Anatomy - Bones and Joints

Moving a body part away from midline is called abduction, while moving a body part toward midline is referred to as

adduction

The type of bone that comprises the shafts of long bones and the surfaces of flat bones

compact bone

Decreasing the angle between two bones is known as flexion, while increasing the angle between two bones is called

extension

The ribs, sternum, and bones of the cranium (skull) are classified as

flat bones

Flat bones typically form from a connective tissue membrane that ossifies over time. This type of bone formation is known as

intramembranous ossification

Rotation of the foot inward (medially)

inversion

The vertebrae and the facial bones are representative of

irregular bones.

The central canal of an osteon contains

nerves and blood vessels

The cells responsible for producing and laying down the bone matrix: [hint: bone-makers]

osteoblasts

The cells responsible for resorbing (dissolving) bone during bone repair and remodeling: [hint: bone-breakers]

osteoclasts

The cells responsible for nourishing and removing waste from bone after it has been manufactured: [hint: bone maintainers]

osteocytes

Bone formation takes place through the process of ossification, or

osteogenesis

Microscopically, compact bone is organized into small circular units known as

osteons

The type of synovial joint where the articulating bones have complimenting convex and concave surfaces (ex: 1st metacarpal {thumb} with the wrist)

saddle

The bones of the wrist (carpals) and ankle (tarsals) are examples of

short bones.

The type of bone that comprises the ends of long bones and the interior of flat bones

spongy bone

Turning of the wrist so that the palm of the hand is facing anterior (or superior):

supination

Immovable joints that are fused together by dense connective tissue (ex: cranial sutures)

synarthroses

Rotation of the foot outward (laterally)

eversion

Slightly movable joints that are formed by hyaline or fibro-cartilage (ex: intervertebral discs)

amphiarthroses

Collectively, the bones of the arms, legs, hands, feet, shoulders and hips comprise the

appendicular skeleton.

For the purpose of reducing friction, the ends of long bones are covered with

articular cartilage.

The junction where two or more bones meet is called a joint, or a(n)

articulation

Collectively, the bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib (thoracic) cage are components of the

axial skeleton

The type of synovial joint that provides the greatest range of motion (ex: hip and shoulder)-dislocations are a common injury

ball and socket

Red bone marrow, which is responsible for blood cell production, is found: A) beneath the articular cartilage of flat bones B) between the trabeculae of spongy bone C) in the medullary cavity of long bones D) surrounding the lamellae of compact bone

between the trabeculae of spongy bone

Microscopic passageways that link individual lacunae to each other and ultimately to the central canal (hint: "little canals")

canaliculi

The shaft of a long bone is called the _______, while the ends are referred to as the __________.

diaphysis and epiphyses

Freely movable joints such as those at the knee, hip, elbow, and shoulder (a.k.a. synovial joints)

diarthroses

Bending the foot toward the shin (toes upward or superiorly)

dorsiflexion

The type of synovial joint that functions as a modified ball-and-socket joint, but with less range of motion (ex: wrist with the forearm/ankle with the lower leg)

ellipsoidal

Long bones typically form from a hyaline cartilage model that ossifies over time. This type of bone formation is known as

endochondral ossification

The type of synovial joint in which the articulating bones have relatively flat surfaces and are able to slide across each other: (ex: individual carpals/tarsals with each other)

gliding

The type of synovial joint that permits movement in a single plane, allowing only flexion and extension (ex: knee, elbow) - hyperextensions are a common injury

hinge

Bone is composed primarily of collagen fibers and a mineral salt formed from the elements calcium and phosphorus. The technical term for this mineral salt is

hydroxyapatite

Yellow bone marrow is found: A) beneath the articular cartilage of flat bones B) between the trabeculae of spongy bone C) in the medullary cavity of long bones D) surrounding the lamellae of compact bone

in the medullary cavity of long bones

Spaces within the rings of an osteon where the osteocytes reside (hint: "lakes")

lacunae

The rings of bone matrix that surround the central canal of an osteon

lamallae

The bones of the arms, legs, fingers, and toes are categorized as

long bones

The function of synovial fluid is to: A) synthesize ligament and tendon proteins B) manufacture blood cells C) lubricate and protect the joint D) regulate the calcium content within a joint

lubricate and protect the joint

Osteoporosis (brittle-bone disease) is characterized by a: A) measurable decrease in osteoclast activity B) measurable increase in bone remodeling C) measurable decrease in bone density D) measurable increase in osteoblast activity

measurable decrease in bone density

The hollow region within the shaft of a long bone is the

medullary cavity.

The disc of cartilage that often separates a synovial joint for additional protection

meniscus

The region where the shaft of a long bone meets one of the ends is called the "growth plate" or

metaphysis.

The exterior surface of the shaft of a long bone is covered by a thin membrane of connective tissue that is continuous with tendons and ligaments, and is referred to as

periosteum.

The type of synovial joint that allows for rotational movement: (ex: 1st and 2nd vertebrae)

pivot

Bending the foot away from the shin (pointing the toes distally)

plantar flexion

Turning of the wrist so that the palm of the hand is facing posterior (or inferior)

pronation

The functions of bone include all of the following except: A) the storage of fats and minerals B) the maintenance of body shape C) the protection of internal organs D) the synthesis of vital proteins E) the formation of blood cells

the synthesis of vital proteins

Microscopically, spongy bone is composed of an intricate network of interconnecting plates and rods called (hint: "little beams")

trabeculae