the food into the stomach where the pH drops to 2.5?
The enzyme will denature and become inactive.
Why is the figure considered to be an example of a negative feedback system, as opposed to a positive feedback system?
The figure illustrates the correction of an imbalance back to a baseline.
Which of the following statements is NOT one of the four major concepts of the cell theory?
The function of a cell dictates the structure and organelles of the cells.
Select the most correct statement.
The immune system is closely associated with the lymphatic system.
One of the descriptions below is from the perspective of anatomical study, the rest are from a physiological perspective. Select the description below that comes from an anatomical perspective.
The innermost lining of the lungs is composed primarily of a thin tissue called simple squamous epithelium.
A 65-year-old patient came to the emergency room with complaints of severe heartburn unrelieved by taking a "large handful" of antacids. Would you expect the pH to be relatively high, low, or normal for the patient's stomach contents, and why?
The pH would be high. Antacids are basic, and too many antacids would result in a relatively alkaline state.
Which of the following is NOT one of the three basic steps involved in enzyme activity?
The substrate absorbs chemical energy from the enzyme after binding to its active site.
Which of the following is FALSE?
The weight of matter remains constant wherever it is located.
What does the formula C6H12O6 mean?
There are 12 hydrogen, 6 carbon, and 6 oxygen atoms.
Which of the following does NOT characterize proteins?
They appear to be the molecular carriers of coded hereditary information.
Which of the following is characteristic of cilia?
They are whiplike, motile cellular extensions that occur in large numbers on the exposed surfaces of certain cells.
Histology would best be defined as a study of?
Tissues
Which of the following is an incorrect description?
Transfer RNA (tRNA) transfers the instructions for protein synthesis to the ribosome
What is a membrane potential?
a voltage or electrical charge across the plasma membrane
In the video clip, which movement process is depicted?
active transport
What is the classification of a solution with a pH of 8.3?
alkaline solution
The presence of what group differentiates most amino acids from each other?
an R group
All amino acids, such as the four represented in the figure, contain __________.
an amine group and an acid group
Insulin and glucagon are hormones, not enzymes, but one promotes production of glycogen, which is how we store glucose in our cells, while the other promotes the release of glucose from the stored glycogen.In this reaction, is insulin affecting the catabolic or the anabolic reaction?
anabolic
During which phase of mitosis do the chromosomes separate?
anaphase
Which of the following describes a parasagittal plane?
any sagittal plane except in the midline
Peroxisomes ________.
are able to detoxify substances by enzymatic action
Choose the answer that best describes fibrous proteins
are very stable and insoluble in water
What functional group pairing allows amino acids to bond together to form polypeptides?
bonding of amine group to acid group
What is a function of the enzyme indicated by structure A?
breaking the bonds between complementary base pairs
Sucrose is a ________.
disaccharide
The body cavities that protect the nervous system are located in the ____ cavity.
dorsal
Which of the following is incorrectly matched?
eicosanoid; triglyceride
Which of the following is a primary function of molecule B?
energy storage
A good example of a positive feedback mechanism would be ________.
enhancement of labor contractions
Expiration (breathing out) is how the body removes excessive carbon dioxide from the blood. This is an example of ________.
excretion of metabolic waste
What process is indicated by C?
exocytosis of secretory proteins
What is a vertical section through the body, dividing it into anterior and posterior regions called?
frontal
The study of large body structures, visible to the naked eye, such as the heart is called ________ anatomy.
gross
Anabolic reactions are chemical reactions of the body that build things, make them bigger or more complex. Catabolic reactions break things down making them smaller or less complex. If the rate of anabolic reaction in the body is much faster than the rate of catabolic reactions which of the following necessary life function will be accomplished?
growth
The thoracic cavity contains the ________. It is found ________ to the vertebral cavity.
heart and lungs: anterior
Which of the following is NOT a function of lysosomes?
help in the formation of cell membranes
Which property of water is demonstrated when we sweat?
high heat of vaporization
The coxal joint is most likely found in ________ region of the body.
hip
A high fever causes an enzyme to lose its three dimensional structure and function. Which bonds are broken when a protein denatures?
hydrogen bonds
Which of these pairs indicates an incorrect coupling of reversible reactions?
hydrolysis and breakdown
The membrane-bound compartment indicated by structure D contains which of the following?
hydrolytic enzymes
Based on this information and your understanding of osmosis and tonicity, what type of IV fluid is the doctor likely administering to try to save the life of the student suffering from water intoxication?
hypertonic IV fluid
Kidneys play a major role in helping to maintain proper levels of Na+ and K+ ions in the blood. If the kidneys fail to function properly, one of the direct consequences would be_________.
impaired nerve impulse transmission
The pH scale __________.
is based on the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution
The parietal pleura would represent a serous membrane ________.
lining the thoracic cavity
Both molecule A and molecule B are classified as __________
lipids
Prevention of water loss is a necessary function for life that would best fit in the category of ________.
maintaining boundaries
Which life process, which relies heavily on nutrient inputs from the respiratory and digestive systems, sustains all other life processes?
metabolism
Which subdivision of anatomy would include the study of individual cells?
microscopic anatomy
Myocardium (cardiac muscle tissue) must rhythmically contract for a lifetime. This requires a considerable amount of energy production by the cells. You would expect to see a relatively high amount of which organelle in these cells?
mitochondria
Osmotic pressure is measured in units of _______.
mm Hg
What is the function of the organelle indicated by B?
modification and packaging of proteins
Which one of the following systems responds fastest to environmental stimuli?
nervous
Which organ systems function as control systems, communicating with other cells and organs to regulate their activities?
nervous and endocrine systems
Which of the following are survival needs of the body?
nutrients, water, atmospheric pressure, and oxygen
How many phosphates would AMP have attached to it?
one
After DNA replication is completed, what does each DNA double helix consist of?
one old parent strand and one new daughter strand
A structure that is composed of two or more tissue types that work together to perform specific functions for the body is a(n) ________.
organ
Which level of structural organization is considered to be the highest level?
organismal
The functions of centrioles include ________.
organizing the mitotic spindle in cell division
Which pH is more acidic, a pH of 3, a pH of 7, or a pH of 9?
pH of 3
The anatomical position is characterized by all of the following except ________.
palms turned posteriorly
When a baby suckles at its mother's breast the stimulus at the breast is sent to the mother's brain (a region called the hypothalamus). The brain responds by releasing hormones to stimulate the production and the ejection of milk from the breast. This helps the newborn to receive nourishment and encourages more suckling. This example is best described as a ________.
positive feedback
Positive feedback differs from negative feedback because ________.
positive feedback tends to enhance the triggering stimulus while negative feedback tends to return the body to a homeostatic balance or "ideal" level
When frying an egg, the protein albumin denatures and maintains only its ________ structure.
primary
What is a chain of more than 50 amino acids called?
protein
What is represented by the chemical at B?
protein
Which of the following is NOT a function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?
protein synthesis in conjunction with ribosomes
Which organic molecules form the major structural materials of the body?
proteins
In a homeostatic control mechanism, which component monitors the environment?
receptor
Some of the nerve endings in the skin are sensitive to changes in temperature. They are part of a negative feedback mechanism regulating body temperature. These nerve endings represent a(n) ________ in the negative feedback mechanism.
receptor
Which of the following processes allows cells to concentrate material that is present only in very small amounts in the extracellular fluid?
receptor-mediated endocytosis
Carbohydrates and proteins are built up from their basic building blocks by the ________
removal of a water molecule between each two units
With regards to a variation of a physiological value from its set point or normal limit, negative feedback always __________ the value back to the set point or normal limit.
returns
Molecule B and molecule C are expected to interact within which of the following cellular locations?
ribosome
Which organelle is responsible for synthesizing proteins?
ribosomes
You observe a small, nonpolar molecule near a membrane. How would this molecule likely transport across the membrane?
simple diffusion
Which of the following organelles is correctly paired with its function?
smooth endoplasmic reticulum: metabolism of lipids
Which of the following is NOT an example of the level of structural organization represented by the image numbered 6?
smooth muscle
Cortisol is a type of lipid hormone. Which type of lipid would cortisol be classified as?
steroid
Which of the following is a general function for a fibrous protein?
structural framework
What is represented by the chemicals at A?
substrates
What major function occurs on the specific membranes indicated by A?
synthesis of proteins
Which of the following correctly states the functions of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?
synthesis of the cell's membranes
Which of these terms would best classify the enzyme represented in the figure?
synthetase
What is the role of the serous membranes covering some organs?
to prevent friction between the organ and body cavity wall
What process allows for the production of molecule B from a template consisting of molecule A?
transcription
What are the two basic steps of polypeptide synthesis?
transcription and translation
Phospholipids make up most of the lipid part of the cell membrane. Since water exists on both the outside and inside of a cell, which of the following phospholipid arrangements makes the most sense?
two back-to-back phospholipid layers with the polar heads facing out on both sides
Which of the following organs is least likely to be damaged in an automobile accident?
urinary bladder
The main component of the cytosol is ________.
water
What molecule must be lost when fatty acids are bonded to glycerol?
water
A Hypertonic solution:_______.
will induce cell shrinkage