★anatomy final exam★
Physical trauma to a body organ is known as blunt trauma. Organs in which body cavity account for most blunt trauma injuries?
Abdominal cavity
Which of the following cavities is NOT associated with the urinary bladder?
Abdominal cavity
Which body cavity can be further subdivided into quadrants and regions?
Abdominopelvic
What connective tissue is commonly called fat?
Adipose
What part of axis (C2) allows you to pivot your head left and right as if to say "no?"
Dens
Tendons and ligaments are classified as___________
Dense connective (regular fibrous) tissue
Jacinda tore her Achilles (calcaneal) tendon during a recent track meet. She has injured_____________
Dense connective tissue
What does the term "dense" in "dense irregular connective tissue" refer to?
Density of fibers
Which of these statements describes the papillary layer of the skin?
Dermal papillae contain capillary loops to nourish the epidermis
If someone sitting at the other end of a bar is smoking, you may still breathe in some of the smoke. What process involves the movement of the smoke awav from its source?
Diffusion
Nutrients reach the surface of the skin (epidermis) through the process of_________
Diffusion
Each organ system is composed of several organs. In which system is the esophagus found?
Digestive
Which two organ systems include the pancreas?
Digestive and endocrine system
Which of these carries out the commands of a homeostatic control center?
Effector
What fiber type permits areolar connective tissue to retain a degree of flexibility?
Elastic
Glands, such as the thyroid, that secrete their products so that they directly diffuse into the blood rather than through ducts are classified as____________
Endocrine
Because fair-skinned George suffers from frequent sunburns and has tested positive for the human herpesvirus 1, he is at a high risk for having an outbreak of human herpesvirus 1. In spite of the high risk, George does not have outbreaks of cold sores. George is protected by very active_____________
Epidermal dendritic cells
A little girl on the playground fell and scraped her knee. You notice her knee shows no signs of bleeding. Therefore, this must be only a superficial scrape to the___________
Epidermis
Where is stratified squamous epithelium found in the body?
Epidermis, lining of the vagina, lining of the esophagus
A fracture in the_____________can impair the lengthwise growth of bones in a child.
Epiphyseal plate
You're assisting with an exam for a young boy who broke the distal ends of his fibula and tibia. The physician examined the X-ray and discussed the evaluation with the family. The conversation focused on the potential loss of lengthwise growth at the broken end of the boy's bones. From this information, you assess the break must have affected the_____________
Epiphyseal plate
What term refers to the end of a long bone?
Epiphysis
What characteristic is shared by both cardiac and smooth muscle tissue?
Involuntary contractions
Which of these is a typical characteristic of the female pelvis
Ischial spines that are short and farther apart
In general, to maintain homeostasis the relationship between our intracellular extracellular fluids should be what?
Isotonic to eachother
What is the significance of granulation tissue?
It formed during tissue repair
Which system covers the external surface of the body and protects deeper tissues?
Integumentary system
The skin prevents the loss of body fluids from evaporation. Which function necessary for life does this describe?
Maintaining boundaries
The spinal cord is best described as
Medial
The surgeon created an opening in the chest during surgery. The incision was made along a plane that equally separated the right and left halves of the thoracic cavity. This section is known as a(n)___________
Median (midsagittal) section
What necessary function does muscle contraction contribute to the human body?
Movement
The skeletal muscles that contract and shorten to move the bones form the_______system
Muscular
Which of the following systems is matched most accurately to the life function it provides?
Nervous system-responsiveness
Which of these regions is NOT associated with the ventral (anterior) portion of the head?
Occipital
Which of the following levels of organization is inclusive of all others?
Organ system level
Which statement describes the position of the hands in the anatomical position?
Palms toward the front
Which of the following is visible when viewing the anterior of a human body in anatomical position?
Patellar region
Which of these internal bod cavities is the most inferior?
Pelvic cavity
The sural region is _______to the crural region
Posterior
What type of sensor monitors and responds to changes in the environment in a negative feedback loop?
Receptor
Which term best characterizes the concept of homeostasis?
Relatively stable internal environment
The ability to sense a mosquito landing on your arm and swat it away is described as_______
Responsiveness (irritability)
What is the major function of the lymphatic system?
Return leaked fluids back to the cardiovascular system so there is enough blood to circulate
In what quadrant is the gallbladder located?
Right upper quadrant
A young child sustained a baseball hit to his cranial cavity. Which bones were fractured?
Skull
Which body cavity subdivision is part of the dorsal cavity?
Spinal cavity
The dorsal body cavity houses the________
Spinal cord and brain
Which of these body parts is distal to the crural region?
Tarsal region
Which of these is an example of physiology?
The liver produces many of the blood proteins
True or false? Synovial membrane occurs in pairs with a parietal and visceral layer.
False
True or false? The ABCDE rule is used for classifying burns.
False
True or false? The digestive system is often called the excretory system for its role in removing nitrogen-containing wastes from the body
False
True or false? The epidermis is made mostly of dense (fibrous) connective tissue.
False
True or false? The hypogastric (pubic) region is directly superior to the umbilical region.
False
True or false? The last two pairs of ribs are called true ribs because they have no attachments to the sternum.
False
True or false? The spinal cavity is part of the ventral body cavity.
False
True or false? The spinal cord passes through the body of each vertebra.
False
True or false? The tarsal region is proximal to the patellar region.
False
True or false? Two basic types of bone tissue are compact bone and smooth bone.
False
True or false? When an individual is exposed to extremely low air temperatures, the capillaries of the skin will swell so that blood will flush into skin capillary beds, and heat will radiate
False
The central region of the thoracic cavity containing the heart is called the_________
Mediastinum
What skin disorder is recognized using the ABCDE rule?
Melanoma
Which type of skin cancer the least common but is the cause of most skin-cancer-related deaths?
Melanoma
Which structures are located in the epidermis?
Merkel cells or discs
Which bones form the palm of the hand
Metacarpal bones
Which bones are associated with the palm of the Hand
Metacarpals
A primary active transport process is one in which___________
Molecules move through transport proteins that have been activated by ATP
Which of the following best explains diffusion?
Movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
What is the function of cilia?
Movement of something across the cells surface
Which of the following membranes lines all body cavities that are open to the exterior?
Mucous
What type of membrane is composed of epithelium resting on the lamina propria, a loose connective tissue membrane?
Mucous membrane
Which of the following is most likely to move through the cell membrane by facilitated diffusion?
Na+
Irritability and conductivity are the two major functional characteristics of___________
Nervous tissue
Which type of tissue is insulated, supported, and protected by neuroglia?
Nervous tissue
What are two types of endocytosis?
Phagocytosis and pinocytosis
What separates the intracellular fluid from the extracellular fluid?
Plasma membrane
When a person is severely burned, fluid accumulates in pockets of skin called blisters. Which of the following cellular structures has been damaged and is the ultimate cause of fluid accumulation?
Plasma membrane
Which of these terms refers to a body area found on the dorsal surface?
Popliteal
Milk production increases during breastfeeding when a newborn suckles from his mother's nipple. This type of feedback mechanism in which the stimulus pushes milk production farther from its original value best describes_________
Positive feedback
A tissue on your lab exam has an apical surface and basement membrane. You observe multiple layers. The cells near the apical surface are flattened cells while those near the basement membrane are cuboidal or columnar in appearance. You identify it as transitional epithelium but later learn it was actually stratified squamous epithelial tissue. What key feature in the description of this tissue makes your answer incorrect?
Presence of flattened cells near the apical surface
What is required for filtration to occur?
Pressure gradient
What causes the pain associated with a herniated disc?
Pressure on spinal nerves by the protruding disc
What is the function of the keratin found within skin cells?
Prevents water loss
The sodium potassium pump uses ATP to move sodium and potassium ions across the plasma membrane. This statement describes________
Primary active transport
What is the function of stratified squamous epithelium?
Protection
What assists the movement of substances that travel by facilitated diffusion?
Protein carrier or channel
What type of vertebrae have openings in their transverse processes that guide the vertebral arteries up toward the brain?
Cervical
Which spinal curvature develops as an infant begins to hold up his or her head?
Cervical
From superior to inferior, what is the correct order of the vertebrae?
Cervical, thoracic, and lumbar
What type of membrane provides lubrication to the pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities?
Serous membrane
A patient with a brain injury shows no signs of being able to move any part of his body. What would you recommend to determine if his brain shows any signs of responsiveness (irritability)?
Shine a light in his eyes to see if his pupils constrict
Cube-shaped bones that contain mostly spongy bone are called___________bones
Short
The specific type of epithelial tissue found lining organs of the digestive system such as the small intestine is_________
Simple columnar
A single layer of tall rectangular cells best describes which of the following?
Simple columnar epithelium
A tissue constructed of a single layer of flattened cells is known as__________
Simple squamous epithelium
What tissue is specialized for the rapid diffusion of gases and nutrients across its cells?
Simple squamous epithelium
Which of the following best describes pseudostratified epithelium?
Single layer of cells with various heights
Aileen's grandmother has a mole on her scalp with bluish-black colorations and irregular borders. She dismisses it as a squamous cell carcinoma and predicts her dermatologist will freeze it off like the ones she's had previously. Aileen disagrees and believes it's a melanoma. Recommend an additional sign or symptom that will support a melanoma diagnosis.
Size of the lesion
Which of the following is not classified as a connective tissue?
Skeletal muscle
The muscular system consists of the_____
Skeletal muscles
Vitiligo is a skin disorder characterized by the loss of skin pigmentation. Evaluate the following findings from various skin slides (from arm skin), and select the sample from a patient with vitiligo
Slide b had no melanin present in the epidermis
Which is least likely to increase the rate of diffusion?
Small concentration gradient
What muscle tissue has no visible striations and is found in the walls of hollow organs.
Smooth
The type of muscle found in the walls of hollow organs, such as the stomach, and in the walls of blood vessels is___________
Smooth muscle
Which bone of the cranium contains a small depression that surrounds the pituitary gland?
Sphenoid bone
While playing soccer, Lauren received a ragged fracture to her fibula due to twisting her leg. This type of fracture is____________
Spiral fracture
Which of these bones is part of the axial skeleton?
Sternum
Which of these is a function of the skeletal system?
Storage site for calcium
In adults, the function of the yellow marrow is to__________
Store adipose tissue
Having multiple layers of flat cells against a free surface describes which of the following?
Stratified squamous epithelium
What type of tissue makes up the epidermis of the skin?
Stratified squamous epithelium
stratified squamous epithelium
Stratified squamous epithelium
Which laver of the epidermis is composed of flattened, dead, keratin-filled cells?
Stratum Corneum
Which layer of the epidermis forms the nail bed?
Stratum básale
Which of these layers directly connects to the dermis?
Stratum básale
The main function of the respiratory system is to______
Supply the body with oxygen and remove carbon dioxide
What are the primary functions of areolar connective tissue.
Supports epithelium, connects different tissue types
The_________membrane lines the fibrous capsule surrounding joints.
Synovial
Which of the following reduces friction in movable joints, such as the knee?
Synovial fluid
Which membrane is composed of areolar connective tissue and NOT an epithelial tissue?
Synovial membrane
To perform heart surgery, an incision is made into the__________cavity
Thoracic
What cavity is superior to the diaphraqm?
Thoracic
Where is simple cuboidal epithelium found in the body?
Thyroid follicles and kidney tubules
Groups of cells that are similar in both structure and function are known as___________
Tissue
A microscopic image shows many cube-shaped cells forming a tube or duct. What level of structural organization is this?
Tissue level
Which type of tissue is NOT readily repaired if damaged?
Tissues whose mature cells are amitotic
How is the rule of nines used by a clinician?
To estimate fluid lost by the body by determining the extent of burns
Which type of tissue is situated in the lining of the urinary bladder and urethra where stretching occurs?
Transitional epithelium
Which type of plane separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity?
Transverse (cross)
An outpatient is having a scan performed to check for lung cancer. The lung should be scanned showing the lungs image in a left to right view. What type of plane do you recommend?
Transverse (cross) plane
The diaphragm creates a_________section by dividing the ventral body cavity into superior and inferior subdivisions
Transverse (cross).
T/f The matrix of hyaline cartilage consists of abundant collagen fibers hidden in a rubbery matrix.
True
True or false the medial malleolus of the tibia and lateral malleolus of the fibula form the two parts of the an,d
True
True or false? Active processes, such as solute pumping, use ATP
True
True or false? Apocrine gland secretions are normally odorless, and may be milky or yellowish in color
True
True or false? Apocrine glands are associated with hair follicles in the armpit and genital regions.
True
True or false? Both serous fluid and synovial fluid serve as lubricants in their respective locations.
True
True or false? In anatomical position, a person is assumed to be standing erect.
True
True or false? Most homeostatic control mechanisms are negative feedback mechanisms.
True
True or false? Nails and hair are both composed of keratin.
True
True or false? Sebaceous glands and sweat glands are cutaneous glands associated with the skin.
True
True or false? Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle cells are cells that move organs and body parts.
True
True or false? Smoking and sunlight contribute to the loss of elasticity in the skin as we age.
True
True or false? Squamous cell carcinoma arises from cells of the stratum spinosum
True
True or false? Survival needs include nutrients, oxygen, water, and appropriate temperature and atmospheric pressure.
True
True or false? Teeth are anchored in the maxillary bones and the mandible.
True
True or false? The arrangement of lamellae around central (Haversian) canals forms osteons (Haversian systems).
True
True or false? The arrector pili muscle contracts and pulls hairs upright when we are cold or frightened
True
True or false? The cardiovascular and lymphatic systems work together to ensure blood circulation to the body's cells is adequate.
True
True or false? The connective tissue composing the dermis is made of two regions: the papillary and the reticular areas.
True
True or false? The intervertebral discs that cushion the spine and absorb shock are composed of fibrocartilage.
True
True or false? The majority of the cells in the epidermis are keratinocytes.
True
True or false? The regional term pedal refers to the foot.
True
True or false? The rule of nines is used to estimate how much of the body surface is burned
True
True or false? The skeletal system is divided into two parts: the axial skeleton, the bones that form the longitudinal axis of the body, and the appendicular skeleton, the bones of the limbs and girdles that attach them to the skeleton.
True
True or false? The stomach is an example of an organ; therefore, it is made of different types of tissues.
True
True or false? There are seven cervical, twelve thoracic, and five lumbar vertebrae.
True
Which tvpe of rib connects directly to the sternum by way of costal cartilage?
True ribs only
What is the only body system that contains transitional epithelium?
Urinary system
A physician estimates the volume of fluid lost in a severely burned patient by___________
Using the "rule of nines"
Which body cavity includes all others?
Ventral cavity
The two major internal body cavities are the_________cavity and the________cavity
Ventral; dorsal
The white, cheesy-looking substance that is produced by the sebaceous glands and protects a baby's skin while it is floating in its water-filled sac inside the mother is called_____________
Vernix caseosa
What bones protect the spinal cord?
Vertebrae
Which important metabolic compound is produced by skin cells?
Vitamin D
Which vitamin is synthesized by the skin?
Vitamin D
What happens when body cells are placed in a hypertonic solution?
Water leaves the cells and the cells shrink
How would you interpret a micrograph that shows a cuboidal cell without a nucleus?
When preparing the slide, the blade did not cut through the nucleus
Which of the following could create an open, or compound, fracture?
When the broken bone penetrates through the skin
underlying the epidermis, the epithelium of the esophagus, and the epithelium of the trachea
Where areolar connective tissue is found in the body
Forms thin encasements around many organs and deep regions of the dermis
Where dense irreqular connective tissue is found in the body
Lining of the proximal portion of the urethra; lining of the ureters; lining of the urinary bladder
Where transitional epithelium found in the body
Secretions from goblet cells are released from the apical surface of a cell. The apical surface is sometimes covered with cilia. The apical surface is closest to or on the luminal surface.
apical surface
Simple cuboidal epithelium consists of a single layer of cube-shaped cells; is found next to free space called the lumen; frequently forms tubular or spherical structures in the body.
characteristics of simple cuboidal epithelium
the pull of gravity and muscles on the skeleton and calcium ion levels in the blood
determines where bone matrix will be remodeled
What is housed in a lacuna of compact bone tissue?
An osteocyte
Each complex of central canal and matrix rings in compact bone is known as___________
An osteon (haversian system)
A patient previously had abdominal surgery and has a scar from a transverse (cross) section. Now, he'll have another surgery that requires a parasagittal section, which will intersect the transverse section. What will his scars look like when his surgical incision heals? Assume this patient is in anatomical position.
+
The axial skeleton contains 1. skull 2. scapula 3. true and false ribs 4. vertebrae 5. phalanges
1,3, and 4
Place these body regions in order from superior (proximal) to inferior (distal): 1. coxal 2. tarsal 3. femoral 4. crural 5. patellar
1:3:5:4:2
Select all of the regions of the abdominopelvic cavity that are medial. 1) right iliac (inguinal) region 2) epigastric region 3) hypogastric region 4) left lumbar region 5) left hypochondriac region
2 and 3
Toya stepped on a tack while barefoot. It pierced all the way into the dermis. Through which strata of the epidermis did the tack pierce, from superficial to deep? 1. Stratum basale 2. Stratum Corneum 3. Stratum granulosum 4. Stratum lucidum 5. Stratum spinosum
2,4,3,5,1
There are four stages in the healing of a bone fracture. Which of the following best illustrates the sequence of these stages? 1. bony callus formation 3. fibrocartilage callus formation 2. bone remodeling 4. hematoma formation
4,3,1,2
What step occurs first in the embryonic development of most bones?
A bony collar forms
Which of the following conditions is most likely to result in permanent hair loss?
A family history of baldness
A needle performing a biopsy of lung tissue would travel through the serous membrane layers surrounding the lung in the following order____________
A needle performing a biopsy of lung tissue would travel through the serous membrane layers surrounding the lung in the following order____________
Which of the following is an indication of melanoma?
A pigmented spot that contains areas of different colors
A genetic switch turns on graying hair in response to________
Age
A football player broke a bone in the tarsal region. This region is in the________
Ankle
Ventral is a directional term synonymous with__________in humans
Anterior
Which directional term best describes the location of the human nose?
Anterior
Which of the following orientation and directional terms have the same meaning (in humans)?
Anterior and ventral
Bone growth in width that occurs due to weight lifting at age 40 is most likely__________
Appositional growth
What is required for osmosis to occur?
Aquaporins
What type of tissue covers the epiphysis of bones and reduces friction in the joints?
Articular cartilage
Where is the basement membrane located?
At the boundary between connective tissue and epithelium
Which of the following represents the chemical level of structure in the human body?
Atoms
Due to the cast placed on her broken leg, Kinsley's muscles have decreased in size. Which term best describes how her muscles have been affected?
Atrophy
The skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage form the_____________skeleton
Axial
The skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage form the_________skeleton
Axial
Which of the following is the least malignant and most common skin cancer that affects the cells of stratum basale?
Basal cell carcinoma
Which of the following is an example of a homeostatic imbalance?
Being sick with the flu
A nurse tends to a patient with a sunburn. Upon examination, she sees blisters and red, swollen skin. The patient complains of pain. What feature of this burn distinguishes it from a first-degree burn?
Blisters
What is the function of red bone marrow?
Blood cell formation
The major organs of the skeletal system are the________
Bones, cartilages, and joints
There are three types of skin cancers. Which one(s) are derived from epithelial cells of the epidermis?
Both types of carcinomas (basal cell and squamous cell)
What forms the hard matrix of osseous tissue (bone)?
Calcium salts
Which of the following hormones is currently thought to decrease plasma calcium levels in pregnant women and children
Calitonin
Small canals that connect osteocytes in their lacunae to the central canal are known as___________
Canalículi
Which type of muscle is characterized by the presence of striations and intercalated discs?
Cardiac muscle
The heart and blood vessels are the primary organs of the________system?
Cardiovascular
Which of these regions is distal to the antebrachial region?
Carpal region
The presence of chondrocytes indicates that a tissue is________
Cartilage
Which type of connective tissue is avascular?
Cartilage
Which of the following is the smallest unit of all living things?
Cell
Which description is best for transitional epithelium?
Cells that are more cuboidal in a relaxed state but more squamous when stretched
What is not required for osmosis to occur?
Cellular energy
The canal that runs through the core of each osteon (Haversian system) is the________
Central (haversian) canal
Melanin is a protein pigment that protects us from ultraviolet radiation. What level of structural organization is the classification of melanin?
Chemical level
The major cell type of cartilage is the___________
Chondrocyte
Which of these bones is the most inferior
Coccyx
What is the dominant fiber type found in dense irregular connective tissue?
Collagen
What are the fiber types found in the two forms of dense regular connective tissue?
Collagen and elastic
In what type of fracture is the bone broken into many fraqments?
Comminuted
A bone fracture that results in the bone being broken into many fragments is a_____________
Comminuted fracture
What characteristic does NOT describe a goblet cell.
Component of a mucous gland
What is required for simple diffusion to occur?
Concentration gradient
What function do the arrector pili muscles serve?
Connect each side of the hair follicle to dermal tissue
A large amount of extracellular material is a characteristic of which type of tissue?
Connective tissue
The tissue that is usually well vascularized and has an extensive extracellular matrix is called__________
Connective tissue
The type of tissue that functions to protect, support, insulate, and cushion together body tissues are classified as_________
Connective tissues
What causes hair to stand up and the skin to dimple when one is cold or frightened?
Contraction of arrector pili muscles
The outermost layer of the epidermis is keratinized and known as stratum__________
Corneum
The only dry membrane is the____________
Cutaneous membrane
Mountain climbers frequently experience a bluing of the skin at elevations above 2,500 meters. This bluing of the skin is known as____________
Cyanosis
Which of the following letters in the ABCDE rule for recognizing melanomas is incorrect?
D stands for diagnosis
When correctly situated in anatomical position, where are your feet in relation to your knees?
Distal
Passive processes that move substances across membranes_______
Do not require ATP
Which glands play a role in thermoregulation?
Eccrine glands
True or false? Phospholipid tails are hydrophilic and are attracted to water.
False
Which type of tissue is most likely to repair itself if injured?
Epithelial tissue
Which of the following is not a hallmark feature of epithelial tissues?
Epithelial tissues are well vascularized
What type of tissue has cells that are tightly packed, sits on a basement membrane, is avascular, and is easily regenerated?
Epithelium
The sebaceous and sweat glands associated with the skin are classified as_____________glands because they release secretions to the skin's surface via ducts.
Exocrine
A vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane and releases it contents to the extracellular fluid. This statement describes________
Expcytosis
The orbital cavities house the_______
Eyes
Some transport processes use transport proteins in the plasma membrane, but do not require ATP. This type of transport is known as________
Facilitated diffusion
The majority of water molecules moving across plasma membranes by osmosis do so via a process that is most similar to_________
Facilitated diffusion
What process permits absorption of glucose into cells?
Facilitated diffusion
Which of the following processes require the use of protein carrier molecules?
Facilitated diffusion and solute pumping
True or false? A newborn baby has an S-shaped spinal curvature known as a primary curvature
False
True or false? Cells are the building blocks of all matter
False
True or false? Collagen and elastic fibers are common in the epidermis of the skin.
False
True or false? Diffusion occurs when molecules move against their concentration gradients.
False
True or false? Glands of the nervous system release chemicals called hormones into the blood
False
True or false? Joe just burned his hand on a hot pot. A blister forms and the burn is painful; Joe's burn would best be described as a third-degree, or full-thickness, burn.
False
True or false? Muscle tissue is located in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
False
What does the term "regular" in "dense regular connective tissue" refer to?
Fibers run parallel
Four of the five answers listed below are parts of the same anatomical area. Select the exception.
Fibula
What type of burn only involves injury to the superficial epidermis?
First_degree
What is the function of transitional epithelium.
Flexibility
The fibrous connections between the bones of a fetal skull are______________
Fontanels
Where is dense regular connective tissue found in the body?
Forms tendons and forms part of the wall of large arteries
When we imagine a person exhibiting anatomical position, the palms of the hands are assumed to be facing_____
Forward
Which of these planes would show the heart, lungs, and liver in the same section?
Frontal (coronal) plane
The head of the humerus fits into the _ ____ ___ of the scapula
Glenoid cavity
Which of the following substances must travel across a membrane via facilitated diffusion?
Glucose
Which of these body regions is located on the posterior body surface?
Gluteal
People with asthma produce too much mucus, which can block the airways. What type of cell associated with the epithelium of the respiratory tract is responsible for making mucus?
Goblet cell
What are the visible characteristics of ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
Goblet cells are columnar cells that can be seen interspersed within the tissue The nuclei are found in multiple planes, giving the illusion of multiple cell layers. Cilia project from the apical surface into the lumen.
Which of these bone markings is a projection that serves as a site for muscle or ligament attachment
Greater tubercle
The physician knew her patient was most likely a child before she walked into the examination room because the X-ray revealed a(n)______________
Greenstick fracture
Where does hair growth occur?
Hair matrix
What part of the femur articulates with the acetabulum of the coxal bone?
Head
The body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions is referred to as_______
Homeostatis
What kind of tissue is the forerunner of long bones in the embryo?
Hyaline cartilage
What bone does NOT articulate directly with any other bone?
Hyoid
Which solution contains the most solute?
Hypertonic
A solution that contains fewer solutes than the cell is__________to the cell
Hypotonic
During soccer practice, Sadie tripped and tried to stop her fall with her outstretched arms. Her humerus broke and the broken ends were forced into each other. Sadie suffered a(n)______________facture
Impacted
The Staphylococcus infection of the skin that causes pink, water-filled, raised lesions is known as_____________
Impetigo
What is the basic difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion across a cell membrane?
In facilitated diffusion moles only move with the aid of a transport molecule in the membrane
What is the first stage to occur during tissue repair (wound healing)?
Inflammation
Where are chondrocytes located?
Inside lacunae
Which of the following abnormal skin colors results from liver disorders?
Jaundice
Although you get wet while swimming, which protein makes the epidermis a tough protective layer?
Keratin
Which of these is an organ of the urinary system?
Kidney
Edna tore a ligament in the patellar region and anticipates having difficulty with her_____
Knee
Where is ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium found in the body?
Lining large bronchi, lining the nasal cavity, lining the trachea
Where are mucous membranes found?
Lining the inside of the stomach
Where is simple columnar epithelium found in the body?
Lining the small and large intestine, lining the uterine(fallopian) tubes, lining the stomach
The femur, tibia, humerus, and radius are all classified as__________
Long bones
What type of connective tissue is areolar connective tissue?
Loose connective tissue
Which effect of aging is accelerated by smoking and sun exposure?
Loss of skin elasticity
Which spinal curvature is associated with the lower back and appears when a baby begins to walk?
Lumbar
The white crescent area located over the nail matrix is called the___________
Lúnula
Your 70-year-old grandfather shows signs of loss of hair and some baldness. What age-related disorder do you suspect is the cause?
Male pattern baldness
What term describes an abnormal cell mass that may easily invade surrounding tissues?
Malignant neoplasm
The sternum is the result of fusion of three bones called the______________
Manubrium, body, Xiphoid process
What visual feature sets hyaline cartilage apart from other types of cartilage?
Matriz appears transparent
Which of these bones form the hard palate?
Maxillary and palatine
Some neoplasms are benign while others a malignant. What is true for a malignant neoplasm?
May become a killer due to relentless growth
The epigastric region is_________to the right hypochondriac region of the abdominopelvic cavity.
Medial
Where is hyaline cartilage found in the body?
Nose, trachea, joints
Which cavity would be lined with a mucous membrane?
Oral cavity
The passive process that involves the movement of water through aquaporins is_______
Osmosis
What process does water use to move across the plasma membrane?
Osmosis
The process of bone formation is known as___________
Ossification
What type of bone cell is primarily active when bone growth occurs?
Osteoblast
During the repair of a fracture, which of the following cells form the bony callus?
Osteoblasts
When growing bones widen through appositional growth, what cells add bone matrix to the outside of the diaphysis?
Osteoblasts
After an explosion during a fireworks show, a number of people arrive at the emergency room with burns to their skin. You and a colleague are assessing patients to determine who needs assistance first. Evaluate the signs and symptoms of the following patients and determine whose burn is the most severe.
Patient c has blanced or blackened burned skin
What is the overall effect of a negative feedback mechanism?
Reduces or stops the initial stimulus
Which of these describes the effect of a negative feedback mechanism?
Reduces the intensity of initial stimulus
Damaged tissues that are repaired by the same kind of cells experience a replacement process known as________
Regeneration
Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal system?
Regulation of blood pressure
What body system contains pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
Respiratory system
Which system is most dependent on a normal atmospheric pressure?
Respiratory system
What is the type of connective tissue that is found in lymph nodes, the spleen, and bone marrow.
Reticular connective tissue
Which bones form the shoulder joint
Scapula and humerus
Acne is an infection of the_______________glands
Sebaceous
Which of the following contains chemicals that kill bacteria and prevent bacterial invasions of the skin?
Sebum
Which of the following is a lubricant that keeps skin soft and moist and also contains chemicals that kill bacteria?
Sebum
What are the primary functions of simple columnar epithelium.
Secretion and absorption
What are the primary functions of simple cuboidal epithelium
Secretion and absorption
What are the functions of ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium.
Secretion and movement
The pleura and pericardium are examples of_______membranes that cover organs in a body cavity closed to the exterior
Serous
What is situated between the visceral and parietal pleura?
Serous fluid
Considering the homeostatic control of body temperature when we become too hot, predict what would happen to body temperature if the effector was unable to perform its job.
The body would not be able to reduce the effect of the stimulus
As a forensic technician, you assist with the processing of a crime scene containing a skeleton. Relying upon your anatomy background, evaluate the following feature to support your assessment that the Skelton was female. Which answer choice supports your assessment
The bones of the pelvis are light and thin
How does the formation of a bony callus assist with the process of bone healing after a fracture?
The bony callus is made of spongy bone, which replaces the fibrocartilage callus
Which of these is an example of maintaining boundaries?
The cell membrane controls the movement of substances into or out of the cell
A cell is isotonic to the surrounding 4% dextrose solution. If the cell is moved to a 6% dextrose solution, predict how the cell responds.
The cell will shrink
If a person is severely dehydrated, their extracellular fluids will become hydroponic to the intracellular fluid. What do you predict will happen to the persons cells?
The cells will lose water and shrink
You examined an articulated Skelton in the laboratory and determine the skeleton to be a female since ________
The distance between the female ischial spines is greater than in a male
In reference to the relationship between the patellar and popliteal regions, which of the following statements is correct?
The patellar region is anterior to the popliteal region
What type of burn damages the skin so severely that regeneration of the damaged tissue is NOT possible?
Third_degree burn
Identify the bones that do NOT house a paranasal sinus___________
Zygomatic bones
Which bones are commonly referred to as the cheekbones?
Zygomatic bones
What transport process can create a concentration gradient for sodium across the plasma membrane?
active transport
What is the region of the coxal bone that bears most of the body weight when a person is sitting
ischial tuberosity
Resists stress applied along multiple spatial planes and provides strength
primary functions of dense irregular connective tissue.
Provides strength and durability and resists bidirectional tensions applied along one spatial plane
the primary function(s) of dense regular connective tissue.
provides structural support and provides strength
the primary function(s) of hyaline cartilage.
Multiple types of fibers running in different directions Multiple cell types are present Fibers create an observable woven or web-type pattern
visible characteristics of areolar connective tissue
Fibers create a woven or web-type pattern observable on the slide. Fibroblast nuclei are visible in a sporadic arrangement. Collagen fibers running in different directions
visible characteristics of dense irreqular connective tissue
Collagen fibers or elastic fibers running in the same direction. Fibroblast nuclei are visible, sporadically located between fibers. Very little ground substance and few cells are observable on the slide.
visible characteristics of dense regular connective tissue
There are so many layers of cells that it would be difficult to count them precisely. Stratified squamous epithelium is always adjacent to a free space or lumen. The squamous cells closer to the lumen are flatter while the squamous cells closer to the connective tissue are fuller and rounder.
visible characteristics of stratified squamous epithelium
Neighbors a hollow cavity called the lumen. Rounded apical surfaces that resemble a tombstone shape. Multiple layers of cells.
visible characteristics of transitional epithelium
True or false? Transverse or cross sections divide the body into anterior and posterior parts.
False
Place these components of a homeostatic control system in the proper order. 1) effector 2) efferent pathway 3) receptor 4) control center 5) afferent pathway
3,5,4,2 and 1
What are two organ systems that are involved in the excretion of wastes from the body?
Digestive and urinary
What organ system is responsible for breaking down food into molecules that can be absorbed by the body?
Digestive system
The ______system rids the body of indigestible food residue in feces while the______system removes nitrogen containing metabolic waste in urine
Digestive, urinary
The region that refers to the fingers and toes is the________
Digital region
Blood calcium levels are maintained by a negative feedback homeostatic mechanism. When blood calcium levels rise beyond their set point, a hormone called calcitonin is released by the thyroid gland to lower blood calcium levels back to their set point. What role does the thyroid gland play in this mechanism?
Effector
When our body temperature rises above 37°C or 98°F, a negative feedback mechanism will be triggered to lower the body temperature. As a result, our sweat glands release sweat to cool the body temperature. What part of the negative feedback mechanism is the sweat gland?
Effector
The system that controls and coordinates the body using hormones is the______
Endocrine system
Which organ system is the slow-acting control system of the body?
Endocrine system
The lungs and heart are situated in the_________body cavity.
Thoracic
True or false? The thoracic cavity is separated from the abdominopelvic cavity by the diaphragm
True
The navel is located in the_______region of the abdominopelvic cavity.
Umbilical
A patient in the emergency department complains of pain in her right upper quadrant (RUQ). What organ is least likely to be the cause of her pain?
Urinary bladder
In addition to oxygen and nutrients, what other substance must be taken into the body in order to survive?
Water
What accounts for 60 to 80 percent of the body's weight, depending on the age of the individual?
Water
Which of the following is NOT considered a nutrient?
Water