Anatomy Chapter 24

cortical

85% of nephrons are described by this term that relates to their location in the kidney. sinusoidal medullary cortical trabecular extrinsic

false

A network of peritubular capillaries surrounds the convoluted tubules and nephron loop for the purpose of filtration. True False

afferent arteriole

Blood vessel that contains granular cells involved in blood pressure regulation. efferent arteriole macula densa extraglomerular mesangial segmental artery afferent arteriole

detrusor

Contraction of the bladder's__________ muscle squeezes urine from the bladder during urination.

detrusor

Contraction of this muscle forces urine from the bladder. diaphragm dartos detrusor cremaster vesicular

true

Cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons can be distinguished by the absence of a vasa recta in the cortical nephrons. True False

their nephron loop is shorter, with a shorter thin segment.

Cortical nephrons are different from juxtamedullary nephrons in that a) they do not have a proximal convoluted tubule. b) they are much less abundant. c) their nephron loop is shorter, with a shorter thin segment. d) they produce urine, whereas juxtamedullary nephrons do not.

terminal nephron loop.

In the juxtaglomerular apparatus, the macula densa belongs to the a) terminal nephron loop. b) visceral layer of the glomerular capsule (podocytes). c) glomerulus. d) efferent arteriole.

parasympathetic fibers.

In the micturition reflex, the detrusor muscle is stimulated to contract by a) sympathetic fibers. b) sphincter neurons from the brain. c) visceral sensory fibers from the vagus. d) parasympathetic fibers.

glomerulus

Knot of capillaries that directs blood into the efferent arteriole. afferent arterioles cortical radiate arteries arcuate arteries glomerulus peritubular capillaries

vasa recta

Ladderlike looping blood vessels within the medulla. vasa recta cortical radiate vasa vasorum peritubular capillaries interlobular

glomerulus

Mesangial cells show contractile properties and regulate blood flow within the__________ .

simple squamous

Of the following, the only epithelial type that does not line the urethra is pseudostratified columnar. stratified squamous. stratified columnar. simple squamous.

macula densa

Region of the distal tubule that monitors concentration of the filtrate. macula densa mesangial vasa recta extraglomerular collecting duct

consist of a glomerulus and a glomerular capsule

Renal corpuscles __________. a) consist of a glomerulus and a glomerular capsule b) are located in the cortex and medulla of the kidney c) are the final portion of the nephron before the collecting duct d) contain the afferent and efferent arterioles

the granular cells

Renin is produced in the granular cells. the renal medulla. the glomerulus. glomerular capsules.

active

Secretion is a/an__________ process that moves undesirable molecules from the blood of surrounding capillaries into the uriniferous tubules.

renal pelvis to the ureter to the bladder to the urethra.

Urine passes through the a) glomerulus to the ureter to the nephron. b) renal pelvis to the ureter to the bladder to the urethra. c) hilus to the urethra to the bladder. d) kidney hilum to the bladder to the ureter.

the proximal tubule cells have long microvilli that are fewer than or absent from the distal tubule cells.

An important difference between a cuboidal epithelial cell of the proximal versus the distal convoluted tubules is that a) the former only secretes, the latter only filters. b) only one has a folded basolateral membrane containing enzymes for ion transport. c) the proximal tubule cells have long microvilli that are fewer than or absent from the distal tubule cells. d) one lies in the renal cortex, the other in the medulla.

the vasa recta are in the medulla, whereas the peritubular capillaries are in the cortex.

An important difference between the peritubular capillaries and the vasa recta in the kidney is that a) the vasa recta are involved in filtration, whereas the peritubular capillaries are involved in resorption. b) the vasa recta drain into arterioles, whereas the peritubular capillaries drain into venules. c) only the vasa recta are supplied by efferent arterioles. d) the vasa recta are in the medulla, whereas the peritubular capillaries are in the cortex.

an increase in the production of ADH.

An increase in the permeability of collecting tubule cells to water is due to a) a decrease in the concentration of solutes in the blood plasma. b) an increase in the production of ADH. c) the presence of a salty urine in the bladder. d) a decrease in the production of ADH.

cortical radiate arteries.

Arteries that branch to form the afferent arterioles to the glomeruli are interlobar arteries. arcuate arteries. segmental arteries. cortical radiate arteries.

vasa recta

The __________ are an important part of the kidney's urine-concentrating mechanism found surrounding the nephron loops (loops of Henle) of juxtamedullary nephrons. a) peritubular capillaries b) renin-angiotensin mechanisms c) macula densa d) proximal convoluted tubules e) vasa recta

true

The correct sequence of arterial blood flow is the renal artery to the segmental arteries to the interlobar arteries. True False

true

The descending thin limb of the nephron loop consists of a simple squamous epithelium. True False

retroperitoneal

The descriptive term for the location of the kidneys relative to the abdominal cavity. intraperitoneal extraabdominal subcapsular supraperitoneal retroperitoneal

false

The epithelial cells of the distal convoluted tubule have an abundance of absorptive microvilli. True False

transitional

The epithelium lining the urinary bladder that permits distension is transitional. stratified squamous. pseudostratified columnar. simple squamous.

at the urogenital diaphragm

The external urethral sphincter is located a) at the external urethral orifice. b) at the junction of the bladder wall and urethra. c) at the urogenital diaphragm. d) at the ureteral orifice.

determine the final volume and concentration of urine.

The function of the collecting duct is to a) drain blood from the kidney and deliver it to the renal vein. b) transport resorbed water back into the cardiovascular system. c) contract its muscular walls to expel urine from the cortex. d) determine the final volume and concentration of urine.

true

The glomerular capsule and the glomerular capillaries together make up the renal corpuscle. True False

true

The internal urethral sphincter is composed of smooth muscle and is under involuntary control. True False

abdominal

The kidneys lie behind the ________ cavity. cranial pelvic abdominal thoracic

visceral layer of glomerular capsule.

The layer of podocytes is the same as the a) glomerulus. b) capsular space. c) parietal layer. d) visceral layer of glomerular capsule.

increase the total surface area of proximal convoluted tubules and maximize their capacity for resorbing water, ions, and solute from the filtrate

The microvilli along the luminal surface of the proximal convoluted tubule __________. a) increase the total surface area of proximal convoluted tubules and maximize their capacity for resorbing water, ions, and solute from the filtrate b) secrete antidiuretic hormone c) provide the energy for resorption d) help dilute urine by adding water to it from surrounding capillaries e) concentrate urine by removing water from it

filtration

The only region of a nephron where__________ takes place is the glomerulus.

filtrate

The parietal layer of the glomerular capsule plays no role in the formation of__________ . filtrate

proximal tubule.

The part of the nephron whose epithelial cells are most responsible for resorption and secretion is the a) proximal tubule. b) thin segment. c) distal tubule. d) glomerular capsule (podocytes).

proximal and distal tubules.

The parts of the nephron whose epithelial cells contain the most mitochondria are the a) proximal and distal tubules b) renal corpuscle and distal tubule. c) thin segment and glomerular capsule. d) vasa recta and collecting tubules.

renal hilum

The region of the kidney where the renal vessels and the ureter enter and exit the kidney is called the ________________. renal hilum renal cortex major calyx renal pelvis

glomerulus

The uniqueness of the__________ , when compared to other capillary beds, is that it is both fed and drained by arterioles.

a duct that branches from the mesonephric duct.

The ureters develop from a) a duct that branches from the mesonephric duct. b) the urogenital sinus. c) pronephric nephrons. d) the cloaca.

true

Urine drains from the kidney in the following sequence: from the collecting duct to the minor calyx to the major calyx to the renal pelvis and then to the ureter. True False

true

Urine flows from the kidney to the bladder by gravity and peristalsis. True False

Most nutrients, water, and essential ions are returned to the blood renal capillaries.

What happens in tubular resorption? a) Most nutrients, water, and essential ions are returned to the blood renal capillaries. b) The urine becomes more dilute because of the addition of water from surrounding renal capillaries. c) Some waste compounds are returned to the blood of renal capillaries for further processing. d) Undesirable molecules are moved into the tubule from surrounding renal capillaries.

These are specialized cells of the DCT that act as chemoreceptors for monitoring ion concentrations in the filtrate.

What is the function of the macula densa? a) These are modified smooth muscle cells with secretory granules that contain renin, which is secreted in response to falling blood pressure in the afferent arteriole. b) These are specialized cells of the DCT that act as chemoreceptors for monitoring ion concentrations in the filtrate. c) These are cells that show contractile properties that regulate blood flow within the glomerulus. d) These are urine-concentrating cells, similar to those of the collecting ducts.

It has an inner longitudinal and outer circular layer.

What is unusual about the muscularis layer of the proximal ureter when compared to the muscularis of the digestive tract? a) It only develops after toilet training begins. b) It has an inner longitudinal and outer circular layer. c) The muscularis is formed from three separate layers for its entire length. d) It lacks a circular muscularis. e) It is much thicker proportionally than that of the digestive tract.

efferent arteriole

Where does blood flow immediately after it leaves the glomerulus in the renal corpuscle? a) efferent arteriole b) peritubular capillaries c) afferent or efferent arteriole, depending on which side of the glomerulus the blood is flowing d) cortical radiate veins e) afferent arteriole

granular cells

Which cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus secrete the hormone renin podocytes mesangial cells macula densa granular cells

adrenal

Which gland sits atop each kidney? pituitary pancreas interlobar gland adrenal

nephron loop of juxtamedullary nephrons

Which of the following is found exclusively in the renal medulla? a cortical radiate arteries b) nephron loop of juxtamedullary nephrons c) proximal convoluted tubules d) peritubular capillaries

the nephron loop

Which of the following is not found in the renal corpuscle? glomerular capsule the glomerulus podocytes the nephron loop

glucose

Which of the following is not normally found in urine? creatinine urea glucose uric acid

granular cells

Which of the following is not part of the filtration membrane? capillary endothelium filtration slit diaphragm basement membrane granular cells

collecting duct

Which of the following portions of the nephron is found in both the renal cortex and medulla? distal convoluted tubule proximal convoluted tubule collecting duct renal corpuscle

evaporation

Which of the following processes does not participate in the production of urine in the kidney? evaporation resorption filtration secretion

collecting duct

Which of the following regions of the nephron is most likely to be found in the renal medulla? collecting duct distal convoluted tubule proximal convoluted tubule glomerulus

urea: results from breakdown of amino acids during normal recycling of the body's proteins

Which of these nitrogenous wastes produced by the kidneys are correctly paired with the original substance and process from which it is derived? a) uric acid: derives from breakdown of a molecule in muscle that stores energy for manufacture of ATP b) urea: results from breakdown of amino acids during normal recycling of the body's proteins c) creatinine: results from turnover of nucleic acids d) All choices are correctly paired. e) No choice is correctly paired.

segmental artery, interlobar artery, arcuate artery, cortical radiate artery, afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, peritubular capillary

Which of these sequences correctly traces arterial blood as it flows from the renal artery to the renal cortex? a) segmental artery, arcuate artery, interlobar artery, cortical radiate artery, efferent arteriole, peritubular capillary, afferent arteriole, glomerulus b) interlobar artery, segmental artery, cortical radiate artery, peritubular capillary, afferent arteriole, efferent arteriole, glomerulus, arcuate artery c) arcuate artery, interlobar artery, segmental artery, cortical radiate artery, peritubular capillary, efferent arteriole, afferent arteriole, glomerulus d) segmental artery, interlobar artery, arcuate artery, cortical radiate artery, afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, peritubular capillary e) None of the listed choices is correct.

distal convoluted tubule / simple cuboidal epithelium with long microvilli

Which region of the urinary system is NOT correctly paired with its epithelial tissue? a) urinary bladder / transitional epithelium b) distal convoluted tubule / simple cuboidal epithelium with long microvilli c) parietal layer of the glomerular capsule / simple squamous epithelium d) mid-urethra (particularly in males) / pseudostratified columnar epithelium e) thin segment of the nephron loop (loop of Henle)/ simple squamous epithelium f) distal end of the urethra / stratified squamous epithelium

proximal convoluted tubule; simple cuboidal epithelium with long microvilli

Which section of the renal tubule is most active in secretion and resorption? What type of epithelium is located in this region? a) glomerular capsule; podocytes in the visceral layer and simple squamous epithelium in the parietal layer b) nephron loop (loop of Henle); simple squamous epithelium c) proximal convoluted tubule; simple cuboidal epithelium with long microvilli d) distal convoluted tubule; simple cuboidal epithelium

descending limb of the nephron loop

Which segment of the nephron has a simple squamous epithelium? a) distal convoluted tubule b) ascending limb of the nephron loop c) descending limb of the nephron loop d) proximal convoluted tubule

external urethral sphincter and levator ani muscle

Which structures serve to voluntarily inhibit urination? a) internal urethral sphincter and coccygeus muscle b) external urethral sphincter and levator ani muscle c) external urethral orifice and external urethral sphincter d) membranous urethra and levator ani muscle

transitional epithelium

Which type of epithelium lines the lumen of the ureter (shown here), urinary bladder, and proximal portions of the urethra? a) stratified squamous epithelium b) transitional epithelium c) columnar epithelium d) stratified cuboidal epithelium

external urethral sphincter

Which urethral sphincter is innervated by somatic (voluntary) motor neurons? external urethral sphincter detrusor muscle uretic sphincter internal urethral sphincter

interlobar arteries

Which vessels lie within the renal columns? cortical radiate arteries segmental arteries arcuate arteries interlobar arteries

interlobar arteries

Which vessels pass through the renal columns as they carry blood toward the glomerular capillaries? segmental arteries interlobar arteries arcuate vein cortical radiate arteries

juxtaglomerular

__________ cells secrete renin in response to falling blood pressure in the afferent arteriole.