Anatomy Cardiovascular Test
As blood flows through peripheral tissues, what occurs regarding the hemoglobin molecules of RBCs? a. Hemoglobin binds carbon dioxide and releases its bound oxygen. b. Hemoglobin binds oxygen and releases its bound carbon dioxide. c. Hemoglobin releases carbon dioxide and oxygen. d. Hemoglobin gains an increase in its oxygen-carrying capacity. e. Hemoglobin binds oxygen and carbon dioxide.
a
Bill wants to determine his blood type, so he takes a few drops of blood from a puncture wound in his finger and mixes it with various antisera. His blood cells agglutinate when mixed with the anti-A serum and anti-Rh serum, but not with the anti-B serum. This means a. Bill's plasma contains anti-B antibodies. b. Bill could receive type B blood in a transfusion. c. Bill is Rh-negative. d. Bill could donate blood to an individual with type AB blood. e. Bill's plasma would cross-react with type O negative red blood cells.
a
During ventricular systole, a. the ventricles are contracting. b. the semilunar valves remain closed. c. the ventricles are relaxed. d. the pressure in the ventricles decreases. e. blood is entering the ventricle.
a
Edema is defined as a(n) a. abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid in the tissues. b. release of bone fragments. c. constriction of vessels. d. trauma to the blood. e. net movement of water from the interstitial fluid to the bloodstream.
a
In ECG tracings, extension of the P-R interval to more than 200 msec most likely can indicate which of the following? a. damage to the conducting pathways b. congenital heart defect c. hypercalcemia d. coronary ischemia e. electrolyte disturbances
a
The skeleton of the heart consists of a. dense bands of tough, elastic connective tissue that encircle the heart valves and the bases of the aorta and pulmonary trunk. b. fibrous connective tissue in the auricle of the atrium. c. a reticular connective tissue within the myocardium. d. a bone in the interatrial septum. e. a bone in the interventricular septum.
a
What is the advantage of the small diameter of capillaries? a. It slows blood flow, allowing sufficient time for exchange of materials across capillary walls to occur. b. It dampens the rise in pressure during ventricular systole. c. It prevents the backflow of blood, improving venous return. d. It absorbs the pressure changes that occur during the cardiac cycle. e. It allows the vessels to overcome the force of gravity.
a
Which of the following monitors blood pressure at the end of the systemic circuit? a. atrial baroreceptors b. aortic baroreceptors c. carotid sinus baroreceptors d. aortic body chemoreceptors e. carotid body chemoreceptors
a
Why do veins have relatively thin walls? a. A typical vein does not need to withstand much pressure. b. A typical vein's wall allows exchange to occur quickly by diffusion across endothelial cells or through gaps between adjacent endothelial cells. c. It allows a typical vein to change the diameter of its lumen. d. There are sphincters associated with the walls of veins, which allow vasomotion to occur. e. It allows a typical vein to be stretched as its diameter increases during ventricular systole.
a
If a decline in blood pressure or oxygen concentrations occurs, the cardiac centers then call for a(n) ________. a. decrease in stroke volume. b. increase in cardiac output. c. increase in parasympathetic motor neuron activity. d. decrease in sympathetic motor neuron activity. e. decrease in cardiac output.
b
In adults, the stem cells responsible for the production of red and white blood cells originate primarily in the a. spleen. b. red bone marrow. c. thymus. d. liver. e. yellow bone marrow.
b
Platelets are a. fixed macrophages. b. cytoplasmic fragments. c. immature leukocytes. d. giant, multinucleated cells. e. surface antigens.
b
Relaxation of the heart chambers is called a. repolarization. b. diastole. c. systole. d. depolarization. e. hyperpolarization.
b
Shock is an acute circulatory crisis marked by a. hypotension and increased tissue perfusion. b. hypotension and inadequate peripheral blood flow. c. high blood pressure and decreased tissue perfusion. d. high blood pressure and inadequate peripheral blood flow. e. low blood pressure and increased blood volume.
b
The amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in one minute is called the a. end diastolic volume. b. cardiac output. c. cardiac reserve. d. stroke volume. e. end systolic volume.
b
The following is a list of vessels and structures that are associated with the heart.1. right atrium2. left atrium3. right ventricle4. left ventricle5. vena cavae6. aorta7. pulmonary trunk8. pulmonary veinsWhat is the correct order for the flow of blood entering from the systemic circulation? a. 5, 1, 3, 8, 7, 2, 4, 6 b. 5, 1, 3, 7, 8, 2, 4, 6 c. 1, 7, 3, 8, 2, 4, 6, 5 d. 1, 2, 7, 8, 3, 4, 6, 5 e. 5, 3, 1, 7, 8, 4, 2, 6
b
The function of hemoglobin is to a. absorb and neutralize the acids generated by active tissues. b. bind and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. c. carry nutrients from the intestine to the body's cells. d. protect the body against infectious agents. e. aid in the process of blood clotting.
b
The process of blood clotting is an example of which function of blood? a. transporting dissolved gases, nutrients, hormones, and metabolic wastes b. restricting fluid losses at injury sites c. defending against toxins and pathogens d. stabilizing body temperature e. regulating the pH and ion composition of interstitial fluids throughout the body
b
The pulse point that is palpated on the lateral wrist is actually the location of which of the following? a. axillary artery b. radial artery c. superficial palmar arch d. ulnar artery e. cubital artery
b
The semilunar valve of the left side of the heart prevents backflow from the a. pulmonary trunk. b. aorta. c. right ventricle. d. left ventricle. e. pulmonary veins.
b
The tricuspid valve is located a. between the left atrium and left ventricle. b. between the right atrium and right ventricle. c. where the vena cavae join the right atrium. d. in the opening of the aorta. e. in the opening of the pulmonary trunk.
b
The vessel that supplies blood to the muscles of the upper arm, before branching to create vessels that supply the forearm, is the ________ artery. a. ulnar b. brachial c. axillary d. radial e. median antebrachial
b
The vessels that permit exchange of materials between the blood and the surrounding interstitial fluid are termed a. arterioles. b. capillaries. c. veins. d. venules. e. arteries.
b
During their formation, RBCs a. flatten. b. recycle hemoglobin. c. multiply their mitochondria. d. eject their nucleus and most of their organelles. e. are saturated with oxygen.
d
EPO is released when a. protein levels in the blood increase. b. carbon dioxide levels in the blood decrease. c. oxygen levels in the blood increase. d. oxygen levels in the blood decrease. e. carbon dioxide levels in the blood increase.
d
Neutrophils a. are agranulocytes. b. are not phagocytic. c. are responsible for specific defenses. d. are active in fighting bacterial infection. e. have multiple nuclei.
d
Red blood cell production is stimulated directly by a. vitamin B12. b. GH. c. intrinsic factor. d. EPO. e. thyroxine.
d
Red blood cells result from the divisions of ________, which are multipotent stem cells. a. lymphoblasts b. myeloblasts c. progenitor cells d. hemocytoblasts e. monoblasts
d
The QRS complex on an ECG tracing represents a. ventricular contraction. b. atrial depolarization. c. ventricular repolarization. d. ventricular depolarization. e. atrial repolarization.
d
The ________ circuit carries blood to and from all parts of the body except the lungs. a. coronary b. pulmonary c. systolic d. systemic e. diastolic
d
The first heart sound ("lubb") is produced as the atrioventricular valves ________ and the semilunar valves ________. a. close; close b. open; close c. open; open d. close; open e. The actions of the valves do not contribute to the heart sounds.
d
The innermost layer of the heart wall is the a. parietal pericardium. b. mediastinum. c. myocardium. d. endocardium. e. epicardium.
d
The loose-fitting sac around the heart is lined by the a. endocardium. b. parietal endocardium. c. epicardium. d. parietal pericardium. e. parietal myocardium.
d
The most abundant type of WBC in a normal blood sample is the ________. a. basophil b. monocyte c. lymphocyte d. neutrophil e. eosinophil
d
The muscular ridges found on the internal surfaces of the ventricles are collectively called (the) ________. a. papilla b. cardiac skeleton c. auricle d. trabeculae carneae e. chordae tendineae
d
The primary function of the venae cavae includes which of the following? a. pump oxygenated blood into circulation b. prevent expansion of the heart c. remove excess fluid from the heart chambers d. return blood to the right atrium e. anchor the heart to surrounding structures
d
The term blood pressure refers to the pressure in ________ of the cardiovascular system. a. the capillary vessels b. all the vessels c. the venous component d. the arterial vessels e. the arteriovenous component
d
The two heart reflexes directly respond to changes in ________. a. the pH of blood b. oxygen levels in the blood c. calcium concentrations d. blood volume e. hormones released
d
Type AB blood contains a. agglutinin A and B. b. B agglutinins in the plasma. c. B agglutinogens on the red blood cells. d. agglutinogen A and agglutinogen B. e. A agglutinins on the red blood cells.
d
Which of the following is a transport mechanism used to move materials across capillary walls? a. endocytosis b. exocytosis c. pinocytosis d. filtration e. venoconstriction
d
Blood flowing out of a capillary bed first enters structures called ________. a. precapillary sphincters b. arteriovenous anastomoses c. arterial anastomoses d. venous valves e. venules
e
Blood is approximately ________ percent plasma by volume. a. 99.9 b. 25-39 c. 37-54 d. 12-33 e. 46-63
e
Blood returning directly from the systemic circulation enters the a. right ventricle. b. pulmonary trunk. c. left atrium. d. left ventricle. e. right atrium.
e
Cardiac muscle cells have abundant reserves of myoglobin, which function in ________. a. removing carbon dioxide b. removing waste products c. storing iron d. the shortening of individual sarcomeres e. storing oxygen
e
Deoxygenated blood is carried away from the right ventricle by a. capillaries. b. veins. c. arterioles. d. venules. e. arteries.
e
Fresh whole blood is usually collected through a procedure called a. hematocrit. b. transfusion. c. arterial puncture. d. acupuncture. e. venipuncture.
e
In ________, the cusps of the bicuspid valves do not close properly. a. aortic sinuses b. ventricular stenosis c. valvular heart disease d. myocardial infarctions e. mitral valve prolapse
e
In general, for a vessel of a given size, a typical artery ________ compared to a typical vein. a. has thinner walls b. has less smooth muscle in its tunica media c. has no endothelium d. has a larger lumen e. is more elastic
e
Platelets a. are lymphocytes. b. have multi-lobed nuclei. c. are phagocytic. d. are a component of the unformed elements of blood. e. are a major component of the vascular clotting system.
e
Pus associated with infected wounds contain which type of white blood cell? a. monocytes b. basophils c. eosinophils d. lymphocytes e. neutrophils
e
The T wave of an ECG corresponds to a. atrial depolarization. b. atrial repolarization c. ventricular systole. d. atrial diastole. e. ventricular repolarization.
e
The amount of blood ejected by a ventricle during a single beat is called the a. end systolic volume. b. heart rate. c. end diastolic volume. d. cardiac output. e. stroke volume.
e
The muscular layer of blood vessels is the a. tunica adventitia. b. tunica intima. c. tunica interna. d. tunica externa. e. tunica media.
e
The wall between the atria is called the a. ventricle. b. auricle. c. coronary sulcus. d. coronary sinus. e. interatrial septum.
e
Which cell population of WBCs migrate to sites of injury and cross the capillary wall to accumulate within damaged tissues, where they discharge their granules into the interstitial fluids? a. eosinophils b. monocytes c. lymphocytes d. neutrophils e. basophils
e
Which event marks the beginning of the cardiac cycle? a. atrial diastole b. ventricular systole c. atrial arrhythmia d. ventricular diastole e. atrial systole
e
Which of the following are the MOST active type of leukocytes, phagocytically, and are usually the first to arrive at an injury site? a. erythrocytes b. eosinophils c. basophils d. lymphocytes e. neutrophils
e
Which organ, a primary source of plasma proteins, synthesizes more than 90 percent of such proteins? a. kidneys b. spleen c. bone marrow d. thymus e. liver
e
Blood flowing from the left atrium to the left ventricle flows through the ________ valve. a. bicuspid b. tricuspid c. papillary d. pulmonary e. aortic
a
Specialized ________ convey the impulses to the contractile cells of the ventricular myocardium. a. Purkinje fibers b. AV bundles c. nodal cells d. bundle branches e. ectopic cells
a
The heart is surrounded by the ________ cavity. a. coronary b. pericardial c. valvular d. peritoneal e. cardiac
b
Baroreceptors that function in maintaining adequate blood flow to the brain are located in the a. common iliac artery. b. left ventricle. c. carotid sinus. d. brain stem. e. aortic bodies.
c
Which reflex specifically adjusts cardiac output and peripheral resistance to maintain arterial pressures? a. venous reflex b. chemoreceptor reflex c. baroreceptor reflex d. Babinski reflex e. atrial reflex
c
Which structural feature of the heart is a deep groove usually filled with substantial amounts of fat, marking the border between the atria and the ventricles. a. posterior interventricular sulcus b. anterior interventricular sulcus c. coronary sulcus d. interventricular septum e. coronary sinus
c
________ is a condition in which the heart rate is slower than normal. a. Summation b. Tetanus c. Bradycardia d. Tachycardia e. Cardiac arrhythmia
c
The amount of blood conveyed to the right atrium is referred to as the ________. a. cardiac output b. P-R interval c. Q-T interval d. venous return e. stroke volume
d
The average pressure in the right ventricle is ________ the pressure in the left ventricle. a. much higher than b. the same as c. slightly higher than d. considerably lower than e. slightly lower than
d
The primary function of white blood cells is to a. carry oxygen from the lungs to the body's cells. b. clump together and stick to the blood vessel walls. c. carry nutrients from the digestive system to the body's cells. d. help defend the body against infectious organisms. e. remove carbon dioxide from active cells.
d
A decrease in peripheral vein diameter is called a. vasodilation. b. vasoconstriction. c. peripheral resistance. d. viscosity. e. venoconstriction.
e
A person's blood type is determined by the a. number of specific molecules on the plasma membrane. b. shape of the red blood cells. c. size of the red blood cells. d. chemical character of the hemoglobin. e. presence or absence of specific surface antigens on the plasma membrane.
e
Atrioventricular valves prevent backflow into the a. ventricles. b. venae cavae. c. aorta. d. pulmonary trunk. e. atria.
e
Agglutinogens of the various blood types are examples of a. leukocytes. b. surface antigens. c. channel proteins. d. surface antibodies. e. agranulocytes.
b
Erythropoietin is most likely released under which of the following conditions? a. during erythrocytosis b. during anemia c. when blood flow to the thymus declines d. when the respiratory surfaces of the lungs are optimally enhanced e. when the carbon dioxide content of air in the lungs declines
b
The term ________ refers to the combination of plasma and the formed elements together. a. packed cell volume b. whole blood c. hemopoiesis d. hematocrit e. thrombocyte
b
Which of the following is an agranulocyte? a. neutrophil b. eosinophil c. monocyte d. erythrocyte e. basophil
c
As blood travels from the aorta toward the capillaries, a. cardiovascular pressure decreases. b. viscosity decreases. c. vascular flow increases. d. vascular resistance decreases. e. both cardiovascular pressure and vascular flow increase.
a
Depolarization of the atria is represented on an electrocardiogram by the a. P wave. b. QRS complex. c. PR complex. d. T wave. e. S wave.
a
A hemoglobin molecule contains a. four protein chains, six heme groups, and two iron ions. b. two protein chains, two heme groups, and four iron ions. c. four protein chains, two heme groups, and two iron ions. d. four protein chains, four heme groups, and four iron ions. e. three protein chains, four heme groups, and two iron ions.
d
The muscle layer of the heart is the ________. a. epicardium b. visceral pericardium c. endothelium d. myocardium e. endocardium
d
Which disease is characterized by defective hemoglobin that results from a mutation affecting the amino acid sequence of one pair of the globular proteins of the hemoglobin molecule resulting in stiff, markedly curved red blood cells? a. jaundice b. thalassemia c. aplastic anemia d. sickle cell anemia e. hematuria
d
The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the a. inferior vena cava. b. pulmonary trunk. c. pulmonary arteries. d. aorta. e. pulmonary veins.
e
The pressure at which the pulse can first be heard corresponds to the ________ pressure. a. peak systolic b. capillary hydrostatic c. peak diastolic d. mean arterial e. average pulse
a
The cardiac pacemaker cells are located in which of the following? a. bundle branches b. SA node c. Purkinje fibers d. AV node e. bundle of His
b
The instrument used to measure blood pressure is the ________. a. stethoscope b. sphygmomanometer c. endoscope d. hydrostatic pressure cuff e. thermometer
b
The atrioventricular valve on the left side of the heart is often called the a. pulmonary valve. b. cuspid valve. c. mitral valve. d. tricuspid valve. e. aortic valve.
c
The left and right coronary arteries supply blood to the muscle tissue of the a. brain. b. intestines. c. heart. d. liver. e. head.
c
A blood clot attached to the wall of a vessel is called a(n) a. embolus. b. coagulant. c. platelet plug. d. thrombus. e. plaque.
d
Abnormal patterns of cardiac activity are known as ________. a. defibrillations b. ischemias c. contractility d. arrhythmias e. automaticity
d
________ is a condition in which the oxygen-carrying capacity of RBCs is reduced. a. Leukopenia b. Erythropoiesis c. Leukemia d. Lymphopoiesis e. Anemia
e
A faster-than-normal heart rate is called ________. a. tachycardia b. myocardial infarctions c. arrhythmias d. bradycardia e. tetanus
a
The heart is enclosed by the a. mediastinum. b. pleural cavity. c. cardiac skeleton. d. peritoneal cavity. e. coronary sinus.
a
________ are the most abundant cell population of the formed elements of blood. a. Erythrocytes b. Lymphocytes c. Platelets d. Neutrophils e. Monocytes
a
A sample of tissue from an injury shows a large number of eosinophils. This would indicate that the tissue was a. inflamed. b. infected by parasites. c. being rejected. d. abscessed. e. infected by viruses.
b
When one exercises at maximal levels, only the blood supply to the ________ is unaffected. a. liver b. brain c. skin d. lungs e. skeletal muscles
b
Agglutinins a. contain abundant stained "granules." b. are substances that can trigger a protective defense mechanism called an immune response. c. are antibodies that will attack surface antigens on RBCs of a different blood type. d. prevent blood clotting. e. are surface antigens on RBCs.
c
Blood from the viscera and the lower limbs is conducted to the heart through which vessel? a. pulmonary veins b. coronary sinus c. inferior vena cava d. superior vena cava e. cardiac vein
c
Each cardiac muscle cell is bound to its neighboring cells at sites called ________. a. myofibrils b. fossa ovalis c. intercalated discs d. sarcomeres e. trabeculae
c
How do the arteries of the pulmonary circuit differ from those of the systemic circuit? a. Their vessels' diameters are narrower. b. There are valves in the branching arteries of the pulmonary circuit. c. They carry oxygen-poor blood. d. The tunic composition of their vessel walls is generally thicker. e. They branch more than those of the systemic circuit.
c
In the process of hemoglobin recycling, each heme molecule is stripped of its iron and converted to which pigmented organic compound? a. transferrin b. bilirubin c. biliverdin d. urobilin e. stercobilin
c
The ________ divides the aorta into a superior thoracic aorta and an inferior abdominal aorta. a. mediastinum b. peritoneum c. diaphragm d. pericardium e. pleura
c
The right atrium receives blood from the systemic circuit and pumps it to the ________. a. pulmonary trunk b. muscle tissue of the heart wall c. right ventricle d. left atrium e. aorta
c
The right ventricle pumps blood to the a. right atrium. b. left ventricle. c. lungs. d. left atrium. e. systemic circuit.
c
The strong pulse that is felt by pressing gently along either side of the trachea usually indicates the location of the ________. a. vertebral artery b. vertebral vein c. external carotid artery d. internal carotid artery e. cephalic vein
c
When foreign cells attack the body, one would most likely expect to see increased numbers of a. thrombocytes. b. neutrophils. c. eosinophils. d. lymphocytes. e. basophils.
d
Which of the following is greatest during left ventricular systole? a. the pressure in the left atrium b. the pressure in the aorta c. the pressure in the arteries d. the pressure in the right atrium e. the pressure in the ventricle
e
The semilunar valves prevent backflow into the a. atria. b. ventricles. c. aorta. d. venae cavae. e. pulmonary trunk.
b
During the long-term response to hemorrhage, which hormone(s) prominently promotes fluid retention and reabsorption at the kidneys? a. ADH and aldosterone b. angiotensinogen II c. EPO d. renin e. epinephrine and norepinephrine
a
Veins that return blood to the heart are also referred to as ________ vessels. a. afferent b. efferent c. mitral d. pulmonary e. valvular
a
The function of an atrium is to a. pump blood to the lungs. b. collect blood returning to the heart. c. pump blood into the systemic circuit. d. stabilize the position of the heart valves. e. prevent the movement of blood back into the ventricles.
b
Which age-related change is defined as the formation of a stationary blood clot? a. atherosclerotic plaque b. myocardial infarction c. pulmonary embolism d. thrombus e. aneurysm
d
The pulmonary arteries carry blood to the a. heart. b. brain. c. pancreas. d. kidneys. e. lungs.
e
A disorder resulting from the obstruction (buildup of fatty deposits) of coronary circulation is called ________. a. coronary artery disease b. heart block c. rheumatic heart disease d. valvular heart disease e. coronary thrombosis
a
Without mitochondria, RBCs are relatively inefficient in terms of energy use, but advantageous to RBC function. Why? a. It ensures that any oxygen the RBCs absorb will be delivered to peripheral tissues. b. It stimulates the absorption of vitamin B12. c. It ensures that its iron component is converted to bilirubin. d. It ensures that its iron component will interact with the plasma protein, transferrin. e. It stimulates the conversion of yellow bone marrow to red bone marrow.
a
________ are large phagocytic WBCs that remain in circulation for only about 24 hours before entering peripheral tissues to become tissue macrophages. a. Monocytes b. Lymphocytes c. Basophils d. Neutrophils e. Eosinophils
a
________ is released in response to a decrease in blood volume. a. ADH b. Renin c. Erythropoietin d. Angiotensin e. ACTH
a
The white blood cells that are important in leaving the blood vessels and phagocytizing large materials, releasing chemicals that draw fibroblasts to the injured areas, are a. neutrophils. b. monocytes. c. basophils. d. lymphocytes. e. eosinophils.
b
When a chamber fills with blood and is preparing to begin the next cardiac cycle, that chamber is a. depolarizing. b. in diastole. c. contracting. d. in systole. e. in arrhythmia.
b
Which of the following indicates the start of the systemic circuit? a. pulmonary trunk b. ascending aorta c. cardiac veins d. vena cavae e. pulmonary arteries
b
Which of the following is the top number in a blood pressure reading? a. diastolic pressure b. systolic pressure c. mean arterial pressure d. pulse pressure e. blood osmotic pressure
b
The average life span of a red blood cell is about a. 1 year. b. 6 months. c. 1 month. d. 1 week. e. 4 months.
e
The inherited condition resulting from the inadequate production of clotting factors is termed a. jaundice. b. anemia. c. thalassemia. d. leukopenia. e. hemophilia.
e
The least numerous white blood cells in peripheral circulation are the a. monocytes. b. eosinophils. c. lymphocytes. d. neutrophils. e. basophils.
e
When large numbers of RBCs break down in the circulation, the urine can turn reddish or brown in a condition called ________. a. septicemia b. leucopenia c. thalassemia d. anemia e. hemoglobinuria
e
Which condition is described as the formation of lipid deposits in the tunica media associated with damage to the endothelial lining? a. phlebitis b. aneurysm c. atherosclerosis d. thrombus e. pulmonary embolism
c
Which condition results from abnormally high levels of bilirubin in the plasma of blood? a. hemoglobinuria b. thalassemia c. jaundice d. hypoxia e. hematuria
c
Which hormone is released by the kidneys when blood pressure falls or the oxygen content of the blood becomes abnormally low? a. angiotensin II b. ANP c. erythropoietin d. ADH e. renin
c
________ permit the exchange of nutrients, dissolved gases, and waste products between the blood and surrounding tissues. a. Arterial trunks b. Arteries c. Capillaries d. Vena cavae e. Veins
c
Blood from the systemic circulation returns to the heart by way of the a. pulmonary arteries. b. coronary sinus. c. pulmonary veins. d. venae cavae. e. aorta.
d
Drifting blood clots, air bubbles, or fat globules are called ________. a. clotting factors b. thrombi c. hemostatic elements d. emboli e. plaques
d
