Anatomy Ch 8
titties
<3 madi
What are the 4 bones in the proximal row of the wrist? (lateral -> medial)
"Some Lovers Try Positions" Scaphoid lunate, triquetrum, pisiform
What are the 4 bones in the distal row of the wrist? (lateral -> medial)
"That They Can't Handle" Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
What are the 3 locations for the free upper limb bones?
1. Arm (humerus) 2. Forearm (ulna and radius) 3. Hand (8 carpal; 5 metacarpal; 14 phalanges)
What are 3 features of the ischium?
1. Ischial spine 2. Lesser sciatic notch 3. Ischial tuberosity
What are the 2 types of arches in the foot?
1. Longitudinal 2. Transverse
What are the 5 anterior tarsal bones?
1. Navicular 2. Third (lateral) cuneiform 3. Second (intermediate) cuneiform 4. First (medial) cuneiform 5. Cuboid
The bones of the upper limb form two distinct regions:
1. Pectoral girdle 2. Free upper limb
The bones of the lower limb form two distinct regions:
1. Pelvic girdle 2. Free lower limb
3 arched lines on the lateral surface of the ilium
1. Posterior gluteal line 2. Anterior gluteal line 3. Inferior gluteal line
What 5 things make up the pelvic brim?
1. Sacral promontory 2. Arcuate lines 3. Pectineal lines 4. Pubic crest 5. Pubic symphysis
What 2 things comprise the ilium?
1. Superior ala (wing) 2. Inferior body
What are the 3 bones of the hips?
1. Superior ilium 2. Inferior and anterior pubis 3. Inferior and posterior ischium
What 3 things comprise the pubis?
1. Superior ramus 2. Inferior ramus 3. Body between the rami
What are the 2 fossae found superior and inferior to the spine of the scapula?
1. Supraspinous 2. Infraspinous
What are the 2 proximal bones of the tarsus?
1. Talus 2. Calcaneus
The bones in the free lower limb are broken up into 4 locations:
1. The femur in the thigh 2. The patella 3. The tibia and fibula in the leg 4. The 7 tarsal bones in the tarsus, the 5 metatarsal bones, and the 14 phalanges in the foot
The articulation of the ulna and radius with the humerus occurs in two places:
1. Where the head of the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus 2. Where the trochela notch of the ulna receives the trochela of the humerus
How many phalanges are there?
14
The hallux has ___ phalanges called ___ and ___ phalanges
2; proximal; distal
The thumb (pollex) has ___ phalanges, called ___ and ___ phalanges
2; proximal; distal
Each free upper limb (extremity) has ___ bones
30
Each lower limb skeleton consists of ___ bones
31
Each upper limb consists of how many bones?
32
The other 4 digits have ___ phalanges called ___, ___, and ___ phalanges
3; proximal; middle; distal
Toes besides the hallux have ___ phalanges called ___, ___, and ___
3; proximal; middle; distal
A boxer's fracture is a fracture of the ___ usually nearer the head of the bone
5th metacarpal
Serves as a point of attachment point for a ligament of the femur called the ligament of the head of the femur
Acetabular notch
A deep fossa formed by the ilium, ischium, and pubis
Acetabulum
The proximal end of the femur articulates with the ___ of the hip bone
Acetabulum
The socket for the head of the femur
Acetabulum
The broad, flat, lateral end of the clavicle
Acromial end
End of the clavicle that articulates with the acromion of the scapula at the ___ joint
Acromial end; acromioclavicular
The lateral end of the spine projects as a flattened, expanded process called the ___, easily felt as the high point, or peak, of the shoulder
Acromion
A roughened projection that is a site of attachment for the adductor magnus muscle
Adductor tubercle
Just superior to the medial epicondyle of the femur is the ___
Adductor tubercle
Distal to the head of the humerus is the ___, which is visible as an oblique groove
Anatomical neck
The former site of the epiphyseal plate in an adult humerus
Anatomical neck
Name for the angle of the femoral shaft
Angle of convergence
Inferior to and continuous with the tibial tuberosity is a sharp ridge that can be felt below the skin is known as the ___
Anterior border (crest) or shin
Below the ASIS is the ___
Anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS)
The iliac crest ends anteriorly in a blunt ___
Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)
The cavicle is the ___ bone and the scapula is the ___ bone
Anterior; posterior
The pointed distal end of the patella is called the ___
Apex
The bones of the foot are arranged in 2 ___ that enable the foot to support the weight of the body, provide an ideal distribution of body weight over the soft and hard tissues of the foot, and provide leverage when walking
Arches
Projecting anteriorly and inferiorly from the auricular surface is a ridge called the ___
Arcuate line
The posterior surface contains two ___, one for the medial condyle of the femur and the other for the lateral condyle of the femur
Articular facet
The broad proximal end of the patella is called the ___
Base
Each metacarpal bone consists of a proximal ___, an intermediate ___, and a distal ___
Base; shaft; head
Each metatarsal consists of a proximal ___, an intermediate ___, and a distal ___
Base; shaft; head
Each phalanx consists of a proximal ___, an intermediate ___, and a distal ___
Base; shaft; head
Each phalanx consists of a proximal ___, intermediate ___, and a distal ___
Base; shaft; head
The ___ of the ilium is one of the components for the acetabulum
Body
Part of the humerus that is roughly cylindrical at its proximal end, but it gradually becomes triangular until it is flattened and broad at its distal end
Body (shaft)
The ___ of the femur angles medially and, as a result, the knee joints are close to the midline of the hip joints
Body (shaft)
The ischium is compromised by a superior ___ and an inferior ___
Body; ramus
The complete ring composed of the hip bones, pubic symphysis, sacrum, and coccyx that forms a deep, basin-like structure called the ___
Bony pelvis
What does the humerus articulate with distally?
Both the ulna and radius to form the elbow joint
How are the pectoral girdles held in position?
By a large group of muscles that extend from the vertebral column and rib cage of the scapula
What is the largest and strongest tarsal bone?
Calcaneus
Where do the medial and lateral parts of the longitudinal arch begin?
Calcaneus
The largest carpal bone
Capitate
A rounded knob on the lateral aspect of the humerus that articulates with the head of the radius
Capitulum
The anterior concave space formed by the pisiform and hamate (ulnar side), and the scaphoid and trapezium (on the radial side), with the roof-like covering of the flexor retinaculum
Carpal tunnel
Narrowing of the carpal tunnel
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Name for the 8 small bones in the wrist
Carpals
The proximal region of the hand that consists of 8 small bones
Carpus
A slender S-shaped bone that lies horizontally across the anterior part of the thorax superior to the first rib
Clavicle (collarbone)
Each of the two pectoral girdles consists of a ___ and a ___
Clavicle; scaupla
The medial half of the clavicle is ___ anteriorly, and the lateral half is ___ anteriorly
Convex; concave
At the lateral end of the superior border of the scapula, the tendons of muscles attach to a projection of the anterior surface called the ___
Coracoid process
An anterior depression that receives the coronoid process of the ulna when the forearm is flexed
Coronoid fossa
An anterior projection distal to a large notch, the trochelar notch
Coronoid process
Laterally, at the middle portion of the shaft of the humerus, there is a roughened, V-shaped area called the ___
Deltoid tuberosity
Distally, the head of the ulna articulates with a narrow concavity, the ___ of the radius, which forms the ___ joint
Distal radioulnar
The bases of the metacarpals articulate with the ___ row of the carpal bones to form the ___ joints
Distal; carpometcarpal
The proximal row of carpal bones articulates with the ___ end of the ulna and radius to form the ___ joint
Distal; wrist
The ulna and radius articulate with the humerus at the ___ joint
Elbow
Superior to the condyles of the femur are the medial and lateral ___
Epicondyles
T/F: The arches of the foot are rigid
False
T/F: The pectoral girdles articulate with the vertebral column
False
T/F: The points of the pelvic brim form an oblique plane that is higher in the front than the back
False
The portion of the bony pelvis superior to to the pelvic brim is the ___ pelvis
False (greater)
The thin edge of the scapula closer to the vertebral column
Medial (vertebral) border
The expanded distal end of the femur includes the ___ and ___
Medial and distal condyles
The longest, heaviest, and strongest bone in the body
Femur (thigh bone)
The tibia articulates at its proximal end with the ___ and ___ and at its distal end with the ___ and ___
Femur and fibula; fibula and talus of ankle bone
A slender, split-like bone that is slightly expanded at both ends
Fibula
Notch found on the posterior view of the tibia that articulates with the fibula to form the ___ joint
Fibular notch; distal tibiofibular
The ___ metatarsal is thicker than the others because it bears more weight
First
The metatarsals articulate proximally with the ___ bones and with the ___ to form the ___ joints
First, second, and third cuneiform; cuboid; tarsometatarsal
The head of the femur contains a small depression called the ___
Fovea capitis
What type of fracture is the most common in adults older than 50 years, typically occurring during a fall?
Fracture of the distal end of the radius
Inferior to the acromion is a shallow depression, the ___, that accepts the head of the humerus to form the ___ joint
Glenoid cavity; glenohumeral (shoulder joint)
Inferior to the intertrochanteric crest on the posterior surface of the body of the femur is a vertical ridge called the ___
Gluteal tuberosity
The ___ trochanter is the prominence felt and seen anterior to the hollow side of the hip
Greater
The ___ and ___ are projections that serve as points of attachment for tendons of some of the thigh and buttock muscles
Greater and lesser trochanter
Below the PIIS is the ___, through which the sciatic nerve passes
Greater sciatic notch
A lateral projection distal to the anatomical neck of the humerus
Greater tubercle
The toes are numbered I-V beginning with the ___ from ___ to ___
Hallux; medial to lateral
Named for a large hook-shaped projection on its anterior surface
Hamate
The distal end of the ulna consists of a ___ that is separated from the wrist by a disc of fibrocartilage
Head
The proximal end of the humerus features a rounded ___ that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula
Head
The proximal of the radius has a disc-shaped ___ that articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna
Head
The inferior surface of the lateral condyle of the tibia articulates with the ___
Head of the fibula
The proximal end of the femur consists of a rounded ___ that articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the ___ joint
Head; coxal
Together, the acetabulum and the femoral head form the ___ joint
Hip (coxal)
Bruising of the ASIS and associated soft tissues
Hip pointer
Bone that has a ball-like proximal end with 2 prominent projections of bone at the base of the ball, a cylindrical, tubular shaft that makes up the majority of its length, and an expanded flattened distal end
Humerus
The longest and largest bone of the free upper limb
Humerus (arm bone)
The metacarpal bones are numbered ___, starting with the ___
I-V; thumb
The superior border of the ilium
Iliac crest
The medial surface of the ilium contains the ___, a concavity where the tendon of the iliacus muscle attaches
Iliac fossa
Posterior to the iliac fossa are the ___, a point of attachment for the sacroiliac ligament, and the ___, which articulates with the sacrum to form the sacroiliac joint
Iliac tuberosity; auricular surface
The largest of the 3 components of the hip bone
Ilium
The ___ part of the longitudinal arch rises to the talus and descends through the navicular, the tree cuneiforms, and the heads of the three medial metatarsals
Medial
The medial and lateral border of the scapula join at the ___
Inferior angle
The head of the fibula articulates with the ___ to form the ___ joint
Inferior surface of the lateral condyle of the tibia; proximal tibiofibular
Articulations between carpal bones
Intercarpal joints
The slightly concave condyles of the tibia are separate by an upward projection called the ___
Intercondylar eminence
A depressed area between the condyles on the posterior surface
Intercondylar fossa
A broad, flat, fibrous connective tissue that joins the shafts of the ulna and radius
Interosseous membrane
The tibia and fibula are connected by ___
Interosseous membrane
Joints between the phalanges of the foot
Interphalangeal
Joints between phalanges are called ___ joints
Interphalangeal (IP)
Joints between the tarsal bones
Intertarsal joints
Between the anterior surfaces of the trochanters is a narrow ___
Intertrochanter line
A ridge called ___ appears between the posterior surfaces of the greater trochanter and lesser trochanter
Intertrochanteric crest
Between both tubercles of the humerus runs ___
Intertubercular sulcus
A sideways-arched or U-shaped structure, with its concave, notched margin contributing to the posterior 2/3 of the obturator foramen
Ischium
The inferior and posterior portion of the hip bone situated between the body of the ilium and the inferior ramus of the pubis
Ischium
The heads of the metacarpals are commonly called ___ and are readily visible in a clenched fist
Knuckles
The ___ part of the longitudinal arch rises at the cuboid and descends to the heads of the two lateral metatarsals
Lateral
The thick edge of the scapula closer to the arm
Lateral (axillary) border
The proximal end of the tibia is expanded into a ___ and ___
Lateral and medial condyle
The distal end of the fibula has a projection called the ___ that articulates with the ___ to form the prominence on the lateral surface of the ankle
Lateral malleolus; talus of the ankle
An anterior projection distal to the anatomical neck of the humerus
Lesser tubercle
Arch that has 2 parts, both of which consists of tarsal and metatarsal bones arranged to form an arch from the anterior to the posterior part of the foot
Longitudinal arch
The false pelvis is bordered by the ___ posteriorly, the ___ laterally, and the ___ anteriorly
Lumbar vertebrae; upper portions of the hip bones; abdominal wall
The head of the capitate articulates with the ___
Lunate
The distal end of the radius articulates with 2 bones of the wrist, the ___ and ___, to form the ___ joint
Lunate; scaphoid; radiocarpal
Rough projections on either side of the distal end of the humerus to which the tendons of most muscles of the forearm attach
Medial and lateral epicondyle
Where do ligaments of the knee joint attach?
Medial and lateral epicondyle
The medial surface of the distal end of the tibia forms the ___
Medial malleolus
The talus articulates with the ___ of the tibia and the ___ of the fibula forming the ___ joint
Medial malleolus; lateral malleolus; talocrural (ankle)
The proximal phalanges of all digits articulate with the ___ bones
Metacarpal
Name of the bones in the palm
Metacarpals
The intermediate region of the hand consisting of 5 bones
Metacarpus (palm)
What is the name for the 5 intermediate bones of the foot?
Metatarsals (I-V from medial to lateral)
The intermediate region of the foot and consists of 5 bones
Metatarsus
Inferior to the head of the radius is the constricted ___
Neck
The ___ of the femur is a constricted region distal to the head
Neck
The largest foramen in the skeleton
Obturator foramen
At the proximal end of the ulna, which forms the prominence of the elbow
Olecranon
The large posterior depression that receives the olecranon of the ulna when the forearm is extended (straightened)
Olecranon fossa
Functions of this bone is to increase leverage of the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle, to maintain the position of the tendon when the knee is flexed, and to protect the knee joint
Patella
Sesamoid bone that develops in the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle
Patella
A small, triangular bone located anterior to the knee joint
Patella (kneecap)
The ___ attaches the patella to the tibial tuberosity
Patellar ligament
Surface located between the condyles of the femur on the anterior surface
Patellar surface
Joint between the posterior surface of the patella and the patellar surface of the femur
Patellofemoral
The intermediate component of the tibiofemoral (knee) joint
Patellofemoral joint
Increased pressure on the knee joint causing aching or tenderness around or under the patella
Patellofemoral stress syndrome ("runner's knee)
Important landmark for distinguishing the superior (false) and inferior (true) portions of the bony pelvis
Pectineal line
Line that extends superiorly and laterally along the superior ramus to merge with the arcuate line of the ilium
Pectineal line **Seen in medial view
Attaches the bones of the free upper limbs to the axial skeleton
Pectoral or shoulder girdles
Consists of the coxal bone/os coxae
Pelvic (hip) girdle
An imaginary line that curves through the true pelvis from the central point of the plane of the pelvic inlet to the central point of the plane of the pelvic outlet
Pelvic axis
The bony pelvis is divided into superior and inferior portions by a boundry called the ___ that forms the inlet to the pelvic cavity from the abdomen
Pelvic brim
The superior opening of the true pelvis, bordered by the pelvic brim
Pelvic inlet
The inferior opening of the true pelvis
Pelvic outlet
The measurement of the size of the inlet and outlet of the birth canal, which may be done by ultrasonography or physical examination
Pelvimetry
Bones of the digits that make up the distal region of the hand
Phalanges
Comprise the distal component of the foot
Phalanges
Distally, the metatarsals articulate with the proximal row of ___ to form the ___ joints
Phalanges; metatarsophalangeal
A single bone of a digit is referred to as a ___
Phalanx
Below the PSIS is the ___
Posterior inferior iliac spine (PIIS)
Where is the calcaneus and talus located?
Posterior part of the foot
Posteriorly, the iliac crest ends in a sharp ___
Posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS)
The head of the fibula is found on the ___ end
Proximal
The heads of the metacarpals articulate with the ___ phalanges to form the ___ joints
Proximal; metacarpophalangeal (MP)
Inferior to the pubis symphysis, the inferior rami of the two pubic bones converge to form the ___
Pubic arch
The anterior, superior border of the body of the pubis
Pubic crest
The hip bones unite anteriorly at a joint called the ___
Pubic symphysis
The joint between the pubes of the 2 hip bones that consists of a disc of fibrocartilage
Pubic symphysis
Lateral end projection of the pubis
Pubic tubercle
The inferior, anterior portion of the hip bone and has the form of a sideways arch or a U-shape
Pubis
An anterior depression above the capitulum that articulates with the head of the radius when the forearm is flexed (bent)
Radial fossa
Rungs along the posterior margin of the deltoid tuberosity on the posterior surface of the humerus
Radial groove
A depression that is lateral and inferior to the trochelar notch and articulates with the head of the radius
Radial notch
Proximally, the head of the radius articulates with the ulna's ___, which forms the ___ joint
Radial notch; proximal radioulnar
A point of attachment for the tendons of the bicep brachii muscle
Radial tuberosity
A roughened area inferior to the neck of the radius on the anteromedial side
Radial tuberosity
Bone of the upper free limb that is narrow at its proximal end and widens at its distal end
Radius
The shorter of the two forearm bones that is located on the lateral aspect (thumb side) of the forearm
Radius
The ___ joins the pubis
Ramus
Together the ___ and the ___ surround the obturator foramen
Ramus; pubis
The true pelvis is bordered by the ___ and ___ posteriorly, ____ and ___ laterally, and the ___ anteriorly
Sacrum and coccyx; inferior portion of the ilium and the ischium; pubic bones
The hip bones unite posteriorly with the ___ at the ___ joints
Sacrum; sacroiliac
In about 70% of carpal fractures, the ___ is broken
Scaphoid
Bone that occupies the superior part of the posterior thorax between the levels of the second and seventh ribs a few finger breadths lateral to the vertebral column
Scapula
What does the humerus articulate with proximally?
Scapula
A large, triangular, flat bone with a ridge on its posterior surface
Scapula (shoulder blade)
A prominent indentation along the superior border of the scapula through which the subscapular nerve passes
Scapular notch
The largest nerve in the body
Sciatic nerve
A prominent ridge called the ___ runs diagonally across the posterior surface of the scapula
Spine
What is the main function of the fibula?
Stablize the ankle joint
The medial end of the clavicle
Sternal end
End of the clavicle that is rounded and articulates with the manubrium of the sternum to form the ____ joint
Sternal end; sternoclavicular
The clavicle forms the anterior ___ of the pectoral girdle that props the shoulder joint away from the rib cage
Strut (a rod or bar that resists compression)
The shaft of the radius widens distally to form the ___ process on the lateral side
Styloid
Process located on the posterior side of the ulna's distal end
Styloid process
What is the name of the fossa on the anterior surface of the scapula?
Subscapular fossa
The superior end of the scapula, called the ___, joins the vertebral border at the ___
Superior border; superior angle
A constriction in the humerus just distal to the tubercles, where the head tapers to the shaft; often fractured
Surgical neck
Mnemonic for tarsals:
Tall centers never take shots from corners (Talus, calcaneus, navicular, third cuneiform, second cuneiform, first cuneiform, cuboid)
Which bone of the foot articulates with the fibula and tibia?
Talus
The medial malleolus articulates with the ___ and forms the prominence that can be felt on the medial surface of the ankle
Talus of the ankle
What is the name for the 7 bones of the foot?
Tarsal bones
The proximal region of the foot that consists of 7 bones
Tarsus (ankle)
What is the weakest point of the clavicle?
The junction of the two curves
Of all the long bones, the ___ is the most frequently fractured and is also the most frequent site of an open fracture
Tibia
The medial and lateral condyles of the femur articulate with the medial and lateral condyles of the ___
Tibia
The larger, medial, weight-bearing bone of the leg
Tibia (shin bone)
The distal end of the femur articulates with the ___ and ___
Tibia; patella
The ___ on the anterior surface of the tibia is a point of attachment for the patellar ligament
Tibial tuberosity
The lateral and medial condyle of the tibia articulate with the lateral and medial condyle of the femur to form the ___ joints
Tibiofemoral (knee)
Arch found between the medial and lateral aspects of the foot and is formed by the navicular, three cuneiforms, and the bases of the five metatarsals
Transverse arch
Located medial to the capitulum, a spool-shaped surface that articulates with the ulna
Trochela
Notch on the anterior side of the olecranon of the ulna that receives the trochela of the humerus to form part of the elbow joint
Trochelar notch
T/F: The fibula does not articulate with the femur and is non-weight-bearing
True
The portion of the bony pelvis that is inferior to the pelvic brim is the ___ pelvis
True (lesser)
Which pelvis surrounds the pelvic cavity?
True pelvis
Bone of the upper free limb that is thick and notched at the proximal end, and its wide triangular shaft tapers to become more narrow and cylindrical distally
Ulna
Located on the medial aspect (little-finger side) of the forearm and is longer than the radius
Ulna
Nerve that makes you feel very severe pain whenever you hit your elbow
Ulnar nerve
Just inferior to the coronoid processes of the ulna
Ulnar tuberosity
Functionally, the bony pelvis provides a strong and stable support for the ___ and the ___ and ___ organs
Vertebral column; pelvic; lower abdominal