Anatomy final
From deep (innermost) to superficial (outermost), the layers of the organs of the alimentary canal are: 1. mucosa 2. muscularis externa 3. serosa (adventitia) 4. submucosa 3, 2, 4, 1 1, 4, 2, 3 1, 2, 4, 3 1, 4, 3, 2
1,4,2,3
A drug inhibits the citric acid cycle from generating ATP. How many ATP are lost from the total amount of ATP made thus far between the processes of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle? 2 ATP 12 ATP 1 ATP 4 ATP
2 ATP
How many net ATP are produced as a result of glycolysis? 8 ATP 2 ATP 4 ATP 12 ATP
2 ATP
Thermoregulation involves a steady core body temperature near: 39.0 °C (102.2 °F). 34.7 °C (94.5 °F). 37.5 °C (99.5 °F). 35.4 °C (95.7 °F).
37.5 (99.5 F
How many ATP molecules are made when one glucose molecule is completely oxidized? 4 ATP 24 ATP 38 ATP 2 ATP
38 ATP
A drug inhibits the work of ATP synthase. Determine the effect on chemiosmosis. Oxygen would no longer be required for ATP production. Carbon dioxide would no longer be made as a result of ATP production. ATP production would stop. ATP production would increase rapidly.
ATP production would stop
What reaction is driven by glucose catabolism? ATP synthesis ATP oxidation-reduction ATP catabolism ATP hydrolysis
ATP synthesis
What type of organic molecule must undergo transamination prior to being used for ATP synthesis? glycerol amino acids fatty acids glucose
Amino acids
During β-oxidation, what happens to the FADH2 and NADH that are oxidized from the fatty acid chain? FADH2 and NADH enter substrate-level phosphorylation. FADH2 and NADH enter the electron transport chain. FADH2 and NADH enter glycolysis. FADH2 and NADH enter the citric acid cycle.
FADH2 and NADH enter the electron transport chain
Glucose catabolism refers to the reactions that involve the breakdown of the monosaccharide glucose and the use of the chemical energy in its bonds to drive ATP synthesis. True False
True
What two products can be generated from the transamination of an amino acid? ketone bodies and glycerol a carbon skeleton and the amino acid glutamate palmitic acid and fatty acids fatty acids and glycerol
a carbon skeleton and the amino acid glutamate
Splanchnic circulation involves the blood supply that feeds and drains: abdominal reproductive organs. thoracic digestive organs. thoracic cardiovascular organs. abdominal digestive organs.
abodominal digestive organs
From what part of a triglyceride are ketone bodies produced? NADH acetyl-CoA glycerol glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
acetyl-CoA
From which of the following are ketone bodies assembled during ketogenesis? glycerol glucose acetyl-CoA NADH
acetyl-CoA
Protein catabolism results in: nucleotides. amino acids. fatty acids. nucleic acids.
amino acids
Kidney failure can lead to a build-up of a product of transamination in the blood. Which of the following would you expect to remain in the blood rather than be released into the urine? ketone bodies ammonia glycerol fatty acids
ammonia
The release of urea in the urine is a mechanism for the body to rid itself of: ammonia. creatinine. fatty acids. ketone bodies.
ammonia
Determine the effect of inadequate insulin on the absorptive state. Blood glucose levels will decrease. Anabolic processes will be impaired. Glycogenolysis will release glucose into the blood. Gluconeogenesis will release glucose into the blood.
anabolic processes will be impaired
Which of the following body temperatures is recognized as hypothermia? above 42.8 °C (109 °F) below 32 °C (89.6 °F) above 41.1 °C (106 °F) above 38.3 °C (101 °F)
below 32C
When body temperature increases above the normal range, thermoreceptors in the skin and hypothalamus detect the increase in body temperature. The heat-loss center of the hypothalamus is activated, which sends signals to blood vessels and sweat glands. In response, blood vessels in the skin dilate and sweat glands release sweat. Determine the part of this negative feedback loop that serves as the effector(s). blood vessels and sweat glands thermoreceptors hypothalamus body temperature
blood vessels and sweat glands
The breakdown of carbohydrates into glucose in the body is classified as: homeostasis catabolism. synthesis. anabolism.
catabolism
A mutation has damaged the formation of oxaloacetate. What process will be impaired? citric acid cycle chemiosmosis ATP synthase electron transport chain
citric acid cycle
Which statement is TRUE regarding complete proteins? Complete proteins provide all of the essential amino acids. Complete proteins lack one or more essential amino acids. Complete proteins can be synthesized from carbon skeletons. Complete proteins can only be obtained from animal proteins.
complete proteins provide all of the essential amino acids
A disease that attacks and disables the myenteric plexus would: decrease the motility of muscularis externa. increase the motility of muscularis externa. increase gastric secretion. decrease gastric secretion.
decrease the motility of muscularis externa
In which process of cellular respiration is water produced? citrate synthesis glycolysis electron transport chain citric acid cycle
electron transport chain
The crown of a tooth is covered by: enamel. dentin. pulp. cementum.
enamel
Which of the following reactions requires energy, such as ATP, to proceed? oxidation reactions exergonic reactions phosphorylation reactions endergonic reactions
endergonic reactions
What do endergonic reactions require? energy glucose oxygen amino acids
energy
Which of the following is an organ of the alimentary canal? liver spleen esophagus pancreas
esophagus
What term best summarizes ATP hydrolysis? exergonic endergonic anabolic oxidative
exergonic
Carbon dioxide is formed during the electron transport chain (ETC). True False
false
Endergonic reactions release more energy than is needed to proceed. True False
false
Excess proteins from a high-protein diet cannot be stored as fat. True False
false
Fatty acids and amino acids produce far less ATP than one glucose molecule. True False
false
Feeding occurs during the absorptive state. True False
false
Ketoacidosis is a critical part of ATP synthesis when fatty acids are used for fuel. True False
false
The mucosa of the alimentary canal from esophagus to anus is composed of simple columnar epithelium. True False
false
The synthesis of fatty acids is known as lipolysis. True False
false
What molecule cannot be used for gluconeogenesis? glycerol glucogenic amino acids fatty acid pyruvate
fatty acid
As a way to conserve glucose for the cells of the nervous system during glucose sparing, the body preferentially catabolizes: glycogen. fatty acids. glycerol. amino acids.
fatty acids
Julia has diabetes mellitus and is experiencing ketoacidosis. What does her body use to generate ATP? fatty acids glycogen glycerol glucose
fatty acids
What part of a triglyceride undergoes β-oxidation? glycerol glucose glycogen fatty acids
fatty acids
Select the statement that best describes lipogenesis. Glycogen is converted to glucose during lipogenesis. Amino acids are assembled into proteins during lipogenesis. Fatty acids are synthesized during lipogenesis. Fatty acids are converted to glucose during lipogenesis.
fatty acids are synthesized during lipogenesis
Which tongue papillae lack taste buds? filiform circumvallate fungiform foliate
filiform
Which of the following is NOT true of glycolysis? Four molecules of ATP are synthesized. Four molecules of NADH are spent. Two molecules of ATP are spent. Glucose is split into two three-carbon pyruvate molecules.
four molecules of NADH are spent
A pancreatic hormone that is released in response to a decreasing blood glucose concentration gluconeogenesis glycogenesis glycolysis glucagon glycogenolysis
glucagon
Classify the conversion of glycerol into glucose. glycogenesis gluconeogenesis glycolysis glycogenolysis
gluconeogenesis
The synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate molecules such as glycerol or certain amino acids gluconeogenesis glycogenolysis glycolysis glycogenesis glucagon
gluconeogenesis
Which of the following does NOT occur during the absorptive state? glycogenesis lipogenesis oxidation of nutrient molecules gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis
gluconeogensis and glycogenolysis
Which of the following results from the lipolysis of a triglyceride? nucleic acids amino acids glycerol and fatty acids polysaccharides
glycerol and fatty acids
The process of storing glucose as glycogen is known as: gluconeogenesis. glycogenolysis. glycolysis. glycogenesis.
glycogenesis
The process that stores excess glucose in skeletal muscle and hepatocytes gluconeogenesis glucagon glycogenolysis glycolysis glycogenesis
glycogenesis
The products of glycogenolysis are the same as the reactants of: gluconeogenesis. glycogenesis. lipolysis. glycolysis
glycogenesis
The process of breaking down glycogen into glucose molecules glycogenesis glycolysis gluconeogenesis glucagon glycogenolysis
glycogenolysis
A series of reactions in the cytosol that split glucose gluconeogenesis glycolysis glucagon glycogenesis glycogenolysi
glycolysis
The carbon skeleton of an amino acid can generate ATP through: oxidative deamination. glycolysis or the citric acid cycle. β-oxidation. the electron transport chain or chemiosmosis.
glycolysis or the citric acid cycle
What separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity? periodontal ligament labial frenulum and lingual frenulum extrinsic and intrinsic muscles hard palate and soft palate
hard palate and soft palate
Which type of lipoprotein transfers cholesterol from the cells in peripheral tissues to the liver for inclusion as part of bile? lipoprotein lipase very-low density lipoproteins (VLDLs) low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) high-density lipoproteins (HDLs)
high density lipoproteins
You have received a copy of your blood report. You were happy to see high levels of: cholesterol. very-low density lipoproteins (VLDLs). low-density lipoproteins (LDLs). high-density lipoproteins (HDLs).
high density lipoproteins (hdls)
Feeding centers are located in the: corpus callosum. hypothalamus. pons. thalamus.
hypothalamus
What part of the brain is involved in thermoregulation? pons hypothalamus thalamus midbrain
hypothalamus
When body temperature decreases below the normal range, thermoreceptors in the skin and hypothalamus detect the decrease in body temperature. The heat-promoting center of the hypothalamus is activated, which sends signals to blood vessels and skeletal muscles. In response, blood vessels in the skin constrict and skeletal muscles shiver. Determine the part of this negative feedback loop that serves as the control center. body temperature blood vessels and skeletal muscles hypothalamus thermoreceptors
hypothalamus
What is the first process to occur in the digestive system? peristalsis absorption defecation ingestion
ingestion
The sympathetic nervous system: has no effect on digestive processes. inhibits digestive processes. increases chemical digestive processes, but decreases mechanical digestive processes. increases digestive processes.
inhibits digestive processes
Which hormone stimulates the uptake of glucose by cells, lowering the concentration of glucose in the blood? cortisol epinephrine insulin glucagon
insulin
What hormone suppresses the appetite? neuropeptide Y leptin ghrelin orexin
leptin
Which hormone has an anorexigenic effect on appetite? neuropeptide Y leptin orexins ghrelin
leptin
The sum of the body's chemical reactions is known as: phosphorylation. homeostasis. metabolism. oxidation.
metabolism
What is NOT requried for glycolysis to occur? mitochondrion enzymes ATP phosphate group
mitochondrion
Damage to the enteric nervous system that innervates the digestive organs could affect: motility. mastication. salivation. deglutition.
motility
Jerry had an ulcer affecting the innermost epithelium of the stomach facing the lumen. Which layer of the alimentary canal was ulcerated? submucosa mucosa muscularis externa serosa (adventitia)
mucosa
Which of the following is NOT a nutrient monomer used by the body to generate ATP? amino acids nucleic acids fatty acids glucose
nucleic acids
What molecule is both the starting compound and end result of the citric acid cycle? pyruvate oxaloacetate succinate citric acid
oxaloacetate
When electrons are lost from one substance, they are transferred to another molecule in reactions known as: endergonic reactions. phosphorylation reactions. synthesis reactions. oxidation-reduction reactions.
oxidation-reduction reactions
Substances that lose electrons are said to be: reduced. anabolized. oxidized. synthesized.
oxidized
What is required for glucose catabolism to proceed beyond glycolysis? carbon dioxide oxygen heat water
oxygen
What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain? carbon dioxide oxygen acetyl-CoA pyruvate
oxygen
Which nervous system primarily controls and increases salivation? enteric nervous system submucosal nervous system sympathetic nervous system parasympathetic nervous system
parasympathetic nervous system
What process involves the donation of a phosphate group from ATP to a reactant to "pay" for a cellular process? synthesis oxidation phosphorylation anabolism
phosphorylation
Heat is exchanged between the body and the environment by all of the following mechanisms EXCEPT: convection. evaporation. radiation. precipitation.
precipitation
Under anaerobic conditions, what happens to pyruvate? Pyruvate undergoes decarboxylation. Pyruvate is oxidized in the mitochondrion. Pyruvate is reduced to lactate. Pyruvate enters the citric acid cycle.
pyruvate is reduced to lactate
When NAD+ is ________ it becomes NADH. reduced catabolized hydrolyzed oxidized
reduced
Electron transfer reactions are termed oxidation-________ reactions. hydrolysis neutralization reduction phosphorylation
reduction
Rolita had the mumps as a child and experienced swelling in the parotid glands. What do these glands secrete? sweat oil saliva tears
saliva
Which of the following is NOT a process occurring in the oral cavity? segmentation chemical digestion propulsion ingestion
segmentation
The transfer of a phosphate group from creatine phosphate to ADP is classified as: second phosphorylation. substrate-level phosphorylation. first phosphorylation. oxidative phosphorylation.
substrate-level phosphorylation
Carbon dioxide results from the loss of carbons during: the citric acid cycle. ATP production by ATP synthase. the electron transport chain. chemiosmosis.
the citric acid cycle
If NADH and FADH2 fail to be oxidized as part of the electron transport chain (ETC), what is affected? the electromotive force required to drive the electron transport chain (ETC) the regeneration of oxaloacetate the formation of acetyl-CoA the phosphorylation and oxidation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
the electromotive force required to drive the electron transport chain
The total amount of energy expended by the body to power all of its processes is called: cellular respiration. the basal metabolic rate. homeostasis. the metabolic rate.
the metabolic rate
The majority of the body's energy is stored as: triglycerides. glycogen. amino acids. glucose.
triglycerides
Fatty acid catabolism involves β-oxidation while amino acid catabolism involves transamination of the amino group on amino acids. True False
true
Fatty acids cannot undergo gluconeogenesis to produce glucose molecules. True False
true
Oxidative deamination of a glutamate molecule produces ammonia. True False
true
Reactions in which smaller molecules are combined to make a larger molecule are known as anabolic reactions. True False
true
The digestive system is regulated by the sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric nervous systems. True False
true
When NADH is oxidized, it becomes NAD+ True False
true
Transamination results in an ammonia-containing product that can be eliminated by the kidneys in the urine called: urea. creatinine. bicarbonate ion. bilirubin.
urea
Under normal conditions, where should we expect to see most urea? extracellular fluids urine intracellular fluids blood
urine
What creates the mesentery? greater omentum visceral peritoneum parietal peritoneum muscularis externa
visceral peritoneum
If oxygen was NOT available as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, which cellular respiration product could not be made? water oxaloacetate carbon dioxide acetyl-CoA
water
