Anatomy ch 4

Structure, location & function of Muscles

Smooth muscle - forms the walls of hollow organs; it is also found in the skin and the eyes. Responsible for a number of functions such as moving food thru the digestive tract and emptying the urinary bladder. Cardiac muscle - The muscle of the heart; responsible for pumping blood. Skeletal muscle - Meat of animals and constitutes about 40 percent of a persons body weight.

Nerve Pulses: How are they generated & propagated?

Propagated away from the cell body — it begins at the cell body and down axon Neuron creates an action potential by concentrating ions on one side of the membrane.

Functions of Epithelial tissues

Protecting and underlying structures. They act as a barrier They permit the passage of certain substances. Secrete products onto their surfaces which then carry them all over the body. They absorb substances.

Components of extracellular matrix

Protein fibers Ground substance consisting of nonfibrous protein and other molecules Fluid

Fiber Types

Reticular fibers - Very fine collagen fibers and therefore are not a chemically distinct category of fibers. Collagen fibers - consist of collagen

Tissue Structure & Function

Reticular tissue - Forms the framework of lymphatic tissue, such as in the spleen and lymph nodes, as well as in bone barrow and the liver. Adipose tissue - Consists of adipocytes, or fat cells, which contain large amounts of lipid. Areolar tissue - the "loose packing" material of most organs and other tissues; it attaches the skin to underlying tissues. Loose connective tissue - consists of relatively few protein fibers that form a lacy network, with numerous spaces filled with ground substance and fluid.

Name the layers of an embryo and what arises from each layer.

The Endoderm Layer— The inner layer, forms the lining of the digestive tract and its derivatives. The Mesoderm Layer— The middle layer, forms tissues like muscles, bones, and blood vessels. The Ectoderm Layer— The outer layer, forms the skin, a portion of the ectoderm called neuroectoderm becomes the nervous system.

Structure, function & location of axons, dendrites, neuron cell body, neurologlia cells

Axon - Usually conducts action potentials away from the cell body. They can be much longer than dendrites. Dendrites - Usually receive action potentials. Much shorter than axons and usually taper to a fine tip. Neurons - Or nerve cells, are the conducting cells or nervous tissue. Neuroglia - Are the support of cells of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.

Functions of connective tissue

Enclosing and separating other tissues Connecting tissues to one another Supporting and moving parts of the body Storing compounds Cushioning and insulating Transporting Protecting

Characteristics of Epithelial tissue

Epithelial tissue covers and protects surfaces, both inside and outside the body. Mostly composed of cells. Covers body surfaces Most epithelial tissues have a free surface not attached to other cells. Specialized cell contacts bin adjacent epithelial cells together and to the extracellular matrix of the basement membrane. They are non-vascular. They are capable of regeneration.

Identify locations of basal, free, lateral, and peripheral epithelial cells

Have one free surface not attached to other cells - Lateral surface attached to other epithelial cells. - Basal Surface — undermost surface , attached to a basement membrane - specialized type of extracellular material secreted by epithelial and connective tissue cells -helps attach epithelial cells to underlying tissues and plays an important role in supporting and guiding cell migration during tissue repair.

Biopsy, Autopsy, Histology

Histology relates to biopsies and autopsies because histology is the study of tissues and biopsies is the removal of tissues from a patient in order to be studied, and autopsies are the removal of tissues from a dead body to be studied.

Membrane(s) Structure & Function

Mucous Membrane— Consists of epithelial cells, their basement membrane, a thick layer of loose connective tissue called lamina propr., and sometimes a layer of smooth muscle cells. They line cavities and canals that open to the outside of the body, such as the digestive, respiratory, excretory, and reproductive passages. Functions include protection, adsorption, and secretion. Serous membrane— Consists of 3 components; a layer of simple squamous epithelium called mesothelium (its base membrane), and a delicate layer of loose connective tissue. They secrete a small amount of fluid called serous fluid, which lubricates the serous membranes. They also protect internal organs from friction, help hold them in place, and act as selectively permeable barriers to prevent large amounts of fluids from accumulating within serous cavities. Synovial Membrane - Made up of only one connective tissue, consist of modified connective tissue cells, they produce synovial fluid, which facilitates smooth movement within the joint.

Structure & Function of basement membrane

Specialized type of extracellular material secreted by epithelial and connective tissue cells. It helps attach epithelial cells to underlying tissues, and plays an important role in supporting and guiding cell migration during tissue repair.

Shapes of Epithelial cells

Squamous - Cells are flat or scalelike Cuboidal - Cells are cube-shaped—about as wide as they are tall. Columnar - Cells are taller than they are wide.