Anatomy Chapter 9

fibrous joints

ex: suture, syndesmosis, gomphosis

sagittal suture

example of a synarthrotic fibrous joint

proximal ulna to radius distal humerus to proximal ulna

examples of uniaxial movement permitted at the surfaces of bones can be found at these two articulations

symphyses

fibrocartilage unites bones; resists tension and compression - slightly movable ex: pubic symphysis; intervertebral discs

bursae

fibrous sacs of synovial fluid that decrease friction during movement

articular capsule

joint cavity is enclosed in a two layer capsule 1) fibrous layer - dense irregular CT strength 2) synovial membrane - loose CT MAKES SYNOVIAL FLUID

synovial joint

joint that is richly supplied with sensory nerves - detects pain - have a rich blood supply - contain articular disc _ occur in temporomandibular joint and knee joint - lubricating device

gliding angular movement rotation

movements allowed by synovial joints

syndesmoses

type of fibrous joint bones are connected by ligaments fibrous tissues vary in length ex: tibiofibular joint (immovable synarthrosis) interosseous membrane (between radius and ulna)

sutures

type of fibrous joint bones are tightly bound by a minimal amount of fibrous tissue *occur only in the skull* synostoses = closed

gomphoses

type of fibrous joint tooth in socket PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT

flexion extension

uniaxial movement a cylinder-shaped bone articulating with a trough-shaped bone would exhibit

rotation

uniaxial movement the atlas to axis joint would exhibit what type of movement

shoulder joint

MOST FREELY MOVABLE JOINT articular capsule is thin and loose muscle tendons contribute to stability

ankylosing spondylitits

affects more males than females begins in the sacroiliac joint vertebrae become interconnected

gomphosis

a joint between a tooth and its socket

synovial fluid

a joint capsule (articular capsule) has two layers. the function of the capsule's internal layer is to produce ______ main function: lubrication

uniaxial movement

a person curls his or her finger and the phalanges flex at the interphalangeal joints is an example of what type of movement

sternoclavicular joint

a saddle joint four ligaments surround the joint performs multiple complex movements

tendon sheath

an elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon

synovial fluid

arises from capillaries in synovial membrane contains glycoprotein molecules secreted by fibroblasts weeping lubrication - pressure on joints squeezes ________ into and out of articular cartilage

plane joint

articular surfaces are flat short gliding movements are allowed movements are nonaxial

pivot joint

atlastoaxis joint movements are uniaxial rotating bone turns only around its long axis

rheumatoid arthritis

autoimmune disease affects more women than men includes muscle weakness, heart and blood vessel problems, and joint inflammation

condylar joint

biaxial movement - back and forth: flexion and extension - side to side: abduction and adduction ex: knuckle joints

cartilaginous joints

bones are united by cartilage two types: 1) synchondroses 2) symphyses ex: pubic symphysis; vertebral disc

lyme disease

caused by spirochetes transmitted by ticks that live on deer and mice treated with antibiotics

angular movements

change of angle between bones - increase or decrease include: - flexion & extension - abduction and adduction - circumduction

saddle joint

concave to convex surfaces biaxial movement flexion & extension ex: carpometacarpal joint of thumb 1

temporomandibular joint

contains articular disc, allows hinge, elevation, depression, and later excursion movements

hinge joint

cylindrical end of one bone fits into a trough on another bone movements are uniaxial ex: elbow, ankle

chondromalacia patellae

damage to and softening of the cartilage occurs on the posterior surface of the patella and anterior surface of the distal femur

arthritis

describes over 100 kinds of joint damaging diseases 1) osteoarthritis - most common "wear and tear" 2) rheumatoid - chronic inflammatory 3) gouty - uric acid buildup

mesenchyme

from what tissue do synovial joints develop in the embryo - mesenchyme - hyaline cartilage - dense regular CT - dense irregular CT

diarthoses

functional classification of a joint freely movable; common in appendicular skeleton (all synovial joints)

synarthroses

functional classification of a joint immovable; common in axial skeleton

amphiarthroses

functional classification of a joint slightly movable; common in axial skeleton

ankle joint

hinge joint between united distal ends of tibia and fibula and the talus

elbow joint

hinge joint tendons of the biceps brachii and triceps brachii provide stability allows flexion and extension

synovial joints

houses articular cartilage DEVELOP FROM MESENCHYME MOST MOVABLE all are DIARTHROSES ex: ball and socket, ribs

synchondroses

hyaline cartilage unites bone ex: epiphyseal plates; joint between first rib and mandubrium

laterally

in abduction of the fingers, the fifth finger moves medially and the second finger moves

flexion extension

in uniaxial movement, at the elbow joint, the movement allowed is

tendonitis

inflammation of a tendon sheath

knee joint

largest and most complex joint hinge joint has some capacity for rotation when leg is flexed contains the femoropatellar joint - allows patella to glide

weeping

lubrication is the process by which synovial fluid is squeezed out of articular cartilage under pressure and then rushes back into the articular cartilage when pressure on a join ceases

syndesmoses

most joints contain cartilage. If damaged, which type of joint will NOT benefit from an autologous cartilage implantation - synchondrosis - syndesmoses - synovial - symphyses

rotation

movement around a bone's long axis - only movement allowed between atlas and axis vertebrae occurs: shoulder and hip

multiaxial joints

movement in more than two axes is permitted

bone ends attached by collagen

not a characteristic of synchondrosis - not highly movable - composed of hyaline cartilage - absence of a joint cavity - bone ends attached by collagen

shoulder separation

occurs at the acromioclavicular joint

shoulder dislocation

occurs between the head of the humerus and the glenoid labrum

gliding joints

one bone across the surface of another occurs: carpals, vertebrae, tarsals

joint cavity

part of the structure of a synovial joint unique to synovial joints cavity is a potential space that holds a small amount of synovial fluid

arthroplasty

process of replacing diseased joint with an artificial joint

joints

rigid elements of the skelton enables resistance to crushing, tearing, and other force

glenohumeral joint

shoulder rotator cuff muscle tendons help hold joint together

eversion

special movement turns sole of foot laterally

inversion

special movement turns sole of foot medially

supination

special movements forearm rotates laterally, palm faces anteriorly

pronation

special movements forearm rotates medially, palm faces posteriorly - brings radius across the ulna

elevation

special movements lifting a body part superiorly

depression

special movements moving the elevated part inferiorly

protraction

special movements nonangular movement anteriorly

retraction

special movements nonangular movement posteriorly

ball and socket joint

spherical head of one bone fits into round socket of another movements are multiaxial ex: shoulder and hip

hip joint

stabilized by an iliofemoral ligament, a pubofemoral ligament and an ischiofemoral ligament

wrist joint

stabilized by numerous ligaments composed of radiocarpal and intercarpal joint

bursitis

student's elbow is an example of

dorsiflexion

the foot is lifted so its superior surface approaches the shin

cartilaginous

the general structural type of joint between intervertebral discs is _______

true

the interosseous membrane is a type of syndesmosis

opposition

the special movement that allows humans to grasp objects by touching the thumb to the tips of other fingers

capsular ligaments

thickened parts of the joint capsule itself

gouty arthritis

uric acid levels rise and precipitate as solid crystals in synovial membranes more common in males than in females articulating bones may fuse

osteoarthritis

wear and tear arthritis affects articular cartilages; bone spurs develop around damaged cartilage

nonaxial movement

what type of movement describes - vertebral processes gliding past one another - flat bones sliding past one another - movement between adjacent carpal bones

synostosis

when the fibrous tissue of sutures ossifies the resulting joint is called a

ligaments have relatively poor circulation

which factor might best account for the poor healing of the ACL - joint capsule has poor circulation - the knee has poor circulation - ligaments have relatively poor circulation - cartilage has poor circulation

between the sternum and rib 1

which of the following locations is a cartilaginous joint - between the sternum and rib 1 - between the transverse articular processes of vertebrae - between tarsals - the sacroiliac joint

synchondrosis; amphiarthrosis

which of the response pairs listed below does NOT correctly pair the joint category with its functional degree of mobility - synovial; diarthrosis - suture; synarthrosis - symphysis; amphiarthrosis - synchondrosis; amphiarthrosis