Anatomy - Final Exam

Apertures through which structures that arise in the axilla pass to the dorsal aspect of the scapula and posterior arm (3)

- Quadrangular space - Triangular space - Triangular interval

What 4 muscles together comprise the Quadriceps femoris?

- Rectus femoris -Vastus lateralis - Vastus medialis - Vastus intermedius

The Os coxae has a relatively rigid attachment to the skeleton via the ___________________ joint, while the scapula enjoys considerable freedom of movement via its attachment to the axial skeleton via the ___________________ joint.

- Sacroiliac - sternoclavicular

Adductor Canal contains ________________________ nerves.

- Saphenous Nerve - Nerve to Vastus Medialis muscle

Name the carpal bones

- Scaphoid - lunate - triquetrum - pisiform - trapezium - trapezoid - capitate - hamate

Hamstring Group (3)

- Semitendinosus - Semimembranosus - Biceps Femoris MM

Supports the knee joint medially (4)

- Semitendinosus - Semimembranosus - Gracilis - Sartorius

When the knee is flexed and the femur is fixed, The Tibia can be rotated medially relative to the femur by the actions of these (3) muscles

- Semitendinosus - Semimembranosus - Popliteal MM

Which 4 muscles are rotator cuff muscles, contributing significantly to the stability of the glenohumeral joint?

- Subscapularis - Supraspinatus - Infraspinatus - Teres minor

Origin: Ischium (3)

- Superior gemellus - Inferior gemellus - Quadratus femoris

Anterior Compartment of the Leg muscles (4)

- Tibialis Anterior - Extensor Digitorum Longus - Extensor Hallucis Longus - Fibularis / Peroneus Tertius

_________________ structures pass from anterior to posterior within the tarsal tunnel

- Tibialis posterior - Flexor digitorum longus - posterior tibial artery - tibial nerve - flexor hallucis longus

What are the 2 most superficial muscles of the back?

- Trapezius - Latissimus dorsi

Trigeminal CN V Branches

- V1 Opthalmic - V2 Maxillary - V3 Mandibular

What is a function of the lower limb?

- Weight, support, and balance of the trunk - Mobility - place to place movement - Protection of organs of digestion, excretion

Loss of innervation to the Trapezius presents as.......

- a drooping shoulder on the affected side - Spinal Accessory CN XI

Why are spinal curvatures important? (extra credit: more than 2)

- balance - flexibility - stress absorption - distribution

The joint capsule is reinforced internally by these inter-articular ligaments of the knee joint (2).

- cruciate ligaments - fibrocartilages (menisci or semilunar cartilages)

Suspend the spinal cord in the middle of the subarachnoid space so as to prevent the spinal cord from physical contact with the bony vertebral canal.

- denticulate ligaments - Also will accept: filum terminale / coccygeal ligament (pia mater specializations)

Vagus CN X Lesion

- difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) due to loss of innervation of Pharyngeal muscles - hoarseness or paralyzation of the vocal fold - loss of gag reflex - loss of cough reflex - drooping palate of the uvula away from the side of the lesion

Action: Gluteus maximus

- extend - laterally rotate thigh - tighten iliotibial tract

Vagus CN X Testing

- listening to the patient's speech - evaluation of swallowing - testing the gag reflex - examination of the Uvula by having the patient say, "Ahhhh."

Which vessel and nerve are vulnerable to traumatic injury because they pass along the external surface of the serratus anterior muscles? (Full credit: 1, Extra credit: 2)

- long thoracic N - lateral thoracic A

The joint capsule of the knee is reinforced externally by these extracapsular ligaments (5).

- patellar ligament - fibular (lateral) collateral ligament - tibial (medial) collateral ligament - oblique popliteal ligament - arcuate popliteal ligament

Facial CN VII Lesion

- result in facial paralysis on the affected side - loss of taste on the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue - dry eye / dry mouth due to loss of parasympathetic innervation of the Submandibular and Sublingual Salivary glands.

Glossopharyngeal CN IX Testing

- stimulate the gag reflex - Look for presence or absence of dry mouth

Loss of innervation to the SCM would present as.......

- weakness in flexion and/or rotation of the neck on the affected side. - Spinal Accessory CN XI

How many thoracic vertebrae?

12

_______________ lumbrical(s) is/are innervated by the medial plantar nerve.

1st

Sensory loss of Deep Fibular Nerve is limited to the skin between the __________________ toes.

1st and 2nd

The blue and green spaces (hypothenar and thenar group) work on _________________________ digits?

1st and 5th

How many branches of the brachial plexus would be lost to completely inhibit supination?

2

A neurological exam assessing dorsiflexion includes a test for the integrity of L4, L5 spinal nerves.

?

In the case of injury to #50 just above, in the case of damage to the ____________ region, the motor deficit would include significant weakness in knee flexion and loss of plantarflexion.

?

_______________________________ muscle (Plantaris or soleus) that is a weak flexor.

?

Where does the brachial artery begin? You have a patient with a particular deficit due to damage to a blood vessel and you want the clinicians with whom you interact to know exactly what artery you are talking about.

Lower border, teres major

Teres Major Innervation

Lower subscapular N

Teres major muscle Innervation

Lower subscapular N

Origin of flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor carpi ulnaris

Medial epicondyle & supracondylar ridge of Humerus

Origin of the pronator teres

Medial epicondyle, proximal ulna

Pectoralis minor muscle Innervation

Medial pectoral N

The first layer of the plantar foot is innervated by the _____________ nerve.

Medial plantar nerve

1st pharyngeal arch muscles (those innervated by Trigeminal CN V3 Mandibular branch)

Medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid, temporalis, masseter, mylohyoid, digastric anterior belly, tensor veli palatini, tensor tympani

Subscapularis - action

Medial rotation at shoulder

Teres major - action

Medial rotation, adduction and extension at the shoulder

Flexor carpi radialis muscle

Median

Flexor carpi superficialis muscle

Median

Lumbricals 1 & 2

Median

Palmaris longus muscle

Median

Pronator teres muscle

Median

Flexor Digitorum superficialis Innervation

Median (C5-T1)

Flexor carpi radialis Innervation

Median (C5-T1)

Palmaris longus Innervation

Median (C5-T1)

Pronator teres Innervation

Median (C5-T1)

Flexor carpi superficialis Innervation

Median N

Lumbricals 1 & 2

Median N

Lumbricals 1 & 2 Innervation

Median N

Obturator internus Innervation

Nerve to Obturator Internus

Superior gemellus M Innervation

Nerve to Obturator Internus

______________________ are the two prominent named branches of the Femoral nerve, providing Motor to the Vastus Medialis and sensory innervation to the skin of the medial leg.

Nerve to Vastus Medialis & Saphenous nerve

Place femoral neurovasculature and deep inguinal lymph nodes in order, from lateral to medial.

Nerve, Artery, Vein, Empty space with Lymph = NAVEL from lateral to medial

Name the peripheral sensory ganglia and the cranial nerves with which they are associated, and also the 2 sensory cranial nerves not having an organized ganglion.

Olfactory: diffusely dispersed in the olfactory epithelium, but no organized ganglia Optic: diffusely dispersed in the retina, but no organized ganglia Trigeminal Geniculate: Facial CN VII Vestibular, Spiral: Vestibulocochlear VIII Superior & Inferior for both IX & X (Superior Ganglion of Vagus CN X, etc.)

Muscle closing the laryngeal inlet

Oblique arytenoid

_________ provides sensory innervation to an oval patch of skin on the medial aspect of the thigh.

Obturator N

Adductor brevis Innervation

Obturator N (L2-L4)

Adductor longus Innervation

Obturator N (L2-L4)

Adductor magnus: Adductor part Innervation

Obturator N (L2-L4)

Gracilis Innervation

Obturator N (L2-L4)

Obturator externus Innervation

Obturator N (L2-L4)

What muscle is present in the Deep Layer of the Medial Compartment of the Thigh, but functionally belongs to the Deep gluteal compartment muscles and laterally rotates the hip joint?

Obturator externus

__________________ of the Medial compartment is a Lateral rotator.

Obturator externus

Origin: Obturator membrane, rim of Obturator foramen

Obturator internus

Muscle passing through Lesser Sciatic Foramen

Obturator internus M

What is the innervation of most of the Medial Compartment of the Hip?

Obturator nerve

____________________________ carries GSE fibers and provides GVE parasympathetics to the 2 smooth muscles of the eyeball.

Oculomotor CN III

There is damage to the Thoracoacromial trunk. What muscles are at risk of necrosing due to lack of blood supply?

Pec major, pec minor, Clavipectoral fascia since these comprise the anterior wall of the axilla

Palpation of the posterior tibial pulses is essential for examining patients with occlusive ________________________ .

Peripheral arterial disease

__________ is the location of sensory cell bodies in cranial nerves.

Peripheral sensory ganglia

Hand moving from neutral to palm down

Pronation

Patting a child on the head, after having moved from the anatomical position, involves what upper limb movement?

Pronation

______________ muscle is proximal to the tendons of the flexor compartment of the forearm.

Pronator Quadratus

Pronator muscles

Pronator teres Pronator quadratus

____________________ compression syndrome provoked by pronation movement, which presents as pain in the proximal anterior forearm, and paresthesia in the skin over the central palm

Pronator teres (compression) syndrome

Arrangement of first 5 muscles in the superficial layer of the anterior compartment of the forearm, from lateral to medial

Pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus, flexor digitorum superficialis, (5) flexor carpi ulnaris

Abductor pollicis brevis Innervation

Recurrent motor branch of the median

Abductor pollicis brevis muscle

Recurrent motor branch of the median

Flexor pollicis brevis Innervation

Recurrent motor branch of the median

Flexor pollicis brevis muscle

Recurrent motor branch of the median

Opponens pollicis Innervation

Recurrent motor branch of the median

Opponens pollicis muscle

Recurrent motor branch of the median

Are cephalic and basilic veins part of the deep or superficial venous system, which is imposed beween the skin and the deep fascial layer?

Superficial

Innervation of all Lateral Compartment of the Leg muscles

Superficial Fibular / Superficial Peroneal Nerve

The ___________________________ may be injured along its course in the Lateral Compartment of the leg by trauma or compression injury. Lesion in the Lateral Compartment of the leg results in loss of eversion due to paralysis of the muscles of the lateral leg compartment. Dorsiflexion is normal. Foot drop is NOT present in this lesion.

Superficial Fibular / Superficial Peroneal Nerve

The Pharyngeal plexus is a network of and postganglionic sympathetic fibers (GVE) from the _______________________. The plexus is formed mainly on the Middle Constrictor Muscle

Superior Cervical ganglion

What is the arterial supply to the larynx?

Superior Thyroid Artery (STA) off Common Carotid Artery (CCA); and Inferior Thyroid Artery (ITA) off Subclavian A

Name the Notch

Superior Vertebral Notch

. The GVE preganglionic Sympathetic fibers of the head ascend in the sympathetic trunk to reach the ____________ ganglia where they synapse with the postganglionic neurons.

Superior cervical chain ganglia

Nerve passing Superior to Piriformis. (1)

Superior gluteal N

Hand moving from neutral to palm up

Supination

Holding a bowl of soup in one's two hands involves what upper limb movement?

Supination

The radius and the ulna are parallel to one another. The radius is the more lateral of the 2 bones. Could this action be pronation or supination?

Supination

An adolescent in ROTC stands straight and tall at attention. Name the scapular movement. (Extra credit: 2 alternate names for this action.)

Retraction + Adduction + Extension

Infections in molar teeth and other areas in the oral cavity can spread to the ___________________ space, and then pass to the thorax

Retropharyngeal

Lymphatic drainage involves several _____________ nodes, positioned superiorly and posteriorly in the Retropharyngeal Space. These nodes and other tissues of the Pharynx drain into the Deep Cervical Nodes positional along the Internal Jugular Vein.,

Retropharyngeal

______________________ skeletal muscles develop from somite mesoderm.

Skeletal muscles of the tongue except palatoglossus, skeletal muscles of the orbit, sternocleidomastoid (SCM), trapezius

In _______________________: The wrist is fractured in a fall with the hand bent forward. The broken end of the radius is displaced down, toward the palm side of the wrist.

Smith fracture

_______ palate tightens and elevates, and becomes apposed to the posterior pharyngeal wall, sealing off the upper airway. (soft or hard)

Soft palate

What nervous system innervates the skin and most skeletal muscles? More specifically, structures of the body wall, including skin, fascia, ligaments, tendons, skeletal muscles, periosteum, and joint capsules.

Somatic

The superior and inferior extensor retinacula and the flexor retinaculum of the ankle provide ________________ .

Some mechanical advantage

What is the nervous system named that is responsible for the senses and some motor systems of the head?

Special

The Pharyngeal plexus is a network of sensory (GSA) fibers from ____________________ .

Spinal Accessory CN IX & Vagus CN X

____________ is the location of motor cell bodies for spinal nerves.

Spinal cord grey matter

At the expense of __________________, the knee has maximum mobility and range of motion.

Stability

Do infections of the Midpalmar and Thenar spaces spread, or stay confined?

Stay confined

Oblique line of thyroid lamina serves as a muscle attachment for the __________

Sternothyroid, thyrohyoid, inferior pharyngeal constrictor

Pivot point for forearm pronation

Styloid Process

3rd pharyngeal arch muscle (innervated by Glossopharyngeal CN IX)

Stylopharyngeus

Name 1 nerve relying especially heavily on C5, C6 (extra credit: 2 more)

Subscapular, axillary, suprascapular (C4-C6)

Is Sensory afferent or efferent?

Afferent

. Specialized structures associated with the pharynx ensure that food/liquids being swallowed proceed toward the esophagus and do not enter the __________.

Airway

4th/6th pharyngeal arch muscles (those innervated by Vagus CN X)

All muscles of larynx, all muscles of palate but Tensor veli palatini (V3), all muscles of pharynx except stylopharyngeus (IX)

_______________________ tests profusion of arterial blood through the hand.

Allen's test

Fractures of the femur can disrupt blood supply. Fracture along the ________________________ is most common.

Along the Intertrochanteric line

At the lateral border of rib 1, what does the subclavian artery change its name to?

Axillary A

Deltiod Innervation

Axillary N

Deltoid Muscle Innervation

Axillary N

Teres Minor Innervation

Axillary N

Teres minor muscle Innervation

Axillary N

Fracture of the 1st rib or anterior dislocation of the humeral head may cause trauma to what?

Axillary artery

The cords (of the brachial plexus) are arranged around what vessel? Which part of that vessel?

Axillary artery 2nd part

__________________ is motor, unique to cranial nerves, of the skeletal muscle of the head derived from branchial (pharyngeal arch) mesoderm

BE / branchiomeric motor / SVE

(Deep) fascia forming a stocking-like investment of the muscles of the upper limb, and contributing to compartmentalization of the arm and forearm

Brachial / antebrachial fascia

Brachiocephalic Trunk, Subclavian artery, Axillary artery, .... What is the continuation of these vessels named?

Brachial Artery

A supracondylar fracture of the humerus puts what structures at risk?

Brachial vessels, Median nerve

Name the muscles responsible for flexion at the elbow joint.

Brachialis Biceps brachii Brachioradialis

____________ is the location for motor cell bodies for cranial nerves.

Brainstem nuclei

Another name for Atlas

C1

spinal nerve superior to cervical vertebra 1.

C1

Another name for Axis

C2

The posterior tibial pulse can usually be palpated between the posterior surface of the medial malleolus and the medial border of the ______________________

Calcaneal tendon

Tennis leg is a(an) (in)complete rupture of the ____________________ muscle in the leg. (name for group or name of 3 individual)

Calf muscle: Triceps surae: gastrocnemium, soleus, plantaris

Anterior wall of axilla is formed by these 3 structures (full credit: 2 structures, extra credit: 1 more)

Clavipectoral fascia, Pec major, Pec minor

In _______________________: The wrist is fractured in a fall on an outstretched hand, with the wrist bent back. The larger forearm bone (radius) breaks near the wrist, and the broken end of the radius is displaced up, toward the back of the hand.

Colle's Fracture

________________ is another name for Dinner Fork Deformity.

Colle's fracture

With a lesion of the _____________________ at the neck of the fibula or higher, loss of dorsiflexion (foot drop) and loss of eversion due to paralysis of the muscles of the Anterior and Lateral Leg Compartments would be the motor deficits.

Common Fibular / Common Peroneal Nerve

Biceps femoris, Short head innervation

Common fibular N

Name the clinical manifestation wherein pressure, due to inflammation or swelling, subjects neurovascular structures in an enclosed anatomical space to compression

Compartment syndrome

What is the function of the Fascia lata?

Compartmentalization of thigh muscles, facilitating of venous return of blood from the lower limb

Ligaments limiting extension of the knee

Cruciate and Collateral

Another name for Deep Fascia of the Leg, meaning "leg," which is actually fused with the periosteum over the subcutaneous surfaces of the bones

Crural fascia

__________ is the location of sensory cell bodies in spinal nerves.

DRG (dorsal root ganglia)

After giving off the Medial and Lateral Circumflex Femoral Arteries, the ________________________ gives off perforating branches (usually around 4) which pass through the Adductor Magnus to reach the Posterior Compartment of the Thigh. The _________________________ also gives off branches to the Medial Compartment of the Thigh. (Same answer, both blanks)

Deep Femoral A

All anterior compartment muscles of the leg are innervated by ____________________ Nerve.

Deep Fibular / Deep Peroneal

Excessive use of muscles by the supplied by the ___________________ nerve may result in muscle injury and edema in the Anterior Compartment. This entrapment may cause compression of the ___________________ and pain in the Anterior Compartment. Pain occurs in the foot dorsum; it usually radiates to the "web" space between the 1st and 2nd toes. Because ski boots are a common cause of this type of nerve entrapment, this condition is termed "Ski Boot Syndrome." (same answer for both blanks)

Deep Fibular / Deep Peroneal Nerve

Innervation of all Anterior Compartment of the Leg muscles

Deep Fibular / Deep Peroneal Nerve

Innervation of muscles responsible for extension of at least 1 digit of the foot

Deep Fibular Nerve

The __________________________ may be injured along its course in the Anterior Compartment of the leg by trauma or compression injury. The motor deficit for a lesion in the Anterior Compartment of the leg results in loss of dorsiflexion due to paralysis of the muscles of the Anterior Leg Compartment. Eversion is normal. The patient would exhibit foot drop at rest.

Deep Fibular Nerve

Posterior compartment of hip blood supply

Deep femoral artery

The anterior tibial artery courses through the anterior compartment alongside the _________________ nerve.

Deep fibular nerve

Function of epiglottic cartilage

Deflecting food and liquids away from laryngeal inlet and towards pharynx

What muscle is responsible for arm abduction 15-110 degrees? (Slid #41 says 15-100)

Deltoid

What muscle provides abduction at the shoulder 15-100 degrees?

Deltoid

_________________ is the strongest ligament of the ankle joint, having parts extending from the medial malleolus to the calcaneus, navicular and talus.

Deltoid ligament

Lowering one's shoulder vertically involves what scapular movement?

Depression

__________________ of the toes, especially the hallux, stretches and elevates the plantar fascia just above, raising the longitudinal arch.

Dorsiflexion

Movements of the foot (4)

Dorsiflexion, Plantar Flexion, Eversion, Inversion

What verb describes the action of the muscle (developing from arch mesoderm) in regards to the nerve innervating it, as the muscle migrates (moves) to the final position of the face

Drag - each muscle developing from arch mesoderm "drags" its nerve as it migrates to its final position in the face

Leaning toward affected side when that side is in the stance phase of walking. This behavior is necessary to keep the pelvis level and keep the balance, and to prevent dragging of the foot on the non-affected side

Duchenne Limp

What is the primary function of the muscles of the Anterior Compartment of the Hip?

Extend knee, flex hip

Bending over backward, part of the back hand spring, involves what vertebral column movement?

Extension

Elbow moving from bent to straight

Extension

What is the movement going from bending over at the waist to touch your toes to standing up straight

Extension

What is the spinal movement going from standing up straight to leaning backwards?

Extension

Wrist moving from neutral to backwards

Extension

___________________________ muscle actions are the most frequent biomechanical causes of Tennis leg. (2)

Extension of the knee, forced dorsiflexion of the ankle

Latissimus dorsi - action

Extension, adduction, medial rotation of the arm or shoulder joint

What tendons insert into the extensor expansions?

Extensor Digitorum tendons

Muscles responsible for extension of at least 1 digit of the foot (4)

Extensor Hallucis Longus, Extensor Digitorum Longus, Extensor Digitorum Brevis, Extensor Hallucis Brevis

The deep branch of the radial nerve innervates what muscles?

Extensor carpi radialis brevis, supinator

What forms the extensor hoods?

Extensor digitorum tendons

_____________________________________ Insertion, lumbrical muscles

Extensor expansion, digits 2-5

Does the posterior compartment of the arm contain flexors or extensors of the elbow?

Extensors

____________________________Action, lumbrical muscles (full credit: 1, extra credit: 1)

Flex MP joints, extend PIP & DIP joints

A person scrunching up into the fetal position exhibits what vertebral movement?

Flexion

Elbow moving from straight to bent

Flexion

Kicking a soccer ball, from midline forward, involves what movement of the lower limb?

Flexion

Moving one leg behind oneself, by bending at the knee, to hop on the other leg, involves what leg movement?

Flexion

Moving one's hand from the anatomical position, to the heart, by bending at the elbow, to pledge allegiance involves what forearm movement?

Flexion

The patient, from an upright position, moves in the direction of the red arrow. Name the movement.

Flexion

Wrist moving from neutral to forward

Flexion

What is the function of the Sartorius, which is also in the Anterior Compartment of the Hip?

Flexion at the Hip, Abduction at the Hip, Lateral Rotation at the Hip, Flexion at the Knee

The Rectus femoris crosses both the hip and knee joints. Of the Quadriceps femoris (Anterior compartment), it is the only muscle having ___________________________________ action.

Flexion at the hip

__________________ tendon passes between 2 sesamoid bones at the distal end of the 1st metatarsal, allowing use of the muscle while standing.

Flexor Hallucis Longus Muscle tendon

Muscle in superficial compartment of anterior forearm, innervated by the ulnar.

Flexor carpi ulnaris

__________________ muscle in Layer 1 of the plantar foot flexes digits 2-5.

Flexor digitorum brevis

_________________________ tendon is the most superficial tendon of the 3 tendons that cross the ankle joint medially.

Flexor digitorum longus muscle

What inserts onto the distal phalanges?

Flexor digitorum profundus

What inserts onto the middle phalanges?

Flexor digitorum superficialis tendons

What are arranged underneath the flexor retinaculum?

Flexor digitorum superficialis tendons, profundus tendons

_________________________ is/are innervated by the medial plantar nerve (plantar foot - layer 3).

Flexor hallucis brevis

_________________________________ muscles in 3rd layer - plantar foot, from medial to lateral (3)

Flexor hallucis brevis, adductor hallucis, flexor digiti minimi brevis

_______________________ muscle in the deep posterior leg compartment flexes the great toe.

Flexor hallucis longus

_____________________ muscles in the deep posterior leg compartment inverts the foot. (3)

Flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus, tibialis posterior

The palmar branch of the median nerve passes over what structure?

Flexor retinaculum

Does the anterior compartment of the arm contain flexors or extensors of the elbow?

Flexors

__________________ class antibiotics increase the risk of tendinitis and tendon rupture.

Fluoroquinoline

A common compensatory mechanism for ________ is a high-stepping, waddling gate

Foot drop

___________________ is parasympathetic motor innervation in smooth muscle and glands, present only in all of the following cranial nerves: III, VII, IX, X.

GVE

The 2 heads of the ____________________ for the inferior and lateral borders of the popliteal fossa.

Gastrocnemius

__________________ is the most superficial muscle in the superficial posterior compartment of the leg.

Gastrocnemius

____________________________ muscles in the superficial posterior compartment of the leg are responsible for plantarflexion of the foot (3)

Gastrocnemius (medial and lateral heads), plantaris, soleus

Superficial Posterior Compartment of the Leg muscles (3)

Gastrocnemius, Soleus and Plantaris Muscles

_________________________ muscles are affected in Calcaneal tendon rupture. (3)

Gastrocnemius, Soleus, Plantaris

Collateral circulation around the knee joint and blood to the knee joint itself, which can bypass blockages in the Femoral Artery

Geniculate Anastomoses (also accept Popliteal artery which gives off several Geniculate arteries)

Fibers from _____________________ (BE) that target the Stylopharyngeus M.

Glossopharyngeal CN IX

The ____________________ contribution to the plexus consists of sensory (GSA) fibers from the upper 2/3rds of the pharynx (Nasopharynx & Oropharynx).

Glossopharyngeal CN IX

______________ detects taste and provides sensory to the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue.

Glossopharyngeal CN IX

______________ provides parasympathetic innervation to the paratod gland.

Glossopharyngeal CN IX

______________ provides sensory from the external ear, mucous membrane of the tympanic cavity and tympanic membrane, and auditory tube.

Glossopharyngeal CN IX

Both ___________ provide sensory to the Carotid Body.

Glossopharyngeal CN IX and Vagus CN X.

Gag reflex: ______________Nerve responsible for sensory receptors in oral cavity and pharynx, to track and evaluate bolus of food

Glossopharyngeal CN IX, Vagus CN X

Origin: Posterior and Anterior gluteal lines

Gluteus medius

Origin: Inferior and Anterior gluteal lines

Gluteus minimus

________________ of the Medial compartment has negligible rotational leverage.

Gracilis

__________________________ is the only muscle in the Medial compartment that crosses the knee joint and flexes the knee.

Gracilis

Superficial veins of the lower limb (2)

Great and Lesser Saphenous Veins

Formed by the Greater Sciatic Notch, the Sacrotuberous ligament and the Sacrospinous ligament. Passageway for structures traveling between the Pelvis and the Gluteal region.

Greater Sciatic Foramen

The ulnar nerve and ulnar artery pass through this named space.

Guyon's canal

The ulnar nerve provides sensory innervation to the palmar surface of which 2 digits?

Half of 4 + 5

Muscles principally responsible for flexion of the knee (3)

Hamstrings: -Biceps femoris - Semitendinosus - Semimembranosus

What would some targets be for the just above extra credit question?

Hindgut and pelvis/perineum viscera GVE Motor cell bodies for the sympathetic system in the head, postganglionic Superior cervical chain ganglia

Name the functions of the Iliotibial tract

Hip abduction, extension, lateral rotation, knee stabilization

Insertion, Deltoid muscle

Humerus, deltoid tuberosity

Insertion, Teres minor muscle

Humerus, greater tubercle (superior facet)

Insertion, Subscapularis muscle

Humerus, lesser tubercle

Insertion, Latissimus dorsi muscle

Humerus: intertubercular groove

The superior horn of the thyroid cartilage is anchored to the tip of the greater horn of the ______ bone.

Hyoid

attachments of the epiglottis (by ligaments)

Hyoid bone, posterior aspect of tongue, sides of pharynx, thyroid cartilage

Ligament between Ilium of Os coxae and femur

Iliofemoral

Name the band of thickened Fascia lata running down the lateral aspect of the thigh. This is 1 of the 2 specializations of the Fascia lata.

Iliotibial tract

Define the spinal alignment abnormality referred to clinically as lordotic posture.

Increased lumbar lordosis, increased pelvic anteversion, increased flexion of hip joints

Define the spinal alignment abnormality referred to clinically as kyphotic posture.

Increased thoracic kyphosis, head protraction, flattened or reversed lower cervical lordosis, increased upper cervical lordosis, protraction of shoulders and scapula

What do synovial sheaths facilitate?

Infection

Gluteus maximus Innervation

Inferior gluteal N

Name the Spinal structure

Inferior vertebral notch

___________ Space from the Rima glottidis to the trachea.

Infraglottic space

Name the muscles responsible for lateral rotation at the shoulder joint.

Infraspinatus Teres minor Posterior deltoid

A _____________ hernia is superior to the Inguinal ligament (exception: Indirect Hernia in males).

Inguinal

What is the vertebral level of the posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS)?

Just superior to S2

The clinician has assisted in moving the vertebral column of the patient from the median sagittal plane. Name the movement.

Lateral Flexion

Muscles that adduct the vocal ligaments, functioning in talking or laughing (2)

Lateral cricoarytenoid, transverse arytenoid, thyroarytenoid

____________ provides sensory innervation to the lateral thigh region.

Lateral femoral cutaneous N of the thigh

The Interossei are innervated by the _________________________

Lateral plantar nerve

__________________________ innervates the quadratus plantae.,

Lateral plantar nerve

Make a fist. Point the thumb toward the midline (parallel with the ground). Put the thumb up. Name the movement.

Lateral rotation

Teres minor - action

Lateral rotation at the shoulder

Raising one's hand involves what movement of the scapula, involving downward motion of the glenoid cavity and upward movment of the scapular spine?

Lateral rotation of the inferior angle

What movement of the scapula contributes to upper limb abduction of the arm above shoulder height, by preventing the greater tubercle of the humerus from hitting the acromion of the scapula?

Lateral rotation of the superior angle

Name the muscles responsible for adduction at the shoulder joint.

Latissimus dorsi, teres major, pectoralis major

There is damage to the Subscapular artery. What muscles are at risk of necrosing due to lack of blood supply?

Latissimus dorsi, teres major, subscapularis since these comprise the posterior wall of the axilla

. In ______ plantar foot layer run the distal courses of the tendons of the fibularis longus, tibialis posterior and tibialis anterior muscles.

Layer 4 / 4th

Formed by the Lesser Sciatic Notch, the Sacrotuberous ligament and the Sacrospinous ligament. Passageway for structures traveling between the Perineum and the Gluteal Region.

Lesser Sciatic Foramen

What muscle is responsible for elevation and inferior rotation of the scapula?

Levator scapulae

Where is the approximate line of separation between superior - internal br. of superior laryngeal N & inferior - inferior laryngeal N? Which divides both sensory (GSA) & parasympathetic innervation (GVE)?

Level of vocal folds

Specialized supraspinous ligament present in the cervical region

Ligamentum nuchae

Serratus Anterior Innervation

Long Thoracic N

What tendon is torn from its insertion in the clinical presentation known as mallet finger, by catching a ball the wrong way or another action resulting in hyperflexion of the DIP joint?

Long extensor tendon

What head of the triceps is medial to the other 2 heads?

Long head of triceps brachii

Serratus anterior muscle Innervation

Long thoracic N

Convex anteriorly, concave posteriorly

Lordosis / lordotic

Secondary curvature(s) of the spine

Lordosis / lordotic

spinal nerve inferior to thoracic vertebra 1.

T1

Sympathetic fibers of spinal nerves originate from __________ spinal levels.

T1 - l2

Preganglionic sympathetic fibers of the head arise from spinal cord segments ________ .

T1-T2

Navel (belly button) dermatome

T10

What is the vertebral level of the 12th rib?

T12

spinal nerve superior to lumbar vertebra 1.

T12

What is the approximate vertebral level of the base of the scapular spine?

T3

Nipple dermatome

T4

What dermatome maps to the nipple?

T4

vertebral disc below thoracic vertebra 6.

T6 (or T6/T7)

What is the approximate vertebral level of the inferior scapular angle?

T7

Eversion and Inversion occurs at the ____________________ joints.

Talocalcaneal (Subtalar) and Transverse Tarsal (Talonavicular and Calcaneocuboid) joint

Deltoid ligament supports the _____________ joint.

Talocrural joint

Dorsiflexion occurs at the ___________________ (ankle) joint.

Talocrural joint

Entrapment of the nerve in #33 above, thus causing pain, a burning sensation, and tingling on the sole of the foot, is known as ________________ Syndrome. The discomfort usually worsens as the day progresses and can be relieved by rest, elevation or massage.

Tarsal Tunnel

The ________________ allows passage of the anterior tibial artery into the anterior compartment and the posterior tibial artery and tibial nerve into the deep posterior compartment

Tendinous arch (of the Soleus)

The _____________________________________ (of the Plantar Foot - Layer 2) travels distally between the 2 heads of the Flexor Hallucis Brevis (of the Plantar Foot - Layer 3) to insert onto the base of the Distal Phalanx of the great toe.

Tendon of the flexor hallucis longus

What is the most commonly ruptured tendon of the upper limb?

Tendon of the long head of the Biceps brachii

The tendon of what muscle travels within the joint capsule to reach the intertubercular groove? Be specific.

Tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii

_____________________________________ Origin, lumbrical muscles in hand

Tendons of the flexor digitorum profundus

What is at risk when the Humerus is fractured?

Terminal branches of brachial plexus & brachial artery

Location of post-ganglionic cell bodies for spinal nerve, parasympathetic system

Terminal motor ganglia near their targets

What is a function of the acromioclavicular and coracoclavicular ligaments?

The AC joint is relatively weak, but additional structural stability is provided by the acromioclavicular and coracoclavicular ligaments

The flexor pollicis longus flexes what?

Thumb

Muscle that shorten the vocal fold, lowering pitch

Thyroarytenoid

Articulations of the cricoid cartilage

Thyrohyoid membrane, Thyroid (cricothyroid joint), arytenoids, connective tissue of trachea

The rocking of the _______ cartilage stretches and relaxes the vocal ligaments, producing high or low pitched sounds, respectively.

Thyroid

attachments of the vocal folds (2)

Thyroid cartilage, anteriorly; arytenoid cartilage, posteriorly

Adductor Magnus: Hamstring part Innervation

Tibial N

Biceps femoris, Long head Innervation

Tibial N

Semimebranosus Innervation

Tibial N

Semitendonosis Innervation

Tibial N

_____________________ innervates Adductor magnus, Hamstring portion

Tibial N

Innervation of all Posterior Compartment of the Leg muscles

Tibial nerve

The __________________ nerve may be injured with trauma to the gluteal region, posterior thigh, knee or foot.

Tibial nerve

_____________________ innervation of the muscles of the posterior leg -superficial layer

Tibial nerve

_____________________ innervation of the muscles of the posterior leg, both deep and superficial layers

Tibial nerve

L4 & L5 make major contributions to innervation of ____________________, the primary dorsiflexor of the foot.

Tibialis Anterior

Muscles in anterior compartment responsible for inversion of the foot (2)

Tibialis anterior, Extensor hallucis longus

______________________ muscles provide dynamic support for the arches during walking. (3)

Tibialis anterior, tibialis posterior, fibularis longus

_______________________ muscle in the deep posterior leg compartment dynamically supports the arches.

Tibialis posterior

___________________ tendon (of the posterior leg that passes across the medial side of the foot) has the deepest attachment on the foot.

Tibialis posterior muscle

Movements of the hyoid bone produce movements in these 3 structures, and vice-versa

Tongue, Larynx, Pharynx

A medial epicondyle fracture of the Humerus puts what structure at risk?

Ulnar

Abductor digiti minimi muscle

Ulnar

Adductor pollicis

Ulnar

Dorsal Interossei (DAB)

Ulnar

Flexor Digitorum Profundus, Medial 2 bellies

Ulnar

Flexor Digitorum Profundus, Medial 2 bellies Innervation

Ulnar

Flexor carpi ulnaris Innervation

Ulnar

Flexor carpi ulnaris muscle

Ulnar

Flexor digiti minimi muscle

Ulnar

Lumbricals 3 & 4

Ulnar

Lumbricals 3 & 4 Innervation

Ulnar

Opponens digiti minimi muscle

Ulnar

Palmar Interossei (PAD)

Ulnar

Abductor digiti minimi Innervation

Ulnar N

Adductor pollicis Innervation

Ulnar N

Dorsal Interossei (DAB) Innervation

Ulnar N

Flexor Digitorum Profundus, Medial 2 bellies Innervation

Ulnar N

Flexor carpi ulnaris Innervation

Ulnar N

Flexor digiti minimi Innervation

Ulnar N

Lumbricals 3 & 4

Ulnar N

Opponens digiti minimi Innervation

Ulnar N

Palmar Interossei (PAD) Innervation

Ulnar N

__________________ innervates the majority of muscles in the hand.

Ulnar Nerve

The ________________ artery primarily contributes to the superficial palmar arch.

Ulnar artery

Is the insertion of the brachialis muscle the radial or ulnar tuberosity?

Ulnar tuberosity

The _________________________ knee injury consists of damage to the medial meniscus, ACL and LCL or MCL.

Unhappy Triad / Terrible Triad

While standing when the tibia is fixed, the popliteus rotates the femur laterally. This serves to __________ the knee.

Unlock

Subscapularis muscle Innervation

Upper & Lower Subscapular N

The Cricopharyngeus portion of the inferior constrictor serves as the ________________________

Upper Esophageal Sphincter (UES)

Subscapular Innervation

Upper and lower subscapular nerves

Lesion of the long thoracic nerve results in what clinical presentation?

Winged scapula

__________ are clinical tests for torn ACL or PCL

anterior / posterior drawer sign

. The ________________ knee ligament injury is more prevalent in females than males (ACL or PCL).

anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

Most __________________ injuries are non-contact, involve running and cutting sharply in an erect posture or landing from a jump without the knees sufficiently bent. Cardinal signs include hearing a "pop," immediate swelling, or the knee "giving way." (ACL or PCL)

anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

The _______________ prevents hyperextension of the knee joint (ACL or PCL).

anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

The __________________ knee ligament injury is the most prevalent 3rd degree sprain in the knee (ACL or PCL).

anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

The ___________________ attaches to the posterior part of the lateral condyle of the femur (ACL or PCL).

anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

The ___________________ is the more frequently damaged of the 2 cruciate ligaments (anterior or posterior).

anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)

Deltoid - innervation

axillary nerve

Teres minor - innervation

axillary nerve

What is a function of the Erector spinae muscles?

cantilevering (maintaining) erect posture

Flexor carpi radialis Innervation

median nerve

Palmaris longus Innervation

median nerve

Pronator teres Innervation

median nerve

Knee joint type, a synovial joint that allows flexion/extension and some limited rotational movement

hinge joint

Surgical procedure to gain access to the vertebral column

laminectomy

Pain on ________________ rotation is consistent with injury to the lateral meniscus.

lateral

Ligament limiting spinal flexion (bending forward), especially abrupt flexion

ligamenta flava

What muscle can become hypertrophied with excessive targeted exercise, thereby impacting the Femoral nerve and (A) Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve?

liopsoas

Serratus anterior - innervation

long thoracic nerve

Teres major - innervation

lower subscapular nerve

Vertebrae type limited in their vertical axis rotation, but not fixed (or fused)

lumbar

Pectoralis Major - Innervation

medial and lateral pectoral nerves

Pectoralis Minor - Innervation

medial pectoral nerve

Are GSE motor neurons multipolar or ?

multipolar

Compression of neurovascular structures due to increased pressure in Compartment Syndrome may cause ischemia and irreversible ______________________ damage. (2)

muscle and nerve

Latissimus dorsi - innervation

thoracodorsal nerve

Subscapularis - innervation

upper and lower subscapular nerves

The inner margins of the menisci are not well __________________ and therefore do not heal well when torn.

vascularized

Muscle in anterior compartment responsible for eversion of the foot

Fibularis tertius

Latissimus dorsi muscle Innervation

Thoracodorsal N

Name the part of the spine indicated

(Cervical) Lordosis / lordotic

Name the part of the spine

(Thoracic) Kyphosis / kyphotic

The neurons of ______________ cranial nerve nucleus are pseudounipolar ganglion cells that have migrated to the brain.

(mesencephalic nucleus of the) trigeminal nerve (proprioceptive fibers from the muscles of mastication)

Inguinal hernia is ___________ more likely in men than women, or women than men? ________________ (2 answers: number of times, then women OR men)

- 10x - men

Femoral Hernia is _______ more likely in men than women, or women than men? ___________________ (2 answers: number of times, then women OR men)

- 3x - women

What is the primary action of the gluteal region muscles in relation to the femur?

- Abduct and rotate femur - Medial or lateral rotation, abduction, extension at the hip joint

Action: Gluteus medius

- Abduct thigh - medially rotate thigh - stabilize pelvis during walking

Action: Gluteus minimus

- Abduct thigh - medially rotate thigh - stabilize pelvis during walking

The joint cavity where the femur articulates with the Os coxae (____________________) is much larger and deeper than the joint cavity where the humerus articulates with the scapula (____________________). (Name the respective joint cavities: 2 different answers)

- Acetabulum - Glenoid cavity

What is the primary function of the muscles of the Medial Compartment of the Hip

- Adduct and medially rotate the femur - several also assist in hip flexion

What muscles of the Medial Thigh Compartment insert on the Pectineal Line of the Femur?

- Adductor longus - Adductor brevis - Adductor magnus: Adductor part

What inserts at the Pes Anserinus (Goose's Foot) located on the medial surface of the tibia at the level of the tibial tuberosity?

- Anterior slip: Sartorius (from the Anterior compartment) - Medial slip: Gracilis (from the Medial compartment) - Posterior slip: Semitendinosus (from the Posterior compartment).

Erb-Duchenne palsy would have what clinical manifestation? (full credit: 1, extra credit: 4 more)

- Arm is medially (internally rotated) - Elbow is extended - Forearm is pronated - Shoulder is adducted - All power of elbow flexion is lost

Erb-Duchenne palsy would have what clinical manifestation? (full credit: 2, extra credit: 3 more)

- Arm is medially (internally rotated) - Elbow is extended - Forearm is pronated - Shoulder is adducted - All power of elbow flexion is lost

Besides muscles, these provide structural support to the knee

- Collateral (extracapsular) ligaments - Fibrocartilages (menisci) - cruciate ligaments

What muscles belong to the Dorsal Scapular Group (extrinsic)?

- Deltoid - Supraspinatus, - Infraspinatus - Teres minor - Teres major

Name the movements of the thumb.

- Extension - flexion - abduction - adduction - opposition

What is the primary function of the muscles of the Posterior Compartment of the Hip?

- Flex the knee - extend the hip - medial/lateral rotation at the knee

Movements at hip joint

- Flexion/extension - Abduction/adduction - Medial/lateral rotation

Movements at knee joint

- Flexion/extension - Small amount of rotation

________________________ muscles in the deep posterior leg compartment plantarflexes the foot. (3)

- Flexor hallucis longus - flexor digitorum longus - tibialis posterior

Especially important in stabilizing hip joint

- Gemelli - Obturator internus - Quadratus femoris

These muscles function similarly to the rotate cuff muscles, stabilizing the head of the femur in the acetabulum (3).

- Gemelli - Quadratus femoris - Obturator internus MM

What are the muscles in the Superficial Layer of the Medial Compartment of the Thigh?

- Gracilis - Adductor longus - Pectineus

What are the muscles in the Anterior Compartment of the Hip?

- Iliopsoas - Sartorius - Quadriceps femoris

Action: Tensor fascia lata

- Keep tension on iliotibial tract - stabilize knee in extended position during running/walking

Nerve roots contributing to the Sacral plexus

- L4, L5 via Lumbosacral trunk - S1-S4 ventral rami

Glossopharyngeal CN IX Clinical Presentation:

- Loss of gag reflex - Dry mouth

Oculomotor CN III damage manifestations:

- Loss of parasympathetic innervation of the sphincter pupillae muscles will result in a dilated pupil - Loss of motor innervation to multiple extraocular muscles results in severe Ptosis, Diplopia, external strabismus and loss of parallel gaze

____________________ test for meniscus injuries (5).

- McMurray /circumduction - Ege's - Thessaly - Apley (grind/compression) - Apley (distraction)

Pectoralis major - Actions

- Medial Rotation - Adduction - Flexion of the arm

Name 1 nerve relying especially heavily on C8, T1 (extra credit: 3 more)

- Medial pectoral - medial antebrachial cutaneous (medial cutaneous N of the forearm) - medial brachial cutaneous (medial cutaneous N of the arm) - ulnar N

The lower limb rotates ___________________ during development. The upper limb rotates ___________________ during development.

- Medially - Laterally

The upper limb is designed more for __________________________ , while the lower limb is designed more for __________________________ .

- Mobility (placing the hand) - stability (support and locomotion)

Nerve contents of Greater Sciatic Foramen. (8)

- N to Piriformis - Superior gluteal N - Inferior gluteal N - Sciatic N - Posterior Femoral cutaneous N - Pudendal N - N to Obturator internus - N to Quadratus femoris

What are the muscle(s) in the Deep Layer of the Medial Compartment of the Thigh?

- Obturator externus - Adductor magnus

Insertion: Medial aspect of Greater trochanter (3)

- Obturator internus - Piriformis - Superior gemellus - Inferior gemellus

_________________ are weak flexors of the hip (Medial compartment).

- Pectineus - Adductor longus - Adductor Brevis

Medial compartment muscles

- Pectineus - Adductor longus - Gracilis - Adductor brevis - Obturator externus - Adductor magnus

What two muscles in the medial compartment of the hip are not innervated by the obturator nerve?

- Pectineus (Femoral N) - Adductor Magnus - Hamstring portion (Tibial N)

Deep Posterior Compartment of the Leg muscles (4)

- Popliteus - Tibialis Posterior - Flexor Hallucis Longus - Flexor Digitorum Longus Muscles

Actions of Hamstring Group / Posterior Compartment muscles (3)

- Primary: Knee flexion - Secondary: weak extension at the hip joint, rotation of the leg at the knee joint

What Anterior compartment muscles contribute to the posterior abdominal wall?

- Psoas major - Iliacus

Nerves passing through Lesser Sciatic Foramen. (2)

- Pudendal N - N to Obturator Internus

How many branches of the brachial plexus would be lost to completely inhibit pronation?

1

3 muscles total exist in the hypothenar compartment. What does each compartment contain? (full credit: 1; extra credit: 2)

1 flexor, 1 abductor, 1 opponens

The median nerve provides sensation to the palmar surface of what digits?

1, 2, 3, half of 4

Parasympathetic targets in the head and neck include _________________ .

2 smooth muscles of the orbit, constrictor pupillae and ciliary smooth muscles, submandibular gland, parotid gland, sublingual gland, mucous glands of nasal cavity and hard palate, lacrimal glands; and thoracic, foregut and midgut viscera

_________________ lumbrical(s) is/are innervated by the deep branch of the lateral plantar nerve.

2-4

In the foot, the axis of abduction/adduction is the ________ digit.

2nd

Which part of axillary A is deep to Pec minor M?

2nd part

________ Digit is the axis of Abduction & adduction.

3

In the hand, the axis of abduction/adduction is the ________ digit.

3rd

How many lumbar vertebrae?

5

How many sacral vertebrae?

5

Name the arrangement of the hand to compress the femoral artery against the pubic ramus.

5th digit over Anterior Superior Iliac Spine (ASIS), thumb over pubic tubercle, with palm of hand used for compression

How many cervical vertebrae?

7

The Ankle Jerk Reflex, or Triceps Surae Reflex is a _______________ Tendon Reflex.

Calcaneal

Moving the limbs away from the body while lying in the snow to make a snow angel involves what movement of the upper and lower limbs?

ABduction

Moving the upper limb from the anatomical position, with the thumb facing up, to motion a vehicle to stop, involves what upper limb movement?

ABduction

The arm moving from at one's side to away from the body laterally

ABduction

The only boney attachment of the scapula is...

AC Joint

The support (the arrow is pointing to the support) prevents the figure from moving the arm (arm, not forearm was specified) toward the midline. What movement does the support prevent?

ADduction

Action of vocal folds coming apart to let air in/out of the lungs during breather

Abduct(ion)

Basic actions of vocal ligaments (4)

Abduct, adduct, tense/relax, close laryngeal inlet

What are the movements at the wrist?

Abduction, Adduction, flexion, extension

The ______________ forms the lateral margin of the foot, contributing to the soft tissue bulge on the lateral aspect of the sole.

Abductor digiti minimi

_________________ muscle in Layer 1 of the plantar foot abducts the small toe.

Abductor digiti minimi

The ______________ forms the medial margin of the foot, forming a soft tissue bulge on the side of the toe.

Abductor hallucis

________________ muscle in Layer 1 of the plantar foot abducts the great toe.

Abductor hallucis

________________ is the last muscle innervated by the course of the ulnar nerve.

Abductor pollicis muscle

Another deficit for injury to the tibial nerve would be absence of the __________ reflex

Achilles'

All 3 of the muscles of the superficial posterior compartment of the leg insert in common onto the tuber calcanei (calcaneal tuberosity) via the ___________________________ tendon.

Achilles' tendon / tendocalcaneus

Action of vocal folds coming together to trap air in lungs and/or vibrate to produce vocal sound

Adduct(ion)

The purple compartment contains the ___________ pollicis muscle

Adductor

______________ is the space in the middle third of the thigh, between the Vastus medialis and Adductor muscles, that transmits the Femoral vessels to the Popliteal fossa.

Adductor Canal

________________________ is the termination ofAdductor Canal

Adductor Hiatus

What are the muscle(s) in the Intermediate Layer of the Medial Compartment of the Thigh?

Adductor brevis

____________________________ has transverse and oblique heads which converge to insert upon the base of the proximal phalanx of the great toe.

Adductor hallucis

_________________________ is/are innervated by the lateral plantar nerve (plantar foot - layer 3).

Adductor hallucis (transverse and oblique heads), and flexor digiti minimi brevis

_______________________ extends the hip (Medial compartment).

Adductor magnus, Hamstring portion

Numerous small arteries form an _______________________ around the ankle.

Anastomotic network

What ligament holds the head of the radius in the radial notch of the ulna?

Annular Ligament

What arteries form an anastomotic connection around the surgical neck of the Humerus?

Anterior & Posterior circumflex humeral AA

Does the anterior or posterior compartment contain a powerful supinator of the forearm (extensor or flexor compartment could also be an answer for full credit)?

Anterior / flexor

Patients with ___________________________, the most common form of Compartment Syndrome, suffer excruciating pain and cannot dorsiflex the toes.

Anterior Compartment Syndrome of the Leg

Flexor Digitorum Profundus, Lateral 2 bellies Innervation

Anterior Interosseous N

Flexor pollicis longus Innervation

Anterior Interosseous N

Pronator quadratus

Anterior Interosseous N

Pronator quadratus Innervation

Anterior Interosseous N

__________________ nerve injury, a pure motor neuropathy characterized by the inability to make an OK sign. Flexion of the interphalangeal joint of the thumb and the distal interphalangeal joint of the index finger is impaired. Pinching a sheet of paper using the thumb and index finger is also impaired.

Anterior Interosseous Nerve Injury / Kiloh-Nevin Syndrome

Dislocation wherein the hip appears slightly bent and the lower extremity is laterally rotated

Anterior dislocation

_________________ of the ankle primarily assesses the strength of #12.

Anterior drawer test

Flexor Digitorum Profundus, Lateral 2 bellies

Anterior interosseous

Flexor pollicis longus muscle

Anterior interosseous

Pronator quadratus muscle

Anterior interosseous

Flexor Digitorum Profundus, Lateral 2 bellies Innervation

Anterior interosseous N

Primary innervation of muscles in deep compartment of anterior forearm

Anterior interosseous nerve

Ligament injured in whiplash

Anterior longitudinal ligament

Ligament preventing hyperextension of the spine

Anterior longitudinal ligament

The most commonly damaged ligament in ankle sprains is the ________________________ ligament.

Anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL)

The Aryepiglottic folds are lateral to the laryngeal inlet, and are formed by mucosa draped over fiber of the __________ muscle

Aryepiglottic

Paired cartilages of the larynx

Arytenoid, Corniculate, Cuneiform

Because the Pharynx spans from the base of the skull to the Esophagus, it receives blood from multiple sources, including branches of the External Carotid Artery (ECA), Facial, Lingual and Maxillary Arteries. The _____________, one of the first branches of the External Carotid Artery (ECA), supplies the pharynx with blood

Ascending Pharyngeal Artery

How would you test for normal suprascapular nerve function?

Ask the patient to initiate abduction against force

What do the flexor and extensor retinaculum prevent?

Bow stringing

___________________ tendon rupture may be the most severe, acute muscular problem of the leg.

Calcaneal

What muscles would be "wasted" when the musculocutaneous nerve becomes entrapped?

Biceps and brachialis muscles

Shoulder joint pathologies may impact the function of what muscle?

Biceps brachii

Supinator muscles

Biceps brachii Supinator

When the knee is flexed and the femur is fixed, The Tibia can be rotated laterally relative to the femur by the actions of this muscle

Biceps femoris

Supports the knee joint laterally (2)

Biceps femoris, Tensor fascia latae

What structure extends from the biceps tendon?

Bicipital aponeurosis

The superior and inferior extensor retinacula and the flexor retinaculum of the ankle prevent ________________ .

Bow stringing

The superior fibular retinaculum prevents _________________ .

Bow stringing

Vertebral Levels - Hyoid bone

C3

spinal nerve superior to cervical vertebra 4.

C4

vertebral disc below cervical vertebra 4.

C4 (or C4/C5)

Vertebral Levels - Thyroid cartilage (laryngeal notch, laryngeal prominence / Adam's apple)

C4 - C5

Shoulder dermatome

C5

What dermatome maps to the shoulder?

C5

What is/are the nerve root(s) contributing to the dorsal scapular nerve?

C5

What nerve roots are responsible for abduction of the arm?

C5

spinal nerve affected by C4 disc herniation.

C5

What are the nerve roots contributing to the suprascapular nerve?

C5 + C6

What nerve roots are responsible for flexion of the elbow?

C5 + C6

What are the cervical spinal roots of the musculocutaneous nerve?

C5, C6

What are the nerve roots contributing to the long thoracic nerve?

C5, C6, C7

What are the spinal nerve roots of the median nerve?

C5-T1

Vertebral Levels - Cricoid cartilage

C6

What nerve roots are responsible for extension of the elbow?

C6, C7, C8

What is the vertebral level of the vertebra prominens?

C7

What nerve root forms the middle trunk?

C7

What dermatome maps to the pinky?

C8

spinal nerve inferior to cervical vertebra 7.

C8

What are the spinal nerve roots of the ulnar nerve?

C8-T1

The only pure sensory Cranial Nerves:

CN I CN II CN VIII - SA

Mixed Cranial Nerves

CN V, VII, IX, X

Sternocleidomastoid Innervation

CN XI

Trapezius Innervation

CN XI

Trapezius muscle Innervation

CN XI

Place in order, from proximal to distal: phalanges, carpal, metacarpal.

Carpal, metacarpal, phalanges

The orange compartment, named for its location: _______________, contains long tendons destined for the digits and the lumbrical muscles.

Central

The palmar branch of the median nerve provides cutaneous innervation to the skin over where?

Central Palm

What vein is a tributary to the Axillary vein?

Cephalic V

Location of post-ganglionic cell bodies for spinal nerve, sympathetic system.

Chain or collateral autonomic motor ganglia

Cancer in the medial ¼ of the breast is more likely to metastasize where?

Contralateral breast via parasternal lymph nodes

Insertion, Pectoralis minor

Coracoid process of scapula

The only pure motor Cranial Nerves:

Cranial Nerves III, IV, VI, XI & XII - GSE

The inferior border of the ___________ cartilage marks the end of the pharynx and larynx, and hence the commencement of the esophagus and trachea.

Cricoid

The inferior horn of the of the thyroid cartilage articulates medially with the _______ cartilage

Cricoid

cartilage of the larynx shaped liked a signet ring (e.g., rings the airway)

Cricoid cartilage

Unilateral (one-sided) damage of the recurrent laryngeal nerve results in paralysis of all the intrinsic muscles of the larynx but what?

Cricothyroid - which will tend to adduct the vocal cord

Articulation of the thyroid and cricoid cartilage

Cricothyroid joint

Muscles that tense the vocal ligaments, lengthening the vocal fold, causing them to vibrate faster, to raise the pitch

Cricothyroid muscles

All muscles responsible for _________________ movement of the foot are in the Anterior Compartment.

Dorsiflexion

Patients experience pain on weight bearing and with ___________ of the great toe, for Plantar aponeurosis.

Dorsiflexion

Function of the Piriform Recesses

Direct foods/liquids away from the Laryngeal inlet

. A weak area exists just superior to the Cricopharyngeaus portion of the inferior constrictor where pharyngeal mucosal can be forced through, forming a __________________.

Diverticulum

Does the radial nerve innervate the palmar/ventral/anterior or dorsal/posterior cutaneous surfaces of the arm and forearm?

Dorsal / Posterior

Intrinsic Muscles of the Back Innervation

Dorsal Rami

The brown compartment contains the _____________ and _________________ interosseous muscles.

Dorsal and Palmar

Intrinsic muscles of the back Innervation

Dorsal ramus

Levator Scapulae Innervation

Dorsal scapular N

Levator scapulae muscle Innervation

Dorsal scapular N

Rhomboid Major Innervation

Dorsal scapular N

Rhomboid Minor Innervation

Dorsal scapular N

Rhomboid major muscle Innervation

Dorsal scapular N

Rhomboid minor muscle Innervation

Dorsal scapular N

Considering that the axillary artery (answered to last question) was damaged, what collateral circulation will compensate, assuming no further pathology?

Dorsal scapular arterial anastomoses formed by the circumflex scapular artery (from Axillary A), the dorsal scapular artery and the suprascapular artery (from Subclavian A)

________________________________ results from atrophy and fibrosis of the palmar aponeurosis leading to the progressive shortening of the palmar fascia.

Dupuytren's contracture

Is Motor afferent or efferent?

Efferent

Connective tissue of which the vocal cords are comprised

Elastic fibers covered tightly by a mucous membrane

What is one of the most common pediatric joint injuries in children 6 months - 5 years?

Elbow Subluxation

Raising one's shoulder vertically involves what scapular movement?

Elevation

_____________ covers the laryngeal inlet, sealing off the lower airway.

Epiglottis

Inferiorly, the pharynx merges with the ______________

Esophagus

Muscle actions/movements of Lateral Compartment of the Leg (3)

Eversiong of the foot

The tendon of this muscle helps support the transverse arch of the foot when the muscle is active.

Fibularis longus M

Is the posterior belly of the digastric muscle innervated by the facial nerve or by V3?

Facial CN VII

________________ provides some of the sensory to external ear, taste from anterior 2/3rds of the tongue and soft palate, and Branchiomeric motor innervation to muscles of the 2nd arch.

Facial CN VII

_________________ preserves the height of the medial longitudinal arch.

Fascia

_____________________ is the layer of deep fascia that encloses the thigh muscles, forms the outer boundary of the fascial compartments of the thigh, and is continuous with the Crural fascia of the leg.

Fascia lata

A _____________ hernia is inferior to the Inguinal ligament.

Femoral

The Inguinal ligament (base), Sartorius (lateral border), and Adductor longus (medial border) contribute to the boundaries of the __________________________ triangle.

Femoral

A loop of intestine passing through the femoral ring then protruding through the Femoral Canal & Saphenous opening is _______________________ .

Femoral Hernia

What is the innervation of the Anterior Compartment of the Hip, except for Psoas major?

Femoral N

DELETE

Femoral N (L2-L4)

Iliopsoas: Iliacus Innervation

Femoral N (L2-L4)

Pectineus Innervation

Femoral N (L2-L4)

Quadriceps femoris: Rectus femoris Innervation

Femoral N (L2-L4)

Quadriceps femoris: Vastus intermedius Innervation

Femoral N (L2-L4)

Quadriceps femoris: Vastus lateralis Innervation

Femoral N (L2-L4)

Quadriceps femoris: Vastus medialis Innervation

Femoral N (L2-L4)

Sartorius Innervation

Femoral N (L2-L4)

Insertion of the muscles of the gluteal region.

Femur

What is the insertion of the muscles of Psoas major, Iliacus

Femur, Lesser Trochanter

The Lateral Compartment of the Leg is located between the Anterior and Posterior Intermuscular Septa, and is lateral to the ________________________ bone.

Fibula

Insertion, Biceps femoris

Fibula, lateral head

The ______________________________ muscle also assists Posterior Compartment Muscles with Plantarflexion.

Fibularis Longus Muscle

Lateral Compartment of the Leg muscles (2)

Fibularis Longus a Fibularis Brevis Muscles

Muscles inserting on 5th metatarsal tuberosity (1 was addressed in the Anterolateral Leg / Foot Dorsum lecture, although there are more)

Fibularis brevis

_________________ is motor innervation to the skeletal muscle in the head derived from somite mesoderm.

GSE

________________ is sensation from visceral structures of the head (Carotid body and Carotid sinus) and the thoracic and abdominal viscera (foregut and midgut).

GVA

Postganglionic sympathetic fibers in the head form a peri-arterial plexus surrounding the ______ arteries. [Dependent on type, not sequential] (3)

ICA (internal carotid artery), ECA (internal carotid artery), facial artery Extra credit: Name the terminal motor ganglia of the head and the cranial nerves with which they are associated, as well as the intrinsic ganglia not in the head and their cranial nerve. Ciliary ganglion - Oculomotor CN III Submandibular & Pterygopalatine ganglia - Facial CN VII Otic ganglion - Glossopharyngeal CN IX Intrinsic ganglia of the thorax, foregut, midgut - Vagus CN X

__________________________, characterized by leg pain and cramps, develops during walking and disappears after rest. It results from ischemia of leg muscles caused by narrowing or occlusion of leg arteries.

Intermittent Claudication

What provides SA (taste) fibers to the epiglottis & tongue base?

Internal br. of superior laryngeal N

Adductor hallucis (transverse and oblique heads), and flexor digiti minimi brevis

Interossei

The anterior tibial artery passes through a gap through the superior end of the ________________ membrane to reach the anterior compartment of the leg.

Interosseous

Structure which helps to transfer force from the radius to the ulna, and thus from the hand to the humerus. This is critical in preventing fractures during a fall onto the outstretched hand.

Interosseous membrane

The axilla has boundaries. What comprises the lateral wall of axilla?

Intertubercular groove of the humerus

Damage to the ATFL is clinically termed __________________, otherwise known as "rolling your ankle."

Inversion ankle sprain

Because the posterior tibial artery passes deep to the flexor retinaculum, it is important when palpating this pulse to have the person _________ their foot to relax the retinaculum.

Invert

Origin, Semitendinosis and Semimembranosus

Ischial tuberosity

Ligament between Ischium of Os coxae and femur

Ischiofemoral

Pulling an infant by its arm to assist the birthing process could result in what named clinical manifestation?

Klumpke Paralysis / Lower Brachial Plexus Lesion involving C8, T1 roots affecting primarily the ulnar N

Rather than the hand, the _____________________ could be used for compression.

Knee

With damage to the _______ , the motor deficit is limited to loss of plantarflexion and loss of intrinsic foot muscles.

Knee

Concave anteriorly, convex posteriorly

Kyphosis / kyphotic

Primary curvature(s) of the spine

Kyphosis / kyphotic

Name the posture depicted

Kyphotic-Lordotic Posture

Iliopsoas: Psoas major Innervation

L1 - L3 Ventral Rami

What is the innervation of Psoas major?

L1-L3 ventral rami

End of spinal cord, vertebral level

L2

The Femoral, Obturator and Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerves are from ___________ ventral rami.

L2-L4

What is the vertebral level of the iliac crest?

L4

Dorsiflexion against force is used as a neurological test for the integrity of _______________ spinal nerves.

L4 & L5

Dorsiflexion is a test for __________ spinal nerve roots.

L4, L5

spinal nerve affected by L4 disc herniation.

L5

spinal nerve superior to sacral vertebra 1.

L5

pharynx posterior to Larynx

Laryngopharynx

Inlet to the digestive tract in the adult

Larynx

This posterior view of the pharynx, with one side cut and folded anteriorly, illustrates the 3 longitudinal constrictors, which help to raise the ________________ during swallowing.

Larynx, wall of pharynx

From which cord does the lateral pectoral nerve originate?

Lateral

_____________ are innervated by the median nerve after it passes through the carpal tunnel.

Lateral 2 lumbricals

The ________ have a moving point of origin from the distal tendons of the Flexor Digitorum Longus.

Lumbrical muscles

The _____________________ may play a role in preventing overextension of the MP joint and overflexion of the IP joints when the heel is elevated off the ground and the toes grip the ground during walking. (3)

Lumbrical muscles / lumbricals, dorsal interossei, plantar interossei

_________________________ flex the MP joints while extending the PIP & DIP joints. (full credit: 1, extra credit: 1)

Lumbricals, interossei (intrinsic MM of the hand)

The flexor digitorum flexes what (1 answer: full credit, 2 more: extra credit)

MP, PIP, DIP 2

From which cord does the medial pectoral nerve originate?

Medial

The maintenance of _______________ is important to the health of the head of the femur.

Medial & Lateral Circumflex A

Pectoralis major muscle Innervation

Medial & Lateral Pectoral N

Do the Adductor muscles function as medial / internal rotators, or lateral / external rotators?

Medial / internal rotators

Muscle in deep compartment of the anterior forearm, innervated by the ulnar nerve rather than the anterior interosseous nerve. Be specific.

Medial 2 bellies of flexor digitorum profundus

_______________ is a major supplier of blood to the head of the femur.

Medial Circumflex Femoral Artery

Which intermuscular septum contributes to formation of the adductor canal? Lateral, Medial or Posterior?

Medial Compartment

Pectoralis Minor Innervation

Medial Pectoral N

Pectoralis Major Innervation

Medial and Lateral Pectoral N

Communicating vein between cephalic and basilic veins that is important venipuncture target

Median cubital vein

Primary innervation of muscles in superficial compartment of anterior forearm

Median nerve

Carpal tunnel syndrome is a result of what?

Median nerve compression

Name the joints of the hand, and their abbrevations.

Metacarpophalangeal MP Proximal interphalangeal PIP Distal interphalangeal DIP

What is the name of the fibers telling a target muscle or gland to modify its action?

Motor

What innervates the short head of the biceps brachii muscle?

Musculocutaneous N

What provides motor innervation to the muscles of the anterior compartment of the ARM?

Musculocutaneous N (C5, C6)

What is the innervation of the flexor compartment of the ARM?

Musculocutaneous N from the anterior division of the brachial plexus

What nerve can become entrapped as it passes through the coracobrachialis, or as it lies in the plane between the biceps and the brachialis?

Musculocutaneous nerve

The reflex in the calcaneal tendon reflex just above is considered a __________________ reflex

Myotactic (stretch) deep tendon reflex

Innervation of Piriformis, which is deep to the Piriformis

N to Piriformis

pharynx that is posterior nasal cavities

Nasopharynx

Pharynx divisions (3)

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

What happens when the distal blood supply to the scaphoid is destroyed?

Necrosis of proximal scaphoid

Do the tendons of the Anterior Compartment cross over each other as they pass underneath the Extensor Retinacula? (Yes or No)

No

Do the ulnar and median nerves have any targets for innervation in the ARM? Yes or no

No

Does pronation and supination involve the elbow joint? (Yes or No)

No

Does the Femoral Sheath contain the Femoral Nerve? Yes or No

No

Does the brachialis exert any action at the shoulder joint? Yes or no

No

Does the coracobrachialis muscle exert any action at the elbow joint?

No

Does the thumb have a middle phalange? Yes or no

No

Does the ulnar nerve travel through the carpal tunnel? (Yes or no)

No

Does there exist a collateral network of vessels around the elbow? Yes or no

No

Is sensation to the central palm affected by carpal tunnel? (Yes or no)

No

Yes or no: Spinal nerve cervical 1 emerges between C1 & C2 vertebrae.

No

The uvula hangs from the soft palate between the ___________ and Pharynx.

Oral cavity

What muscles elevate the larynx during swallowing, to facilitate sealing of the lower airway?

Oral floor muscles (mylohyoid, digastric), thyrohyoid muscles

Phases of swallowing (4) - based on where bolus is located

Oral phase, oral propulsive phase, pharyngeal phase, esophageal phase

Air and food/liquids cross paths at the level of the ________________.(nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx)

Oropharynx

pharynx posterior to oral cavity

Oropharynx

Origin of muscles of gluteal region.

Os coxae

_____________________ are the Symptoms for Compartment Syndrome. (5)

Pain (pain out of proportion to the injury, pain at rest or with passive stretching) Parasthesia (an early symptom of pain or tingling due to compression of nerves within a compartment) Paresis / Paralysis (partial or complete paralysis due to compression of nerves within the compartment or from muscle pain / damage) Pulselessness (due to occluded arteries within a compartment) Pallor (decreased color due to reduced flow)

_____________folds (tonsillar pillars, fauces) surround the Palatine Tonsil.

Palatoglossal & Palatopharyngeal

The _______________ M originates from the soft palate and inserts into the inner wall of the pharynx.

Palatopharyngeus

A cut on the thumb that penetrates and infects the synovial sheath may spread to what area?

Palm

This system includes Vagus Cranial Nerve X which provides innervation to the thorax and abdomen. More specifically, the heart, lung, stomach, liver, pancreas, kidney, intestine.

Parasympathetic / craniosacral

General Visceral Efferent can be subclassified as what 2 systems

Parasympathetic, sympathetic

___________________ is the clinical term for increased height of the longitudinal arch of the foot.

Pes cavus

__________________ is the clinical term for flat foot.

Pes planus

_________________ is the clinical term for normal plantar arches

Pes rectus

_________________ is the clinical term for splay foot defined as loss of the transverse arch.

Pes transversoplanus

. All 3 constrictors attach posteriorly to the _________________

Pharyngeal raphe, which attaches to the Pharyngeal tubercle of the occipital bone

_________________________Lie lateral to the Salpingopharyngeal fold and are the most common site of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma.

Pharyngeal recesses

A cut on the pinky may spread to what area?

Pinky

Origin: Pelvic side of sacrum

Piriformis

Syndrome is entrapment of the Sciatic Nerve due to swelling or spasms of the Piriformis.

Piriformis (Syndrome)

Motor deficits of the tibial nerve are often accompanied by sensory loss on the ____________ surface of the foot.

Plantar

The __________________________ is a thickening of the deep fascia in the sole of the foot.

Plantar aponeurosis

The ___________________ supports the longitudinal arch of the foot and protects the deeper structures in the sole of the foot.

Plantar aponeurosis.

______________________ ligaments that support the arches of the foot. (4)

Plantar calcaneonavicular (spring) ligament, plantar calcaneounavicular (short plantar) ligament, long plantar ligament, plantar aponeurosis

Plantar aponeurosis may become strained or inflamed, resulting in a condition known as the ________________ .

Plantar fasciitis

A person cannot raise up on the toes due to loss of ________________

Plantarflexion

For a calcaneal tendon rupture, individuals cannot ________________ against resistance, and passive dorsiflexion is excessive.

Plantarflexion

____________________ tendon is often harvested for use for tendon repairs elsewhere in the body.

Plantaris

________________________________ muscles in the superficial posterior compartment of the leg are responsible for flexion of the knee (2)

Plantaris, Gastrocnemeous

What is the name of the characteristic physical deformity of the most commonly ruptured tendon of the upper limb, with flexion of the elbow?

Popeye sign

Muscle important for unlocking the knee from a locked position

Popliteus

The _____________ is the only Deep Posterior Compartment Muscle that crosses the knee joint.

Popliteus

The anterior and posterior tibial arteries pass through the tendinous arch of the _________________ to enter the posterior compartment of the leg from the popliteal fossa.

Popliteus

The screw-home mechanism involves the ___________________ muscle during full extension of the lower limb.

Popliteus

__________________ can act to rotate the Tibia or Fibula.

Popliteus

__________________________ muscle medially rotates the tibia and laterally rotates the femur.

Popliteus

Motor deficits of the tibial nerve are often accompanied by sensory loss on the ____________ surface of the leg.

Posterior

. Only muscle that abducts the vocal ligaments, important in inhalation

Posterior Cricoarytenoid

The Extensor pollicises and extensor digiti/orums are innervated by which nerve?

Posterior Interosseous N

2nd pharyngeal arch muscles (those innervated by Facial CN VII)

Posterior belly of digastric, stylohyoid, muscle to stapedius, facial expression MM

Dislocation occurring 90% of the time and leaving the lower extremity medially rotated

Posterior dislocation

Ligament preventing disc herniations from being mid-line

Posterior longitudinal ligament

A mid-shaft humeral fracture puts what structures at risk?

Profunda brachii vessels, radial nerve

Pectoralis Minor - action

Protraction of the scapula

Serratus anterior - action

Protraction, and Superior Rotation of the Lateral angle of the Scapula. Adheres Scapula against the Dorsal trunk.

A crying, ashamed child moves its shoulders forward. Name the scapular movement. (Extra credit: 2 alternate names for this action.)

Protraction/Abduction/Flexion

Are GSA sensory neurons multipolar or pseudounipolar?

Pseudounipolar

What is the origin of the Gracilis, Pectineus, Adductor longus and Adductor brevis?

Pubis

Ligament between Pubis of Os coxae and femur

Pubofemoral

Oculomotor CN III Testing

Pupillary light test

If not for the _______________________ , the toes would curl medially during flexion.

Quadratus plantae

The ___________________________ inserts on the lateral side of the tendon of the flexor digitorum longus. It is in Layer 2 of the plantar foot.

Quadratus plantae

The _____________________________ modifies the action of the flexor digitorum tendons by adjusting the "line of pull" of the tendon as it enters the foot from the medial side.

Quadratus plantae

Muscle principally responsible for extension of the knee

Quadriceps femoris

Supports the knee joint anteriorly

Quadriceps femoris

The most important muscle in stabilizing the knee joint.

Quadriceps femoris

The Brachioradialis and extensor carpi radialis are innervated by what nerve?

Radial N

What provides motor innervation to the muscles of the posterior compartments of the arm and forearm?

Radial N (C5-T1)

The _______________ artery primarily contributes to the deep palmar arch.

Radial artery

What is the innervation of the extensor compartment of the ARM?

Radial nerve from the posterior compartment of the brachial plexus

What bony process limits abduction at the wrist?

Radial styloid process

Is the insertion of the biceps brachii (both heads) the radial or ulnar tuberosity?

Radial tuberosity

The cubital fossa marks the point of the division of the brachial artery into what 2 major arteries of the forearm?

Radial, ulnar

____________ is the interval, or space, between the vocal folds, when the vocal folds are open, and the narrowest part of the laryngeal cavity (Choose 1: Rima vestibuli OR Rima glottidis).

Rima glottidis

___________ is the interval, or space, between the vestibular folds (Choose 1: Rima vestibuli OR Rima glottidis).

Rima vestibuli

Put the following words in order, from proximal to distal. Divisions - Terminal nerves - Cords - Trunks - Roots (anterior rami)

Roots (anterior rami) - Trunks - Divisions - Cords - Terminal nerves

Most of the muscles in the Medial compartment ______________ the knee (Name the movement.).

Rotate

Checking to see if a bear is chasing you, by looking behind you, involves what vertebral column movement?

Rotation

Plantar Flexion against force is used as a neurological test for the integrity of _______________ spinal nerves.

S1 & S2

The deep tendon reflex tests the integrity of the ___________________ spinal nerves.

S1 & S2

Plantarflexion is a test for __________ spinal nerve roots.

S1, S2

Adduction of the toes is a test for __________ spinal nerve roots.

S2, S3

Parasympathetic fibers of spinal nerves originate from ___________ spinal levels.

S2- S4

__________ functional components are unique to cranial nerves. (2)

SA (special sensory), BE (branchiomeric motor, SVE)

_______________ is sensation from receptors in the head, present in all of the following cranial nerves: I, II, VII, VIII, IX and X.

SA, special sensory

Gluteal region nerves are formed from this collection of nerves. (Hint: Not the brachial plexus.)

Sacral Plexus

The index finger on the iliac crest, the middle finger on the ASIS (Anterior Superior Iliac Spine), and the palm over the greater trochanter on the lateral aspect of the hip; is the surface anatomy describing what medical procedure?

Safe Quadrant for intramuscular gluteal injections

Primary function of larynx

Shut off valve for airway to prevent food and liquids from entering lungs during swallowing

____________________fold: a ridge formed by mucosa overlying the Salpingopharyngeus muscle.

Salpingopharyngeal

The ______________ M originates from the cartilaginous portion of the auditory tube and inserts into the inner wall of the pharynx.

Salpingopharyngeus

The entire inner surface of the Pharynx is covered with mucosa. The mucosa is draped over the Salpingopharyngeus M & Palatopharyngeus M creating visible folds (_____________________ fold & _________________________ fold).

Salpingopharyngeus & Palatopharyngeus

The only branch of the Femoral Nerve that crosses the knee joint.

Saphenous Nerve

The Dorsal Venous Arch drains into this vessel

Saphenous Vein

Superficial nerves of the lower limb (3)

Saphenous, Sural, Superficial Fibular Nerves

What is the origin of the coracobrachialis muscle?

Scapula, coracoid process

What is the origin of the short head of the biceps brachii muscle?

Scapula, coracoid process

Insertion, Levator scapula muscle

Scapula, medial border

What is the innervation of the Posterior Compartment of the Hip?

Sciatic N components: either Tibial N or Common Fibular N

Pain caused by herniated discs, Spondylolisthesis, misdirected injections, or answer just above (#).

Sciatic Pain

What is the name of the fibers providing information from skin, fascia, ligaments, tendons, joints, and visceral structures to the CNS?

Sensory

The 2 _____________ bones provide a tunnel for the passage of Tendon of the flexor hallucis longus protecting it from compression when the weight is transferred to the ball of the foot and the great toe.

Sesamoid bones

A complete fracture often results in displacement of the 2 broken ends of bone away from their original positions, resulting in lateral rotation of the leg, and the appearance that the affected limb is _____________ than the unaffected limb. (Shorter or Longer?)

Shorter

The tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii arises from what structure?

Supraglenoid tubercle

Groups of muscles suspending hyoid bone

Suprahyoid, infrahyoid

Infraspinatus Innervation

Suprascapular N

Infraspinatus muscle Innervation

Suprascapular N

Supraspinatus Innervation

Suprascapular N

Supraspinatus muscle Innervation

Suprascapular N

Name the muscles responsible for abduction the shoulder joint.

Supraspinatus Deltoid Upper & lower trapezius Serratus anterior

The Lateral and Medial Sural Cutaneous Nerves arise from the Common Fibular and Tibial Nerves, respectively. The Lateral Medial and Sural Cutaneous Nerves then join to form the ___________________ Nerve.

Sural Cutaneous

Name the Posture

Sway back

The _______________________ are the targets of postganglionic sympathetic fibers of the head.

Sweat glands, salivary and mucous glands, vascular smooth muscle, dilator pupillae, superior tarsal muscle

The autonomic portion of the plexus consists of _________________ fibers (GVE) that target blood vessels in the pharyngeal wall.

Sympathetic motor

The superior border of the pharynx attaches to ______________

The base of the skull

Why does the Scapula have only one boney attachment?

This arrangement is critically important in permitting the necessary mobility of the upper extremity to allow the placement of the hand within a large volume of three dimensional space

Latissimus Dorsi Innervation

Thoracodorsal N

Name the heads of the adductor pollicis. (full credit: 1, extra credit: 1)

Transverse, oblique

Dipping of pelvis to unaffected side when patient attempts to stand only on affected side

Trendelenburg Sign

Name the muscles responsible for extension at the elbow joint.

Triceps Brachii

Name the 1 muscle comprising the extensor compartment of the arm

Triceps brachii M

The _________________ are the strongest plantarflexors of the foot, and all are innervated by #22 contributions to the Tibial Nerve just above.

Triceps surae

Postganglionic fibers "hitchhike" primarily on named branches of the _______________ nerve to reach their targets in the head.

Trigeminal CN V

_______________ provides sensory to the skin of the face and scalp, the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue, and the soft palate.

Trigeminal CN V

. Cranial nerves providing motor function only. (4)__________________________________________

Trochlear CN IV, Abducent CN VI, Spinal Accessory CN XI, Hypoglossal CN XII

Is the anterior belly of the digastic muscle innervated by the facial nerve or by V3?

V3

Gag reflex: ______________Nerve responsible for GSE / Motor to pharynx for swallowing

Vagus CN X

Innervation of the entire larynx

Vagus CN X

Parasympathetic fibers (GVE) from _______________ that innervate mucous glands in the inner layer of mucosa that lines the Pharynx.

Vagus CN X

The Pharyngeal plexus is a network of branchiomeric motor fibers (BE) from _______________ .

Vagus CN X

The _________________ contribution to the plexus includes motor (BE) fibers to the 3 Constrictors and 2 of the 3 longitudinal pharyngeal muscles (Palatopharyngeus M & Salpingopharyngeus M). .

Vagus CN X

The __________________ carries GSA fibers from the lower 1/3rd of the Pharynx (Laryngopharynx).

Vagus CN X

_______________ provides taste from the back of the tongue and epiglottis (root of the tongue).

Vagus CN X

________________ provides parasympathetic innervation to the viscera, smooth muscle and glands in the trachea, esophagus, thoracic and abdominal viscera (foregut and midgut).

Vagus CN X

________________ provides sensory from the external ear, lower 1/3rd of the pharyngeal mucosa and esophagus, laryngeal mucosa, and the root of the tongue

Vagus CN X

_____________________ occur when valves in superficial veins become incompetent, allowing blood to flow backward and pool in the superficial system. The superficial veins become distended, tortuous, and painful.

Varicosities

Paired veins traveling alongside deep arteries of the limbs are termed _______________________ .

Vena comitans / vena comitantes

Extrinsic Muscles of the Back Innervation

Ventral Rami

Extrinsic muscles of the back Innervation

Ventral ramus

The ________ are superior and lateral (Choose 1: vestibular folds / false vocal folds OR (true) vocal folds).

Vestibular folds / false vocal folds

The __________ is the space between the inlet and vocal cords.

Vestibule

What nervous system Innervates organ systems, smooth muscle and glands, detects and responds to information from the internal environment? To include structures composed of smooth or cardiac muscle, as well as glands.

Visceral / autonomic

What would some targets be for the just above extra credit question?

Visceral structures of the body (sweat glands, blood vessels, arrector pili smooth muscle), viscera of the head, thorax and abdomen/pelvis and perineum [including smooth muscle associated with all of those]

The conus elasticus / cricothyroid ligament spans upward from the cricoid cartilage, and its superior free margin transitions into the __________ ligament.

Vocal

The _________ are inferior and medial (Choose 1: vestibular folds / false vocal folds OR (true) vocal folds).

Vocal folds / true vocal folds

Muscle that fine tunes the pitch

Vocalis

Phases of swallowing (3) - based on actions of muscles

Voluntary initiation, reflex closure of airway, reflex transport of the food bolus

Entrapment of the musculocutaneous nerve would cause what movement deficit?

Weakness/loss of elbow flexion

Sternocleidomastoid muscle Innervation

XI

Are taste buds present in the posterior surface of the epiglottis AND the anterolateral surfaces of the arytenoids? (Yes or No)

Yes

Do you think the auditory tube properly opening/closing is important to speech development)? (yes or no)

Yes

Yes or no: Spinal nerve cervical 8 emerges between C7 & T1 vertebrae.

Yes

Does the lower limb include the pelvis?

Yes, but not the sacrum. So no could be counted

Compartment Syndrome may result from _________

a bone fracture, crush, burn, snake bite (on the hand as reported in the literature), overtight bandaging or cast, extremely vigorous exercise, or blockage of vessels draining a compartment

A clinician gently ______________ the knee and gauges the degree of opening of the medial aspect of the joint, normally prevented by an intact MCL, during a Valgus stress test. (adduct or abduct)

abducts

A clinician gently ________________ the knee and gauges the degree of opening of the lateral aspect of the joint, normally prevented by an intact LCL, during a Varus stress test. (adduct or abduct)

adducts

The quadrangular membrane spans from the epiglottic cartilage to the arytenoid cartilage. The inferior free margin of the quadrangular membrane transitions into the vestibular ligament. Mucosa draped over the superior free margin of the quadrangular membrane (and a muscle called the aryepiglottic muscle) forms the _____________ fold.

aryepiglottic

Spinal Accessory CN XI Testing

ask the patient to elevate the shoulders against force.

Abducens CN VI Testing

ask the patient to look laterally.

Trochlear CN IV Testing

ask the patient to look medially (takes inferior rectus out of the equation) and down.

Facial CN VII Testing

asking the patient to smile or raise their eyebrows.

A small, sac-like structure lined by synovial membrane and filled with lubricating fluid, generally positioned between bones and tendons/muscles around a joint, to help reduce friction and allow free movement.

bursa

Inflammation of a bursae. Symptoms include pain, swelling, warmth, tenderness, stiffness, redness.

bursitis

What is a function of the vertebral column? (full credit: 1 function; extra credit: 2 functions)

central pillar of axial skeleton: supports head and all the weight of the upper extremity, thorax and abdomen; and transmits that weight to the pelvic girdle and lower limb

Contact between these two lower limb parts limits flexion of the knee

contact between calf and thigh

Muscle actions/movements of Anterior Compartment of the Leg (3)

dorsiflexion, inversion and eversion of the foot

Acute Compartment Syndrome is treated as an emergency ________________________ where the inelastic fascia is cut open to relieve the pressure. The wound may have to remain open until swelling is reduced.

fasciotomy

The Anterior Compartment of the Leg is divided from the Posterior Compartment by the ____________________ membrane and posterior intermuscular septum.

interosseous

What innervates the brachialis muscle?

musculocutaneous nerve

What innervates the coracobrachialis muscle?

musculocutaneous nerve

These motor deficits of Common Fibular / Common Peroneal Nerve are often accompanied by sensory loss _____________________

over the entire dorsum of the foot, and the anterior and lateral sides of the leg

What other functions does the above cranial nerve supply?

parasympathetic innervation to: the lacrimal, submandibular, sublingual glands, mucous glands of the floor of the oral cavity, mucous membranes of the nasal cavity and soft palate

Muscle actions/movements of Superior Posterior Compartment of the Leg (2)

plantarflexion of the foot, flex leg

Muscle actions/movements of Deep Posterior Compartment of the Leg (2)

plantarflexion, inversion of the foot

. The _________________ prevents hyperflexion of the knee joint (ACL or PCL).

posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)

The ______________ knee ligament injury is the most common dashboard injury in an auto accident. Falling on a flexed knee is also typical. (ACL or PCL)

posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)

The _________________ knee ligament injury is the most common dashboard injury in an auto accident (ACL or PCL).

posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)

The ___________________ attaches to the anterior part of the medial condyle of the femur (ACL or PCL.

posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)

Chronic (Exertional) Compartment Syndrome such as shin splints from exercise may be treated by _________________

rest or steroid injection

Lesion of V1

result in loss of general sensation of the skin on the forehead/scalp.

Lesion of V3

result in loss of general sensation of the skin over the mandible, the mandibular teeth, tongue, weakness in chewing and deviation of the jaw to the side of the lesion where the jaw is protruded.

Lesion V2

result in loss of general sensation of the skin over the maxilla and of the maxillary teeth.

As at the wrist, the ________________ serve to hold the tendons near the joint to prevent "bow stringing," and the provide some mechanical advantage.

retinacula

Secondary function of larynx

sound production

Gluteus medius Innervation

superior gluteal nerve

Gluteus minimus Innervation

superior gluteal nerve

Tensor fascia lata Innervation

superior gluteal nerve

The ulnar nerve provides cutaneous innervation to what? (full credit: 1, extra credit: 3 more)

the anterior and posterior medial hand, and the remaining half of digits 4 & 5

Sensory loss of Superficial Fibular / Superficial Peroneal Nerve is more extensive and involves ______________________.

the entire Foot Dorsum, except the skin between the first and second toes

Hypoglossal CN XII Testing

the patient is asked to stick out their tongue

If Hypoglossal CN XII is damaged....

the tongue will deviate to the affected side