Anatomy (BACK)
where does the coccyx articulate with the sacrum?
sacral apex
Rami of spinal nerves exit through anterior and posterior BLANK
sacral foramina
What membranes connect the atlas and axis
- anterior and posterior atlantoaxial membranes
What 2 things make up the intervertebral disc?
- nucleus pulposus - annulus fibrosis
TERM: Intervertebral discs undergo deformation while under mechanical stress
Creep
The transverse and superior/inferior longitudinal ligaments form the BLANK ligament
Cruciate ligament
True or False: C2-C6 have uncinate processes that decrease lateral flexion (stabilizes)
FALSE: C3-6 have these
What is one important thing the coccyx has an insertion site for?
Filum terminale
Connects lamina of adjacent vertebrae
Ligamentum flavum
How many ribs does T1 articulate with?
One
T12 articulates with what ribs?
Only the last rib
What is the continuation of the vertebral canal?
Sacral canal
What is the end of the sacral canal?
Sacral hiatus
Where do muscles and ligaments attach in the spine?
Spinous and transverse processes
What does the second rib articulate with?
T1 and T2
What thoracic vertebrae contain transverse costal facets that articulate with rib tubercles?
T1-T10
Where/How many points of contact is the atlas and axis held together?
3 - Articular processes x 2 - odontoid process
What is lordosis and where is it seen in the spine?
Concave curvature observed in the cervical and lumbar regions
How many cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccynx vertebrae?
- 7 - 12 - 5 - 5 - 4
How to vertebral bodies change in size, including the size of the vertebral canal?
- Body increases in size moving down in relation to increased weight bearing - Vert. canal changes in relation to the diameter of the spinal cord
what provides additional vert. column support ?
- Ligamentum flavum - interspinous ligament - supraspinous ligament - intertransverse ligament
THORACIC: The superior articulating facet faces BLANK, while the inferior articulating facet faces BLANK to allow rotation but limit flexion and extension.
- Posterior - Anterior
The BLANK longitudinal ligament is located within the BLANK and runs from the axis to sacrum prevents BLANK
- Posterior - vertebral canal - prevents hyperflexion
LUMBAR: Superior articulating facet faces BLANK and inferior articulating facet faces BLANK to allow flexion and extention but limit rotation
- Posteromedial - anterolateral
what are the ligaments associated with the atlantoaxial and atlantooccipital joints to stabilize odontoid process.
- Transverse ligament - superior/inferior longitudinal ligaments - alar ligaments
What does the atlas lack that other vert. have? What do they have instead?
- Vert. body or intervet. discs - these are contained in the lateral masses
What does the synovial joint consist of? IMPORTANT
- articular hyaline cartilage - articular capsule surrounding the articular cavity - synovial fluid - weeping lubrication
The ala articulates with BLANK of pelvic to form BLANK joints
- ilia - sacroiliac joints
what does the rib head articulate with?
- inferior costal facet of superior vertebrae - superior costal facet of inferior vertebrae
What do vertebral bodies consist of, and what covers them?:
- trabecular (spongy) bone - Thin layer of compact bone covers them
What is kyphosis and where is it seen in the spine?
convex curvature observed in the thoracic and sacral regions
What is the Filum terminale
firbrous extension of the spinal cord
The median crest of the sacrum is formed from?
fused spineous processes
The lateral crest of the sacrum is formed from?
fused transverse processes
connects spinal processes of adjacent vertebrae
interspinous ligament
Connects transverse processes of adjacent vertebrae
intertransverse ligament
What forms the Atlanto-occiptal joint?
occipital condyles and atlas
What can occur if a spinal nerve is compressed
sciatica
connects spinous process tips from C7 to sacrum
supraspinous ligament
Atlantooccipital joints have BLANK articulation between superior articular facets of the BLANK and the BLANK
synovial articulation - Atlas - Occipital condyles
what ligament holds the atlas in place as it pivots around the odontoid process
transerve ligament
Where do spinal nerves exit through?
Intervertebral Foramen
Type of fracture due to Blunt trauma that breaks apart Atlas
Jeffersons Burst Fracture
Is there a disc between the atlas and axis?
NO
Is there a intervertebral disc between occiput and atlas / between atlas and axis?
NO
extends from the external occiptial protuberance and external occiptal crest to tip of C7 spinous process, merges with supraspinous ligament
Nuchal ligament
The atlas articulates with BLANK of the skull to allow BLANK and BLANK (nodding yes motion)
Occipital condyles - flexion and extension
What forms the vertebral foramen?
Posterior body pedicles lamina
What helps to prevent posterior movement/herniation of discs?
Posterior longitudinal ligament
Each zygopophysial joint is innvervated by the medial articular branches of BLANK ramie of spinal nerved. (Each joint is innervated by BLANK adjacent spinal nerves)
Posterior rami - Two adjacent spinal nerves
List some abnormal curvatures
Scoliosis (lateral deviations) Hyperkyphosis (hunchback) Hyperlordosis (sway back)
What is the silly term we used for X-ray images of the lumbar?
Scotty dogs
BLANK is the anterior displacement of a superior vertebrae over the inferior vertebrae (or sacrum)
Spondylolisthesis
What forms zygapophyseal joints?
Superior and inferior articular processes
TYPE OF JOINT Characterized by the presence of an articular capsule and articular cavity. - posterolateral margins of the intervert. discs - stabilizes cervical spine and limits lateral flexion
Synovial joints
zygapophysial joints are a set of BLANK joints between the superior and inferior articular processes of adjacent vertebrae
Synovial joints
T/F: Discs make up 25% of your height
TRUE
T/F: T1 has a fully formed superior costal facet and T10-12 have fully formed single facets
TRUE
Cauda Equina =
Tail (horse)
Superior extension of the posterior longitudinal ligament that covers the odontoid process and ligaments
Tectorial membrane
What gives passage for vertebral artery and vein and sympathetic nerves?
Transverse Foramina
What acts as a pivot from rotation of atlas and skull, and allows for "no" motion
Odontoid process of the axis
What ligament connects the odontoid process to the occipital condyles
Alar ligament
The BLANK longitudinal ligament extends from the occipital bone and anterior tubercle of atlas to anterior sacrum - prevents BLANK
Anterior - prevents hyperextension
What provides major support of the vertebral column?
Anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments
TYPE OF JOINT: synovial articulation between inferior articular facets of the Atlas and the superior articular facets of the Axis
Atlantoaxial joint
where is the lowest intervertebral disc?
Between L5 and S1
What does DISH stand for?
Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis
TERM: Rupture of the annulus fibrosis and protrusion of the nucleus pulposus, usually posterolateral
Disc herniation
What is hyperkyphosis of the thoracic region called? Where is compression usually seen in this?
Dowagers Hump - compression usually observed in the Anterior portion of the vertebrae - creates hump in the upper back
TYPE OF JOINT small synovial joint-like structures between the unci of the bodies of the lower vertebrae and the beveled surfaces of the superior vertebral bodies
Uncovertebral joints
What is unique about C7 and the transverse foramina ?
Vert. artery/vein usually passes in front of the transverse process, not through
what is C7 called?
Vertebra prominens
What is a symphysis joint?
a fibrocartilaginous symphoseal joint that is between adjacent vertebrae
