Anatomy Ch. 7: Bone Structure & Function

Which statements describe the matrix of bone?

- It is composed of organic and inorganic substances. -It is harder than the matrix of cartilage.

Which statements correctly describe compact bone?

-It forms the external walls of a long bone. -It is solid and relatively dense.

Which statements are true regarding cartilage?

-It is found in the head, arms, legs, and trunk of the body. -It is more flexible than bone. -It contains cells and a matrix.

Which statements characterize the functions of cartilage?

-It supports soft tissues. -It covers the end of long bones. -It provides a model for the formation of bones.

Which statements characterize canaliculi?

-Nutrients pass through them -they extend from lacunae to lacunae -they contain osteocyte cytoplasmic extensions

Functions of bone:

-blood cell formation (hemopoiesis) -support -protection -mineral storage

Which statements describe the inorganic components of the matrix of bone?

-it contains hydroxyapatite crystals -it gives the bone its hardness

Which statements characterize the microscopic arrangement of spongy bone?

-it contains no osteons -it contains parallel lamellae

Which statements characterize articular cartilage?

-it covers an epiphysis -it is composed of hyaline cartilage -it functions to reduce friction in joints

Choose the bones produced through intramembranous ossification.

-maxilla -flat bones of the skull -mandible

Which statements characterize central canals of osteons?

-they contain blood vessels -they contain nerves -they are a cylindrical channel

Which statements characterize concentric lamellae of osteons?

-they contain collagen fibers -they are rings of bone tissue -their numbers vary among osteons

Which statements characterize osteoclasts?

-they have ruffled borders -they are phagocytic

Choose the bones formed through endochondral ossification.

-vertebrae -upper limb bones -lower limb bones

Stages of a fracture repair

1. Fracture hematoma 2. Fibrocarilaginous callus 3. Bony callus 4. Bone is remodeled

compact bone makes up ____ of bone mass

80%

osteoclast

Bone-destroying cells

What are examples of short bones?

Bones of the wrist and some bones of the foot

The hormone that is produced in the thyroid gland and has the greatest effect on children's blood calcium levels is ____.

Calcitonin

Bone remodeling begins during ____.

Embryologic development

compact bone micrograph

Hard, dense bone tissue that is beneath the outer membrane of a bone

A central canal of an osteon is also called a ______ canal.

Haversian

Which organs are protected by bones?

Heart, reproductive organs, brain, lungs

spongy bone

Layer of bone tissue having many small spaces and found just inside the layer of compact bone.

Bones of the skeleton function as a system of ____ that are pulled when skeletal muscles contract.

Levers

Bones that are formed through endochondral ossification

Upper limb bones, lower limb bones, vertebrae

Covering the end of an epiphysis of a long bone is a thin layer of hyaline cartilage called the ____ cartilage.

articular

A thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering an epiphysis of a long bone is called ______.

articular cartilage

Acting as levers for movement is a function of ____.

bones

In bone fracture repair, a fibrocartilaginous callus is replaced with a(n) ____ callus.

bony

Bone formation requires ______.

calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D

Tiny channels that connect lacunae to other lacunae in an osteon are called ______.

canaliculi

Spongy bone is also called:

cancellous bone

The cylindrical channel that lies in the center of the osteon is the ______.

central canal

Chondrocytes are ______.

chondroblasts that have become encased with matrix

The external surfaces of short bones consists of ____ while the interior consists of ____.

compact, spongy

In a ____ fracture, one or both ends of a broken bone pierce the overlying skin.

compound

Rings of bone connective tissue that surround the central canal of an osteon are called ______.

concentric lamellae

Bone is a type of ______ tissue.

connective

Ligaments and tendons are made of ____ connective tissue.

dense regular

Broken part of the bone forms a concavity

depressed

The elongated cylindrical shaft of a long bone is called its ____.

diaphysis

Fractured bone parts are out of anatomic alignment

displaced

The bones of the upper and lower limbs are produced through ____ ossification.

endochondrial

Epiphysis is separated from the diaphysis at the epiphyseal plate

epiphyseal

A thin line of compact bone in the epiphysis of a mature bone is called the ______.

epiphyseal line

which structure replaces the epiphyseal plate?

epiphyseal line

The semisolid material that suspends and supports the collagen fibers and is part of the organic materials in the matrix of bone is the ____ substance.

ground

The process of blood cell production is called ____.

hemopoiesis

Long bones include:

humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, fibula, metacarpals, phalanges

Calcium phosphate and calcium hydroxide interact to form ______ in the matrix of bone.

hydroxyapatite crystals

Donor bone marrow is most commonly harvested from the ______.

iliac crest

One fragment of bone is firmly driven into the other

impacted

Based on shape, bones that have elaborate, complex shapes are classified as ____

irregular bones

Chondrocytes occupy small spaces called ____.

lacunae

The humerus is classified as a ____ bone

long

osteocyte

mature bone cell

Osteocytes are ______.

mature bone cells

The cylindrical space within the diaphysis of a long bone is called the ____.

medullar cavity

The cylindrical space within the diaphysis of a long bone is called the ____ ____.

medullary cavity

The region of a mature bone between the diaphysis and epiphysis is the ____.

metaphysis

What is the region of a mature bone between the diaphysis and epiphysis called?

metaphysis

Another name for the calcification of bone is ____.

mineralization

An osteoblast is an example of which type of component of bone?

organic component

Which components of bone matrix provides its tensile strength?

organic compounds

Another name for the calcification of bone is ____.

ossification

____ are large phagocytic cells found in bone.

osteoclasts

______ are large phagocytic cells found in bone.

osteoclasts

When osteoblasts become entrapped in the matrix they produce, they become cells called ______.

osteocytes

Osteitis deformans is also called ____ disease.

pagets

Calcitonin is produced by the ____ cells in the thyroid gland.

parafollicular or C

A tough fibrous layer covering the outer surface of a long bone is called ______.

periosteum

The region in the diaphysis of a long bone where bone replaces cartilage through endochondral ossification is called the ____ ossification center; it is the fist major center of bone formation.

primary

Epiphysis of a long bone closest to the body trunk is the ____ epiphysis.

proximal

The epiphysis of a long bone closest to the body trunk is the ____ epiphysis.

proximal

The organic components of bone provide ______.

resistance to stretching

In endochondral ossification, ____ ossification centers form in the epiphyses of long bones.

secondary

Based on shape, bones that have a length about equal to their width are classified as ____ bones.

short

Examples of flat bones include:

skull, ribs, sternum, scapulae

osteon

structural unit of compact bone

Endochondral ossification forms most bones of the ______.

upper and lower limbs

Severe anemia can trigger the conversion of ____ bone marrow into ____ bone marrow.

yellow, red