Anatomy Final

The parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system will be handling the digestive processes. The specific organs involved are the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine, and gall bladder. The parasympathetic stimuli simulate the secretion of gastric juices and peristalsis in the stomach. It also plays a role is secretions and motility in the large and small intestines and it controls the sphincters. The gall bladder expels bile in response to the parasympathetic nervous system.

Ch. 15: It is Thanksgiving, and you've just eaten a huge turkey dinner with all of the trimmings. Now you're going to watch the football game on TV. Which division of the nervous system will be handling your body's after-dinner activities? List the specific organs involved and the effects of the nervous system on their functions.

The pacinian corpuscles (small oval bodies sensitive to pressure) transfer the elicited tickle sensation to the free nerve endings that respond to pain and touch. Then it is transferred to the anterolateral portion of the medial lemniscuses pathway, which connects with the cerebellum. The impulse will end in the somatosensory area in the brain.

Ch. 16: Dana was laughing uncontrollably; her brother had her by the leg and was tickling her foot. How does her brain know that her foot is being tickled? Explain the specific pathway involved.

Yes. Fred likely has cataracts, a disease in which the proteins build up in the lens of the eye. This prevents light from coming into the eye which hinders the amount of rods and cones being stimulated. The risk factors of this disease are smoking and prolonged sunlight exposure like Fred experienced on his boat. Cataracts can be treated surgically.

Ch. 17: Fred will be 81 years old on his next birthday. He started working on the fishing boat when he was 15, but lately he's had to let his grandson do the piloting because his vision has gotten so cloudy. Although he's a smoker, his health is generally good, and he's had his blood pressure and intraocular pressure checked. Is it possible that the problem could be with his eyes?

The transplant of pancreas beta cells could serve as a cure because Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune issue which destroys the beta cells. If you replace the beta cells the patient would be able to produce his own insulin, thus not requiring insulin injections.

Ch. 18: A possible treatment being investigated for Type 1 diabetes is the transplantation of only one type of cell into the patient, instead of the entire source organ. What cell type could this be, and from what organ? How could just one cell type provide a cure for diabetes?

The blood coming out of his cut is made up of plasma, red blood cells, platelets, and white blood cells. Plasma is made up of lipids, water, vitamins, minerals, hormones, and glucose. The platelets contain thrombocytes which are essential for blood clotting. The red blood cells are concave discs which contain hemoglobin. Hemoglobin contains iron. White blood cells contain neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, B-cells, and T-cells which all aid the immune system.

Ch. 19: During his anatomy class, Joe cut himself by accident while dissecting a sheep heart. Describe the composition of the red fluid flowing from the cut.

Brian has a HR=55, and the average CO is 5.25 so his SV has to be 0.0955L. If his Cardiac reserve is six times greater when he is working out, we can logically assume his CO would be six larger per minute, so 5.25x6 = 31.5/min.

Ch. 20: Brian, a member of the college track team, volunteered for a study that the exercise physiology class was conducting on the cardiovascular system. His resting heart rate was measured at 55 beats per minute, and he had a normal cardiac output. After strenuous exercise, his cardiac reserve was calculated to be six times the resting value. Brian is in excellent physical condition. Predict his resting CO and SV. What would his CO be during strenuous exercise?

The ductus arteriosus, ductus venosus, and foramen ovale are present in the fetal circulatory system but absent in the adult circulatory system. These all change at birth. The foramen ovale changes due to the decreased pressure from the placenta. The ductus arteriosus changes due to reduced pulmonary vascular resistance. The ductus venosus changes to the ligamentum venosum in adults.

Ch. 21: What structures that are present in the fetal circulation are absent in the adult circulatory system? Why do these changes occur?

This is against the first line of defense, which is venom that is inserted in to the skin, which is non-specific and non-adaptive. The reaction that Ryan's body gave from a bee sting fall under an immune hypersensitivity causing an allergic reaction. There is an anaphylactic reaction (Type 1) to the venom that is released in the bee sting. An IgE antibody is produced and binds to the mast cells, which then release chemicals histamine and serotonin. Some symptoms that may come from this is itching, swelling and hives. First treat with Benadryl to reduce symptoms and stop the allergic reaction. In severe conditions epinephrine may be needed to stop reaction.

Ch. 22: Four-year old Ryan was running barefoot through the grass when he felt a sharp pain and ran crying to his mother about stepping on a "buzzy bug." Mom pulled an insect stinger out of his foot. Thirty minutes later, the sole of Ryan's foot was swollen around the stinger hole and itching. What type of immune response is Ryan exhibiting? What treatments would help to relieve the symptoms?

Kristen may experience hypoxia, which is where there is an oxygen deficiency at the tissue level, which is because of the low oxygen level. Since she is blocking off her breathing passage, her body will no longer be able to do a proper gas exchange which will cause there to be too much CO2 and not enough O2.

Ch. 23: Kristen's mother calls her a "challenging personality," but she really has some other adjectives in mind. Kristen is threatening to hold her breath until she, as she puts it, "turns blue, falls down, and then won't you be sorry!" Does Kristen's mom need to worry about the "won't you be sorry!" statement?

CCK would have very negative effects on the digestive system. An increase in CCK would cause more absorption and more enzymes and bile being produced which would cause food to be digested faster, thus causing an increase in appetite.

Ch. 24: Obesity is a health concern for many people. Suppose that a CCK nasal spray is developed as a weight-loss treatment. How would CCK affect the digestive system and the appetite?

Debbie ate an excess of bread and spaghetti in order to increase her carbohydrate load. These carbs are being transformed into ATP and then being stored for Debbie to use during her race. This process is called carb loading. During the race, Debbie's body will break down the stored carbohydrates in order to release ATP, which her muscles need in order to contract.

Ch. 25: Debbie was training for a marathon. With only one day to go before the big event, she had shortened her morning training run and was loading up on bread and pasta for her last meal. Why is Debbie eating lots of bread and spaghetti? What metabolic processes are taking place in her body?

The external sphincter at the end of her bladder will help her hold the urine. This sphincter is under voluntary control most of the time, but the internal urethral sphincter is involuntary. If there is too much pressure on the internal urethral sphincter, then the involuntary control with overpower the voluntary control of the external sphincter, causing her to wet her pants.

Ch. 26: While traveling on the highway, little Caitlin told her father to stop the car "Now! I'm so full I'm gonna burst!" Her dad thinks she can make it to the next rest stop. What structures of the urinary bladder and urethra will help her "hold it"?