Anatomy Final review

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Match the correct disease or condition with the corresponding pathologic description. A. Chondrosarcoma B. Joint effusion C. Osgood-Schlatter disease D. Reiter s syndrome E. Lisfranc joint injury F. Ewing s sarcoma G. Gout H. Paget s disease I. Bone cyst J. Exostosis Benign, neoplastic bone lesion filled with clear fluid

I. Bone cyst

The inferosuperior axial projection (Clements modification) requires a CR angle of ____ toward axilla if a patient cannot fully abduct extremity 90°. Selected Answer: Answers: a. 5° to 15° b. 40° to 45° c. none d. 35°

a. 5° to 15°

What is the name of the insertion point for the deltoid muscle located on the anterolateral surface of the humerus? a. Deltoid protuberance b. Deltoid tuberosity c. Surgical neck d. Intertubercular groove

b. Deltoid tuberosity

Which of the following AP shoulder projections demonstrates the lesser tubercle in profile medially? a. External rotation b. Internal rotation c. Neutral rotation d. None of the above

b. Internal rotation

Saclike structures found in the knee joint that allow smooth articulation between ligaments and tendons are called: bursae. menisci. synovial membranes. synovial bodies.

bursae

A radiograph of a transthoracic lateral projection reveals that it is difficult to visualize the proximal humerus due to the ribs and lung markings. The following analog exposure factors were used: 75 kV, 30 mAs, 40-inch (102 cm) SID, grid, and suspended respiration. Which of the following changes will improve the visibility of the proximal humerus? a. Use a compression band to prevent patient movement. b. Use a 72-inch (183 cm) SID. c. Use an orthostatic (breathing) technique. d. Make the exposure on second inspiration.

c. Use an orthostatic (breathing) technique.

What medial central ray (CR) angle is required for the inferosuperior axial shoulder (Lawrence method)? a. 40° to 45° b. 10° to 15° c. 5° to 10° d. 25° to 30°

d. 25° to 30°

A patient enters the ED with multiple injuries. The physician is concerned about a dislocation of the left proximal humerus. The patient is unable to stand. Which of the following routines is advisable to best demonstrate this condition? a. AP shoulder and 35° to 45° LPO position (Grashey method) b. AP shoulder and inferosuperior axiolateral projection c. AP shoulder and Neer projection d. AP shoulder and recumbent AP

d. AP shoulder and recumbent AP

Fracture of adjacent ribs in two or more places with associated pulmonary injury is known as a(n) _____ rib fracture. compound flail chest acute compression

Flail chest

What two bony landmarks are palpated for positioning of the elbow? Radial and ulnar styloid processes Humeral epicondyles Humeral condyles Trochlea and capitulum

Humeral epicondyles

J. Exostosis

A patient is erect with the left side directly against the image receptor. The central ray (CR) enters the right side of the body. What is this radiographic position? Right lateral Left lateral decubitus Left lateral Dorsal decubitus

Left lateral

Which of the following positions will best demonstrate the axillary portion of the left ribs? AP Posteroanterior (PA) Left posterior oblique (LPO) LAO

Left posterior oblique (LPO)

A radiograph of an AP pelvis reveals that the right iliac wing is foreshortened as compared with the left side. What specific positioning problem is present on this radiograph? Left rotation Right rotation Right tilt Incorrect CR centering or angulation

Left rotation

In which of the four major quadrants of the abdomen would the spleen be found? Right upper quadrant Left upper quadrant Right lower quadrant Left lower quadrant

Left upper quadrant

Which of the following pathologic conditions is a common type of aseptic or ischemic necrosis? Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease Ankylosing spondylitis Metastatic carcinoma Osteoarthritis

Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease

Which of the following structures is considered to be most inferior or distal? Fovea capitis Lesser trochanter Neck Greater trochanter

Lesser trochanter

With cassette-less digital systems, you can use a grid for a foot projection if it is impractical to remove it. T or F

True

Top of image receptor placed approximately 3 inches (7.6 cm) above the shoulders is a recommended centering technique for adult chest radiography. T or F

False

When multiple exposures are placed on a single computed radiography image receptor (IR), lead masking should not be placed on the unexposed regions of the imaging plate. True False

False

Select the correct gender to correspond with the following pelvic characteristics. Obtuse angle of pubic arch: Male Female

Female

What is the primary term for the superior margin of the sternum? Sternal notch Manubrial notch Suprasternal notch Jugular notch

Jugular notch

Which of the labeled structures is the obturator foramen?

The Hill-Sachs defect is a fracture of the articular surface of the glenoid cavity. T or F

False

The term pelvic girdle refers to the total pelvis including the sacrum and coccyx. T or F

False

The tubercle portion of a typical rib connects the anterior end of the rib to the sternum. T or F

False

The use of 125 kV is recommended for AP and PA projections of the ribs to reduce skin dose. T or F

False

The arm should be abducted about 45° for an AP scapula. a. True b. False

False

Where is the CR placed for a mediolateral projection of the calcaneus? Base of the fifth metatarsal Trochlear process Base of the third metatarsal 1 inch (2.5 cm) inferior to medial malleolus

1 inch (2.5 cm) inferior APto medial malleolus

Where is the CR placed for a mediolateral projection of the calcaneus? Base of the fifth metatarsal Trochlear process Base of the third metatarsal 1 inch (2.5 cm) inferior to m

1 inch (2.5 cm) inferior to medial malleolus

A well-inspired average adult chest PA projection will have a minimum of ____ posterior ribs seen above the diaphragm.

How much central ray (CR) angulation (if any) should be used for an AP projection of the toes? Keep CR perpendicular to IR. 5° toward calcaneus 10° to 15° toward calcaneus 20° to 25° toward calcaneus

10-15* towards calcaneus

What type of CR angle is required for the PA axial weight-bearing bilateral knee projection (Rosenberg method)? 10° caudad 5° to 7° cephalad 20° to 25° caudad None; CR is perpendicular to IR.

10° caudad

How much rotation and which oblique position are required to best demonstrate the left sternoclavicular joints? 10° to 15° LAO 35° to 45° LAO 10° to 15° RAO 5° to 10° RAO

10° to 15° LAO

How much rotation and which oblique position are required to best demonstrate the left sternoclavicular joints? 10° to 15° LAO 35° to 45° LAO 10° to 15° RAO 5° to 10° RAO

10° to 15° LAO

10° to 15° toward calcaneus

What type of CR angle is required for the posterior axial oblique projection (Teufel method)? 12° cephalad 10° cephalad 20° to 25° caudad 15° cephalad

12° cephalad

How much rotation from an AP position of the ankle will typically produce an AP mortise projection? Selected Answer: No rotation is necessary. 45° 15° to 20° 25° to 30°

15-20*

How much CR angle, from the horizontal, is required for the modified axiolateral (Clements-Nakayama) projection? None. The IR must be keep perpendicular to the tabletop. 5° to 10° 15° to 20° 25° to 30°

15° to 20°

How much is the foot dorsiflexed with the tangential projection for the sesamoid bones if the CR remains perpendicular to the image receptor? 15° to 20° from vertical No flexion of foot is required. 5° to 7° from vertical 30° to 45° from vertical

15° to 20° from vertical

Match the correct disease or condition with the corresponding pathologic description. (Use each choice only once.) A. Metastatic carcinoma B. Ankylosing spondylitis C. Congenital dislocation of hip D. Chondrosarcoma E. Pelvic ring fracture F. Osteoarthritis G. Avulsion fracture Malignancy spread to bone via the circulatory, lymphatic systems, or direct invasion

Which of these labeled structures or bones identifies the talus?

Which one of the labeled structures is the medial condyle of the femur?

A radiographic appearance of a well-circumscribed lucency within bones describes: gout. Ewing's sarcoma. a bone cyst. Osgood-Schlatter disease.

A bone cyst

What medial central ray (CR) angle is required for the inferosuperior axial shoulder (Lawrence method)? A. 25° to 30° b. 5° to 10° c. 10° to 15° d. 40° to 45°

A. 25° to 30°

The correct CR placement for an AP projection of the knee is midpatella. T or F

False

Match the correct disease or condition with the corresponding pathologic description. A. Chondrosarcoma B. Joint effusion C. Osgood-Schlatter disease D. Reiter s syndrome E. Lisfranc joint injury F. Ewing s sarcoma G. Gout H. Paget s disease I. Bone cyst J. Exostosis Malignant tumor of the cartilage usually occurs in men older than age 45 in the pelvis and long bones

A. Chondrosarcoma

The foot must be force dorsiflexed so that the long axis of the foot is perpendicular to the image receptor for AP and mortise projections of the ankle. T or F

False

Which of the following projections of the wrist will best demonstrate the wrist joint and intercarpal spaces if the patient can assume this position? AP PA Gaynor-Hart 30° PA oblique

Which two projections must be taken for an injury to the left posterior lower ribs? AP and LPO AP and RAO PA and LPO PA and RAO

AP and LPO

A patient enters the emergency department (ED) with a possible transverse fracture of the patella. Which of the following routines would safely provide the best images of the patella? AP and horizontal beam lateral, no flexion of knee AP and 5° to 10° flexion lateral AP and Merchant method PA and 45° PA oblique with medial rotation

AP and horizontal beam lateral, no flexion of knee

Which one of the following projections will best demonstrate signs of Osgood-Schlatter disease? Plantodorsal (axial) and lateral calcaneus AP, lateral, and oblique ankle AP bilateral weight-bearing knees AP and lateral knee

AP and lateral knee

A patient comes to radiology for an evaluation of the longitudinal arch of the foot. Which of the following projections would provide the best information about the arch? Routine foot series Plantodorsal (axial) projection AP and lateral weight-bearing projections of foot Sesamoid bone series projection

AP and lateral weight-bearing projections of foot

A patient enters the ER with a possible separation of the symphysis pubis caused by trauma. The AP pelvis projection is inconclusive for determining the extent of the injury. What other projection can be taken to evaluate this region without excessive movement of the patient? Posterior oblique (Judet) projection AP axial "inlet" projection Axiolateral (inferosuperior) projection AP axial (Taylor) outlet projection

AP axial (Taylor) outlet projection

A patient comes to the ER with a possible pelvic ring fracture. The initial AP pelvis projection is inconclusive. What other projection can be taken to assist with the diagnosis? AP axial inlet projection AP, bilateral (modified Cleaves method) frog-leg projection Modified axiolateral projections Posterior axial oblique projections

AP axial inlet projection

A patient enters the ED with an injury near the base of the first and second metatarsals. The basic foot projections are inconclusive on demonstrating a fracture to the medial cuneiform. Which of the following projections would best demonstrate this bone? AP oblique with increased medial rotation AP oblique with lateral rotation AP weight-bearing projection Lateral weight-bearing projection

AP oblique with lateral rotation

Which routine projection of the elbow best demonstrates the radial head and tuberosity free of superimposition? AP oblique with medial rotation AP Lateral AP oblique with medial rotation AP oblique with lateral rotation

AP oblique with lateral rotation

Which position of the foot will best demonstrate the lateral (third) cuneiform? AP oblique with medial rotation AP oblique with lateral rotation AP projection Mediolateral projection

AP oblique with medial rotation

Which projection of the knee will best demonstrate the neck of the fibula without superimposition? AP Lateral AP oblique with medial rotation AP oblique with lateral rotation

AP oblique with medial rotation

A patient enters the ER having sustained trauma to the pelvis. The patient's main complaint is about her left hip. Which of the following projections should be taken first to rule out fracture or dislocation? AP pelvis AP projection of the left hip Axiolateral (inferosuperior) projection of the left hip Lateral frog-leg projection of the left hip

AP pelvis

A nontrauma patient comes to radiology with a history of chronic pain of the right hip. The patient is ambulatory but has not had previous radiographs taken of that hip. Which of the following routines would be best suited for this patient? AP and axiolateral (inferosuperior) projections of the right hip AP pelvis and axiolateral frog-leg (modified Cleaves) projections of the right hip AP pelvis and modified axiolateral (Clements-Nakayama) projections of right hip AP pelvis and AP axial (Taylor method) projections of right hip

AP pelvis and axiolateral frog-leg (modified Cleaves) projections of the right hip

A patient enters the ER with possible bilateral fractured hips. Which of the following routines should be performed? AP pelvis and axiolateral (inferosuperior) projections for both hips AP pelvis and modified axiolateral (Clements-Nakayama method) projections for both hips AP pelvis and bilateral frog-leg projections AP pelvis and posterior oblique (Judet) projections

AP pelvis and modified axiolateral (Clements-Nakayama method) projections for both hips

Which projection and/or position of the foot is represented by this drawing of the foot? AP projection, no rotation AP oblique, 15° to 20° medial rotation AP oblique, 45° lateral rotation AP oblique, 45° medial rotation

AP projection, no rotation

Which of the following projections can be performed using a breathing technique? a. AP scapula b. Scapular Y lateral projection c. Inferosuperior axiolateral projection d. AP clavicle

AP scapula

A patient enters radiology with a possible ligament tear to the lateral aspect of the ankle. Initial ankle radiographs are negative for fracture or dislocation. Because the clinic is in a rural setting, the patient cannot have an MRI performed to evaluate the ligaments of the ankle. Which of the following techniques may provide an assessment of the soft tissue structures of the ankle? AP weight-bearing projections AP mortise projection AP stress projections Axial plantodorsal projection

AP stress projections

Which of the following routines should be performed for a study of the second toe? Selected Answer: Answers: AP, AP oblique with lateral rotation, mediolateral projection AP, AP oblique with medial rotation, lateromedial projection AP, AP oblique with lateral rotation, lateromedial projection AP, AP oblique with medial rotation, mediolateral projecti

AP, AP oblique with medial rotation, lateromedial projection

The two bony landmarks that are palpated using the hip localization method are the: ischial spine and the symphysis pubis. symphysis pubis and the greater trochanter. ASIS and the crest of ilium. ASIS and the symphysis pubis.

ASIS and the symphysis pubis.

A radiograph of an RAO projection of the ribs demonstrates the left axillary ribs are foreshortened, whereas the right side is elongated. Which of the following is the most likely reason for this radiographic outcome? The patient requires more rotation to the right. An LAO was performed rather than the RAO position. The technologist should have performed a PA projection to demonstrate the left axillary ribs, not an RAO. CR angulation was incorrect.

An LAO was performed rather than the RAO position.

A radiographic appearance of a highly malignant and extensively destructive lesion that usually occurs in long bones and produces a sunburst pattern describes: an osteomalacia. an osteogenic sarcoma. an osteoclastoma. Reiter syndrome.

An osteogenic sarcoma

An upright position with the arms abducted, palms forward, and head forward describes the _____ position. anatomic anteroposterior (AP) decubitus anatomic oblique

Anatomic

Match the correct disease or condition with the corresponding pathologic description. (Use each choice only once.) A. Metastatic carcinoma B. Ankylosing spondylitis C. Congenital dislocation of hip D. Chondrosarcoma E. Pelvic ring fracture F. Osteoarthritis G. Avulsion fracture A disease producing extensive calcification of the longitudinal ligament of the spinal column

Which of the labeled structures is the lateral condyle of the femur?

B. Joint effusion

The only bony connection between the shoulder girdle and the bony thorax is the acromioclavicular joint. T or F

False

Which of the following knee projections requires the use of a special IR holding device? Bilateral Merchant method Camp-Coventry method Béclere method Hughston method

Bilateral Merchant method

Match the correct disease or condition with the corresponding pathologic description. A. Chondrosarcoma B. Joint effusion C. Osgood-Schlatter disease D. Reiter s syndrome E. Lisfranc joint injury F. Ewing s sarcoma G. Gout H. Paget s disease I. Bone cyst J. Exostosis An inflammatory condition involving the anterior, proximal tibia

C. Osgood-schlatter disease

The patella is drawn into the intercondylar sulcus when the knee is overextended. T or F

False

The posterior oblique (Judet method) for the acetabulum requires a 10° to 15° rotation of the body. T or F

False

What CR angulation is required for the AP oblique projection of the foot? CR is perpendicular to the image receptor. 10° posterior 15° to 20° posterior 5° to 7° posterior

CR is perpendicular to the IR

Which structure or bone contains the sustentaculum tali? Calcaneus Talus Base of the fifth metatarsal Tibia

Calcaneus

A PA axial oblique projection (Teufel method) is performed on a patient. The resultant radiograph demonstrates distortion of the acetabulum. The following positioning factors were used: 40° anterior oblique, 12° cephalad CR angle, and CR centered to the upside hip (acetabulum). What needs to be modified during the repeat exposure? Increase CR angle to 15° cephalad. Change CR angle to 12° caudad. Increase rotation of anterior oblique to 45°. Center CR to downside hip (acetabulum).

Center CR to downside hip (acetabulum).

Which of the following pathologic conditions often occurs in males older than the age of 45 years? Developmental dysplasia of the hip Slipped capital femoral epiphysis Chondrosarcoma Osteoporosis

Chondrosarcoma

Movement in the form of a circle is the definition for: rotation. retraction. circumduction. protraction.

Circumduction

Part 3 refers to the:

D. All of the above

An AP apical oblique projection for an anteriorly dislocated scapulohumeral joint will project the humerus _____ to the glenoid cavity. a. medial b. lateral c. superior d. inferior

D. Inferior

Which of the following AP shoulder projections demonstrates the greater tubercle in profile medially? a. External rotation b. Internal rotation c. Neutral rotation d. None of the above

D. None of the above

A radiograph of an AP oblique foot with medial rotation demonstrates considerable superimposition of the third through fifth metatarsals. How must the original position be changed to eliminate this problem? Increase obliquity of the foot. Decrease obliquity of the foot. Increase CR angle. Decrease CR angle.

Decrease obliquity of the foot.

A radiograph of a unilateral frog-leg (modified Cleaves method) projection reveals that the femoral neck is foreshortened and distorted. The radiologist is concerned about pathology involving the neck. What can the technologist do to improve the visibility of the femoral neck without foreshortening during the repeat exposure? Use a 20° to 25° cephalad CR angle. Decrease the abduction of the femur to 20° to 30° from vertical. Oblique the patient 35° to 45° toward the affected side with femur abducted to be in contact with tabletop. Increase the abduction of the femur to about 60° to 70° from vertical.

Decrease the abduction of the femur to 20° to 30° from vertical.

Part 10 refers to the vertebral border of the scapula.

False

Which term describes the top or anterior surface of the foot? Palmar Dorsum Volar Plantar

Dorsum

Another term for osteochondroma is: Ewing's sarcoma. exostosis. gout. Osgood-Schlatter disease.

Exostosis

Cephalopelvimetry is still commonly performed in the U.S. T or F

False

A radiograph of a AP mortise projection of the ankle reveals that the lateral malleolus is slightly superimposed over the talus and the lateral joint space is not open. What is most likely the cause for this radiographic outcome? Excessive medial rotation of the foot and ankle Insufficient medial rotation of the foot and ankle Excessive plantar flexion of the foot and ankle Excessive dorsiflexion of the foot and ankle

Insufficient medial rotation of the foot and ankle

Which rotation of the humerus will result in a lateral position of the proximal humerus? a.Internal rotation (epicondyles perpendicular to image receptor) b.Neutral rotation (epicondyles 45° to the image receptor) c.External rotation (epicondyles parallel to the image receptor) d. None of the above

Internal rotation (epicondyles perpendicular to image receptor)

What is the name of the joint found between the proximal and distal phalanges of the first digit? Proximal interphalangeal Distal interphalangeal Metacarpophalangeal Interphalangeal

Interphalangeal

Which of the following bony structures cannot be palpated? Ischial spine ASIS Ischial tuberosity Symphysis pubis

Ischial spine

The lesser sciatic notch is an aspect of the: ilium. ischium. sacrum. pubis.

Ischium

Which bones fuse to form the acetabulum? Ischium and pubis Ilium and ischium Pubis, ilium, and sacrum Ischium, pubis, and ilium

Ischium, pubis, and ilium

Which of the labeled structures is the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)?

The symphysis pubis provides limited movement during pelvic trauma and during: walking and running. flexing and extending. labor and delivery. voiding.

Labor and delivery

Which basic projection of the elbow best demonstrates the three concentric arcs? AP Lateral Medial rotation oblique Lateral rotation oblique

Lateral

Which routine projection of the elbow best demonstrates the olecranon process in profile? AP Lateral Medial rotation oblique Lateral rotation oblique

Lateral

What are the two arches of the foot? Selected Answer: Anterior and longitudinal Longitudinal and transverse Transverse and anterior Instep and cross-step

Longitudinal and transverse

The best method of evaluating injuries to the menisci and ligaments of the knee joint involves: stress views of the knee. anteroposterior (AP), AP oblique, and lateral projections of the knee. intercondylar fossa projections. a magnetic resonance imaging procedure.

MRI imaging procedure

A patient comes to radiology with a history of chondromalacia of the patella. The orthopedic surgeon is concerned about possible loose bodies in the femoropatellar joint space. She wants the best projection to demonstrate this joint space. What projection should be performed? Camp-Coventry method Settegast method AP axial projection Merchant method

Merchant method

Which of the following joints is a modified ellipsoidal or condyloid joint? Tarsometatarsal Metatarsophalangeal Proximal tibiofibular Intertarsal

Metatarsophalangeal

Where is the CR placed for an AP projection of the pelvis? 1 inch (2.5 cm) above the symphysis pubis At the level of the ASIS At the level of the iliac crest Midway between the ASIS and the symphysis pubis

Midway between the ASIS and the symphysis pubis

Which of the following lateral hip projections cannot be performed on a trauma patient with a possible hip fracture? Modified Cleaves method Clements-Nakayama Danelius-Miller Judet method

Modified Cleaves method

Which of the following projections would be best for a patient with limited movement of both lower limbs (in addition to the AP pelvis)? : Modified axiolateral (Clements-Nakayama method) Axiolateral (inferosuperior) Anterior oblique (Teufel method) AP axial (Taylor method)

Modified axiolateral (Clements-Nakayama method)

Which one of the following projections will best demonstrate a lateral oblique view of the femoral head and neck for the patient with limited movement in both lower limbs? Teufel Axiolateral (inferosuperior) projection AP axial (Taylor) Modified axiolateral (Clements-Nakayama)

Modified axiolateral (Clements-Nakayama)

Which of the following projections requires that the IR be tilted 15° from the vertical plane? AP axial inlet projection Axiolateral inferosuperior projection (Danelius-Miller method) Modified axiolateral projection (Clements-Nakayama method) Posterior axial oblique projection (Teufel method)

Modified axiolateral projection (Clements-Nakayama method)

The proper name of the method used for the unilateral frog-leg projection is the _____ method. Danelius-Miller modified Cleaves Teufel Taylor

Modified cleaves

Which of the labeled structures is the ischial tuberosity ?

Which of the following ribs is considered to be a false rib? Seventh First Ninth None of the above

Ninth

Part 5 refers to the: mc010-1.jpg Selected Answer: Incorrecta. coracoid process. Answers: a. coracoid process. b. superior border of scapula. c. lateral angle of scapula. Correctd. none of the above.

None of the above

Which of the following conditions, if severe, requires a decrease adjustment of manual exposure factors? Osteoblastic metastases Osteomyelitis Flail chest None of the above

None of the above

A radiograph of an AP ankle projection reveals that the lateral joint space is not open (lateral malleolus is partially superimposed by the talus). The superior and medial joint spaces are open. What should the technologist do to correct this problem and improve the image? Rotate the ankle more laterally. Rotate the ankle more medially. Nothing; this is an acceptable image. Dorsiflex the foot.

Nothing; this is an acceptable image.

Which of the following imaging modalities will best detect early signs of bone infection of the pelvis? Radiography CT Nuclear medicine MRI

Nuclear medicine

Which of the following imaging modalities and/or procedures will provide the best assessment for osteomyelitis of the foot? Nuclear medicine Ultrasound Computed tomography Arthrography

Nulear medicine

Which of the labeled structures is the superior ramus of pubis?

The structure labeled iii is costocartilage:

Of the sixth rib

Which of the following structures is considered to be most posterior? Coronoid process Semilunar notch Trochlea Olecranon process

Olecranon process

Which of the following structures is considered to be most proximal? Head of ulna Coronoid process Olecranon process Radial tuberosity

Olecranon process

Which disease or condition may be associated with postoperative complications of open heart surgery? Spondylitis Osteoblastic metastases Osteomyelitis Flail chest

Osteomyelitis

A patient arrives in radiology with a metal foreign body in the palm of the hand. Which of the following hand routines should be performed on this patient to confirm the location of the foreign body? PA and lateral in extension projections PA and lateral in flexion projections PA and fan lateral projections PA and Gaynor-Hart method

PA and lateral in extension projections

An ambulatory patient comes to radiology with a clinical history of possible pneumonia. The patient complains of pain in the center of her chest. What positioning routine should be performed on this patient? AP and right lateral projections PA and left lateral projections PA and right and left lateral projections PA and both decubitus projections AP and right lateral projections

PA and left lateral projections

The AP humerus requires that the humeral epicondyles are _____ to the IR. a. perpendicular b. set at a 45° angle c. parallel d. slightly oblique

Parallel

Which tendon attaches directly to the tibial tuberosity? Patellar Quadriceps Soleus Collateral

Patellar

Another term for the intercondylar sulcus is the: articular facets. patellar surface. femoropatellar joint space. intercondylar recess.

Patellar surface

The radiographic term projection is defined as: general position of the patient. path or direction of the central ray. radiographic image as seen from the vantage of the image receptor. computer-assisted image.

Path or direction of the CR

Which of the following factors must be observed for a left lateral decubitus abdomen projection? Collimate lower border to level of ASIS. Use a higher kV technique. Patient needs to be in the position for a minimum of 5 minutes before imaging. Increase SID to 72 inches (183 cm) to minimize magnification.

Patient needs to be in the position for a minimum of 5 minutes before imaging.

The purpose of the AP stress views of the ankle is to demonstrate: possible stress fractures. possible joint separations or ligament tear. loose bodies in ankle joint. tears in the joint meniscus.

Possible joint separations or ligament tear

Which of the following positions will best demonstrate the posterior (ilioischial) column and anterior (iliopubic) column of the pelvis? Posterior oblique (Judet method) AP axial (Taylor method) RPO and LPO projections Modified axiolateral (Clements-Nakayama method)

Posterior oblique (Judet method)

A radiograph of a PA projection of the hand reveals that the distal radius and ulna and the carpals were cut off. What should the technologist do to correct this problem? Accept the radiograph. Carpals and distal radius and ulna are not part of a hand study. Make sure the carpals, distal radius, and ulna are included on the lateral projection. If the injury to the patient did not involve the carpal region and distal forearm, do not repeat it. Repeat the PA projection to include all the carpals and about 1 inch (2.5 cm) of the distal radius and ulna.

Repeat the PA projection to include all the carpals and about 1 inch (2.5 cm) of the distal radius and ulna.

What is the minimum number of ribs that must be demonstrated for a unilateral rib study above the diaphragm? Ribs 1 through 6 Ribs 1 through 8 Ribs 1 through 10 All ribs must be demonstrated.

Ribs 1 through 10

A patient enters the ED with a possible pneumothorax in the left lung. Because of trauma, the patient cannot stand or sit erect. Which of the following positions would best demonstrate this condition? AP supine Right lateral decubitus Left posterior oblique (LPO) and right posterior oblique (RPO) Left lateral decubitus

Right lateral decubitus

A patient enters the ED with trauma to the bony thorax. The initial radiographs reveal that there are fractured ribs and a possible pneumothorax of the left thorax. The physician orders a chest study to confirm the pneumothorax; however, the patient cannot stand. Which of the following positions would best demonstrate the pneumothorax? Left lateral decubitus Right lateral decubitus Ventral decubitus Dorsal decubitus

Right lateral decubitus

In which of the four major quadrants of the abdomen would the appendix most oftern be found? Right upper quadrant Left upper quadrant Right lower quadrant Left lower quadrant

Right lower quadrant

A radiograph of an AP pelvis demonstrates that the right obturator foramen is foreshortened but the left foramen is open. Which one of the following positioning errors is present on this radiograph? Right rotation Left rotation Right tilt Excessive CR angle

Right rotation

A radiograph of an AP pelvis reveals that the left obturator foramen is more open or elongated as compared with the right. What is the specific positioning error present on this radiograph? Left rotation Right rotation Left tilt Incorrect CR centering or angulation

Right rotation

The female clavicle is usually shorter and less curved than that of the male. T or F

True

A radiograph of an AP knee reveals rotation with almost total superimposition of the fibular head and the proximal tibia. What must the technologist do to correct this positioning error on the repeat exposure? Rotate the knee laterally slightly. Rotate the knee medially slightly. Angle the CR slightly more cephalad. Nothing; this is an acceptable image.

Rotate the knee medially slightly

A radiograph of an AP axial (Taylor) "outlet" projection reveals that the obturator foramina are not symmetric. What type of positioning problem is present on this radiograph? Tilt of the pelvis Off-center CR Rotation of the pelvis Probable fracture of the pubis or ischium

Rotation of the pelvis

Which is the most commonly fractured carpal bone? Lunate Trapezium Scaphoid Hamate

Scaphoid

A PA radiograph of the sternoclavicular (SC) joints demonstrates unequal distance from the SC joints to the midline of the spine. The left SC joint is farther from the sternum than the right. What specific positioning error is present on this radiograph? Slight right rotation (right side toward the image receptor) Slight left rotation (left side toward the image receptor) Tilt of the upper thorax Excessive angulation of the CR

Slight right rotation (right side toward the image receptor)

Which of the following conditions will produce shortening of the epiphyses but widening of the epiphyseal plate? Osteoarthritis Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease Slipped capital femur Chondrosarcoma

Slipped capital femur

Which of the following imaging modalities can be performed on a newborn to assess hip joint stability during movement? CT Sonography MRI Nuclear medicine

Sonography

What is the name of the part labeled ii?

Sternal angle

Which of the following statements is true about radiography of ribs located above the diaphragm? Suspend breathing upon inspiration. Perform the study with the patient recumbent. Use an analog kV range of 85 to 95. Always include an anteroposterior (AP) projection as part of the routine.

Suspend breathing upon inspiration.

The ankle joint is a ____ joint with a ____ type of movement. fibrous; plane synovial; sellar fibrous; ginglymus synovial; ginglymus

Synovial; sellar

The radiographic criteria for a true lateral finger indicate equal concavity of the anterior and posterior aspects of the phalanges. T or F

True

The tangential projection for the sesamoid bones of the foot should be performed with the patient prone rather than supine to minimize image magnification, if the patient condition allows it. T or F

True

The use of a grid during shoulder radiography will result in higher patient dose over nongrid procedures. T or F

True

Another term for osteomalacia is rickets. T or F

True

Follow-up radiographs for a fractured tibia and fibula may include only the joint closest to the site of injury. True False

True

For AC joint weight-bearing studies, patients should not be asked to hold on to the weights with their hands; rather, the weights should be attached to the wrists. T or F

True

It is common practice to view a PA projection with the patient's left facing the viewer's right. T or F

True

Less abduction of femora of only 20° to 30° from vertical provides for the least foreshortening of femoral necks when performing the AP bilateral "frog-leg" projection. T or F

True

Sonography is an effective diagnostic tool in studying the shoulder joint. T or F

True

Why is the RAO sternum preferred to the LAO position? The RAO produces less magnification of the sternum. The RAO projects the sternum over the shadow of the heart. The RAO reduces dose to the thyroid gland. The RAO projects the sternum away from the hilum and heart.

The RAO projects the sternum over the shadow of the heart.

The AP mortise projection of the ankle is commonly taken in surgery during open reductions. T or F

True

A lateral knee radiograph that is overrotated toward the image receptor can be recognized by which of the following? The fibular head will appear more superimposed by the tibia than a true lateral. The fibular head will appear less superimposed by the tibia than a true lateral. The medial condyle of femur will appear more posterior. Both A and C are correct.

The fibular head will appear less superimposed by the tibia than a true lateral.

What is one advantage of the lateromedial projection of the foot? It is more comfortable for the patient. It better demonstrates the intertarsal joints. The foot assumes a more true lateral position. It opens up the subtalar joint.

The foot assumes a more true lateral position.

A radiograph of an AP KUB reveals that the obturator foramina are cut off from the bottom of the image. The kidneys and symphysis pubis are demonstrated. What centering adjustments should the technologist make to improve this image? Use two 35 × 42 cm (14 × 17 inch) cassettes crosswise. Center the cassette 2 inches (5 cm) below the iliac crest. Open up the collimators to include the ischial tuberosities. This radiograph is correctly centered. No centering adjustments are necessary.

This radiograph is correctly centered. No centering adjustments are necessary.

How many articular facets make up the subtalar joint? One Two Three Four

Three

The medial malleolus is part of the: talus. calcaneus. fibula. tibia.

Tibia

Why must the lower limb be rotated 15° to 20° internally for AP hip projections? To separate the greater trochanter from the lesser trochanter To place the fovea capitis into a profiled position To open up the femoroacetabular joint To place the femoral neck parallel to the image receptor

To place the femoral neck parallel to the image receptor

What is the purpose of performing the AP partially flexed projections of the elbow? To provide a view of the radial head and capitulum To separate the radial head from the ulna To provide an AP perspective if patient cannot fully extend elbow To demonstrate any possible elevated fat pads

To provide an AP perspective if patient cannot fully extend elbow

A position in which the head is lower than the feet is: Trendelenburg. lithotomy. Fowler's. recumbent.

Trendelenburg

A correctly positioned AP 45° medial oblique ankle projection frequently may also demonstrate a fracture of the base of the fifth metatarsal if present. T or F

True

To ensure that both joints are included on an AP projection of the tibia and fibula on an adult, the technologist should: increase the SID to 60 inches (150 cm). use a Bucky tray. turn the image receptor diagonally. use a tabletop technique.

Turn the IR diagonally

Which one of the following projections/positions should NOT be performed for a possible shoulder dislocation? a. Inferosuperior axial (Clements modification) b. Transthoracic lateral (Lawrence method) c. AP axial oblique (Garth method) d. Scapular Y

a. Inferosuperior axial (Clements modification)

Where is the CR centered for a transthoracic lateral projection for proximal humerus? : a. Level of surgical neck b. Level of the greater tubercle c. Midaxilla d. 1 inch (2.5 cm) inferior to the acromion

a. Level of surgical neck

What is a possible radiographic sign for impingement syndrome of the shoulder? a. Subacromial spurring b. Fluid-filled joint space c. Fracture of the glenoid rim d. Calcified tendons

a. Subacromial spurring

The anterior surface of the scapula is referred to as the: a. costal surface. b. supraspinous and infraspinous fossa. c. dorsal surface. d. scapular surface.

a. costal surface.

A tear of the tibial (medial) collateral ligament (MCL) caused by a trauma injury is frequently associated with tears of the: anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and the medial meniscus. posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) and the lateral meniscus. fibular lateral collateral ligament (LCL) and the patella ligament. none of the above.

anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and the medial meniscus

The prominent protuberance found on the anterior aspect of the ilium is the: ischial tuberosity. anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS). symphysis pubis. iliac crest.

anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS).

How much posterior CR angulation is required for the supine version of the tangential projection for the intertubercular (bicipital) groove? a. 20° to 30° b. 10° to 15° c. No angle is used for this projection. d. 30° to 40°

b. 10° to 15°

Where is the CR centered for the posterior oblique position for the glenoid cavity? a. Coracoid process b. 2 inches (5 cm) medial and inferior to the superolateral border of shoulder c. 1 inch ( 2.5 cm) superior to the coracoid process d. Acromion

b. 2 inches (5 cm) medial and inferior to the superolateral border of shoulder

What type of CR angle is required for the superoinferior axial projection (Hobbs modification)? a. 5° to 15° toward axilla b. CR is perpendicular to IR c. 10° toward shoulder d. 25° away from axilla

b. CR is perpendicular to IR

How much CR angulation should be used for a scapular Y projection? a. 35° to 45° b. No CR angle should be used. c. 10° to 15° d. 20° to 30°

b. No CR angle should be used.

A general rule states that radiographic grids must be used in chest radiography for: exposure factors using 80 kV or below. exposure factors using 100 kV or greater. all adults. all pediatrics.

exposure factors using 100 kV or greater.

Gonadal shielding of the male patient for the AP pelvis projection requires that the top of the shield is not extend above the level of the: ASIS. ischial spine. inferior margin of the symphysis pubis. none of the above; gonadal shielding cannot be used due to possible covering of pertinent anatomy.

inferior margin of the symphysis pubis.

The two most common landmarks for chest positioning are the: top of shoulders and xiphoid process. jugular notch and top of shoulders. lower margin of thyroid cartilage and vertebra prominens. jugular notch and vertebra prominens.

jugular notch and vertebra prominens.

The radiographic appearance of the erosion of bony rib margins is a possible indication of: osteomyelitis. osteoblastic metastases. spondylolysis. osteolytic metastases.

osteomyelitis

A congenital defect characterized by anterior protrusion of the lower sternum and xiphoid process is termed: pectus excavatum. flail chest. pectus carinatum. sternal protrusion.

pectus carinatum.

What is the name of the structure that serves as a common passageway for both food and air? Epiglottis Larynx Pharynx Esophagus

pharynx

The sacroiliac joints are classified as ____ joints with ____ mobility. cartilaginous; amphiarthrodial synovial; amphiarthrodial cartilaginous; synarthrodial fibrous; amphiarthrodial

synovial; amphiarthrodial

The xiphoid process is at the vertebral level of: L2-3. T2-3. T9-10. T5-6.

t9-10

The widest aspect of the thorax generally occurs at the level of: the eleventh and twelfth ribs. T7. the sternoclavicular joints. the eighth or ninth ribs.

the eighth or ninth ribs.

What is the name of the part labeled i in this figure?

Sternoclavicular joint

Which of the following structures is considered to be most distal? Radial head Styloid process Radial tuberosity Capitulum

Styloid process

What is the name of the part labeled iv?

Costocartilage for the first rib attachment

Tangential and axial projections are the same type of projection. T or F

False

Select the correct gender to correspond with the following pelvic characteristics. Acute angle of pubic arch: Male Female

Male

What medial central ray (CR) angle is required for the inferosuperior axial shoulder (Lawrence method)? a. 5° to 10° b. 25° to 30° c. 40° to 45° d. 10° to 15°

. 25° to 30°

What is the common term for idiopathic chronic adhesive capsulitis? a. Tendinitis b. Bankart lesion c. Frozen shoulder d. Bursitis

. Frozen shoulder

Using the hip localization method, the femoral head can be located: 1 inch (2.5 cm) below the midpoint of the imaginary line between the two bony landmarks. 1 1/2 inches (4 cm) below the midpoint of the imaginary line between the two bony landmarks. 2 1/2 inches (6 to 7 cm) below the midpoint of the imaginary line between the two bony landmarks. at the level of the symphysis pubis.

1 1/2 inches (4 cm) below the midpoint of the imaginary line between the two bony landmarks.

What is the recommended degree of obliquity for an RAO projection of the sternum for an asthenic type of patient? 20° 15° 30° 10°

20*

How many separate bones are found in the adult human body?

206

What type of CR angle must be used for an AP axial (Taylor method) "outlet" projection for a male patient? 20° to 35° caudad 15° to 20° cephalad 20° to 35° cephalad 0° (CR perpendicular to the image receptor)

20° to 35° cephalad

In the erect adult bony thorax, the posterior portion of a typical rib is ____ higher or more superior to the anterior portion. 1 to 2 inches (2.5 to 5 cm) 3 to 5 inches (7.5 to 13 cm) 6 to 8 inches (15 to 20 cm) 10 to 12 inches (25 to 30 cm)

3 to 5 inches (7.5 to 13 cm)

From a pronated position, which of the following is required for a PA oblique projection of the fourth digit of the hand? 45° medial rotation 30° to 35° lateral rotation 30° to 35° medial rotation 45° lateral rotation

45° lateral rotation

How much CR angulation is required for an asthenic patient for an AP axial projection of the clavicle? a. 45° b. 15° c. 30° d. No CR angulation should be use

30*

How much rotation of the body is required for posterior axial oblique projection (Teufel method)? 45° 35° to 40° 60° to 70° 25° to 30°

35° to 40°

At approximately what age does the xiphoid process become totally ossified? 12 years old 21 years old 40 years old The xiphoid process never becomes ossified.

40 years old

How much CR angulation to the long axis of the foot is required for the plantodorsal (axial) projection of the calcaneus? 45° to 50° 15° to 20° 30° to 35° 40°

40*

What CR angle is required for the AP axial, inlet projection? 30° cephalad 10° to 15° cephalad 20° to 30° caudad 40° caudad

40° caudad

What is the amount of abduction of the femurs recommended for an AP bilateral frog-leg projection? 10° to 15° 50° to 60° 40° to 45° 90°

40° to 45°

How much flexion of the knee is recommended for the lateral projection of the patella? Answers: 5° to 10° or less 20° to 30° 35° to 40° 45° to 50°

5 to 10* or less

How much rotation of the humeral epicondyles is required for the AP medial oblique projection of the elbow? 30° 90° 45° 20°

45*

How much knee flexion is required for the weight-bearing PA axial projection (Rosenberg method) of the knee? None; the knee is fully extended. 30° flexion 45° flexion 50° to 60° flexion

45* flexion

What is the recommended SID for the superoinferior sitting tangential (Hobbs modification) method? 30 inches (77 cm) 40 inches (102 cm) 48 to 50 inches (123 to 128 cm) 72 inches (183 cm)

48 to 50 inches (123-128cm)

What is the recommended SID for the lateral sternum position? 40 inches (102 cm) 44 inches (113 cm) 46 inches (117 cm) 60 to 72 inches (152 to 183 cm)

60 to 72 inches (152 to 183 cm)

How many tarsal bones are found in the foot? 7 14 5 26

For an average size female patient, where is the CR placed for a PA projection of the chest? 7 inches (18 cm) below the vertebra prominens 3 inches (7.6 cm) below the jugular notch 10 inches (23 cm) below the vertebra prominens 2 inches (5 cm) above the shoulders

7 inches (18 cm) below the vertebra prominens

Which analog kV range is recommended for an AP study of the ribs found below the diaphragm? 85 to 90 kV 60 to 65 kV 65 to 75 kV 70 to 80 kV

70 to 80 kV

What CR angle should be used for a lateral projection of the knee on a short, wide-pelvis patient? No CR angle is required. 5° cephalad 7° to 10° cephalad 5° to 10° caudad

7° to 10° cephalad

How many carpal bones are found in the wrist?

A patient enters the ED with a possible ascites. The patient is ambulatory. Which of the following projections of the abdomen will best demonstrate this condition? AP erect AP supine PA prone PA erect chest

AP erect

Which of the following projections of the ankle will best demonstrate the open joint space of the lateral aspect of the ankle joint? AP oblique with 45° rotation AP mortise projection Lateromedial ankle AP projection

AP mortise projection

For the AP weight-bearing feet projection, the CR should be: perpendicular to the image receptor. angled 15° posteriorly. directed horizontal. angled 5° posteriorly.

Angled 15* posteriorly

Which of the following conditions will produce the radiographic sign referred to as "bamboo spine"? Osteoarthritis Chondrosarcoma Metastatic carcinoma Ankylosing spondylitis

Ankylosing spondylitis

A PA chest radiograph reveals that the pendulous breasts of the patient are obscuring the base of the lungs. What should be done to lessen the effects of the breast shadow? Ask patient to lift breasts up and outward. Use a higher kV (beyond 125) to penetrate tissue. Have patient take a deeper inspiration before exposure. Take an AP rather than PA projection.

Ask patient to lift breasts up and outward.

Where must the CR be placed for an AP supine projection of the abdomen as part of the acute abdominal series? Level of umbilicus 2 inches (5 cm) above iliac crest At level of iliac crest Level of umbilicus At level of the axilla

At the level of iliac crest

Where is the central ray (CR) placed for a PA projection of the third digit? At the distal interphalangeal joint At the metacarpophalangeal joint At the head of the third metacarpal At the proximal interphalangeal joint

At the proximal interphalangeal joint

A common condition of the femur that develops in elderly patients, leading to frequent fractures of the hip (proximal femur), is: congenital hip dysplasia. Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease. avascular necrosis developmental dysplasia of the hip.

Avascular necrosis

Where would the interphalangeal joint be found in the foot? Between the phalanges of the second through fifth digits Between the tarsal bones and phalanges Between the phalanges of the first digit Between any of the metatarsals and phalanges

Between the phalanges of the first digit

The PA transaxillary projection (Hobbs modification) is performed to rule out possible shoulder dislocation. T or F

False

The lower concave area of the lung is termed the: Selected base. apex. hilum. costophrenic angle.

Base

The condition, flail chest, is most commonly caused by: pneumothorax. emphysema. blunt trauma. congenital heart defect.

Blunt trauma

A patient with metastatic disease in the ribs comes to radiology following a nuclear medicine scan. The radiologist orders a right, upper posterior rib study performed. Which of the following positioning factors should be followed for this specific study? Perform positions erect if the patient's condition permits. Exposure on full expiration. Include the RPO position as part of the positioning routine. Both A and C are correct.

Both A and C are correct.

Match the correct disease or condition with the corresponding pathologic description. (Use each choice only once.) A. Metastatic carcinoma B. Ankylosing spondylitis C. Congenital dislocation of hip D. Chondrosarcoma E. Pelvic ring fracture F. Osteoarthritis G. Avulsion fracture Now referred to as developmental dysplasia of the hip

Which of the labeled structures is the adductor tubercle?

Which of these labeled structures or bones identifies the lateral (third) cuneiform?

Which of these labeled structures or bones identifies the navicular?

The superoinferior, tangential (Hobbs modification) projection requires a CR angle of 5° to 10° posterior. T or F

False

A radiograph of a PA axial projection for the intercondylar fossa does not demonstrate the fossa well. It is foreshortened. The following positioning factors were used: patient prone, knee flexed 40° to 45°, CR angled to be perpendicular to the femur, 40-inch SID, and no rotation of the lower limb. On the basis of the factors used, what changes need to be made to produce a more diagnostic image? Increase SID to at least 48 inches (123 cm). CR must be perpendicular to lower leg. Rotate lower extremity 10° medially. Reduce flexion of the knee to 20° to 30°.

CR must be perpendicular to lower leg

A geriatric patient comes to the radiology department for a study of the knee. The patient is unsteady and unsure of himself. Which intercondylar fossa projection would provide the best results without risk of injury to the patient? Holmblad method Hughston method Camp-Coventry method Rosenberg method

Camp-Coventry method

Which of the following structures connects the anterior aspect of the ribs to the sternum? Costocartilage Sternal tendons Costovertebral joints Costotransverse joints

Costocartilage

The calcaneus articulates with the talus and the: cuboid. navicular. medial cuneiform. lateral cuneiform.

Cuboid

Which of the labeled structures is the body of the ischium?

Which type of body habitus typically requires that the image receptor be placed crosswise rather than lengthwise for a posteroanterior (PA) chest? Hypersthenic Asthenic Sthenic Hyposthenic

Hypersthenic

A patient comes to radiology with a clinical history of a possible abdominal aortic aneurysm. Which of the following abdominal projections would best demonstrate this condition? Dorsal decubitus Left lateral decubitus Right lateral decubitus AP erect

Dorsal decubitus

Match the correct disease or condition with the corresponding pathologic description. (Use each choice only once.) A. Metastatic carcinoma B. Ankylosing spondylitis C. Congenital dislocation of hip D. Chondrosarcoma E. Pelvic ring fracture F. Osteoarthritis G. Avulsion fracture A fracture resulting from a severe blow to one side of the pelvis

Which of these labeled structures or bones identifies the metatarsophalangeal joint?

Match the correct disease or condition with the corresponding pathologic description. A. Chondrosarcoma B. Joint effusion C. Osgood-Schlatter disease D. Reiter s syndrome E. Lisfranc joint injury F. Ewing s sarcoma G. Gout H. Paget s disease I. Bone cyst J. Exostosis Sprains and/or fractures involving the bases of the first and second metatarsals

E. Lisfranc joing injury

Select the correct gender to correspond with the following pelvic characteristics. Round and large pelvic inlet: Male Female

Female

Select the correct gender to correspond with the following pelvic characteristics. Wider and shallow general shape of pelvis: Male Female

Female

Which view and projection of the proximal humerus is represented in the figure?

External rotation, anteroposterior (AP) projection

A lateral projection of the sternum requires that respiration be suspended on expiration. T or F

FALSE

For a Grashey method projection of the shoulder, the CR is centered to the acromion. T or F

False

The distal tibiofibular joint is classified as a ____ joint. synovial fibrous diarthrodial synarthrodial

Fibrous

Which metatarsal bone of the foot has a prominent tuberosity frequently fractured? First Third Fourth Fifth

Fifth

Which ribs are considered to be true ribs? First and second ribs First through seventh ribs First through ninth ribs 11th and 12th ribs

First through seventh ribs

Match the correct disease or condition with the corresponding pathologic description. (Use each choice only once.) A. Metastatic carcinoma B. Ankylosing spondylitis C. Congenital dislocation of hip D. Chondrosarcoma E. Pelvic ring fracture F. Osteoarthritis G. Avulsion fracture Fractures that occur in adolescent athletes who experience sudden, forceful, or unbalanced contraction of the tendinous and muscular attachments on the bony pelvis.

Match the correct disease or condition with the corresponding pathologic description. A. Chondrosarcoma B. Joint effusion C. Osgood-Schlatter disease D. Reiter s syndrome E. Lisfranc joint injury F. Ewing s sarcoma G. Gout H. Paget s disease I. Bone cyst J. Exostosis Inherited type of arthritis commonly affecting males, frequently begins at first metatarsophalangeal joint

G. Gout

Which aspect of the rib articulates with the thoracic vertebral body? Neck Tubercles Head Facets

Head

Which of the following bony structures is found on the distal aspect of the ulna? Coronoid process Head Olecranon process All of the above

Head

Which of the following conditions may occur with trauma to the ribs? Airway obstruction of the trachea Pneumonia Hemothorax Pulmonary embolus

Hemothorax

A radiograph of an AP projection of the second toe reveals that the interphalangeal joints are not open. What is the most likely cause for this radiographic outcome? Rotation of the toes Excessive SID was used. AP projection was made; should have performed the PA projection. Incorrect CR centering or angle

Incorrect CR centering or angle

A radiograph of a plantodorsal (axial) projection of the calcaneus reveals foreshortening. The technologist used 60 kV, 6 mAs, 40-inch (102 cm) SID, and a 30° cephalad CR angle from the long axis of the foot. Which of the following modifications will produce a more diagnostic image of the calcaneus? Plantarflex the foot. Increase CR angulation. Decrease CR angulation. Increase kV to 70.

Increase CR angulation

A radiograph of an RAO projection of the sternum demonstrates excessive lung markings obscuring the sternum. A 1-second exposure time and an orthostatic (breathing) technique were used. Which of the following will produce a more diagnostic image of the sternum? Ensure that the patient is not breathing during the exposure. Increase the exposure time; decrease the mA. Decrease the kV; increase the mA or time. Initiate exposure on deeper inspiration.

Increase the exposure time; decrease the mA.

The iliac crest corresponds with the ____ vertebral level. L1 L2-3 T12 L4-5

L4-L5

A patient enters the ED with blunt trauma to the sternum. The patient is in great pain and cannot lie prone on the table or stand erect. Which of the following routines would be best for the sternum examination in this situation? RPO and lateral recumbent projections AP and horizontal beam lateral projections LPO and horizontal beam lateral projections LPO and lateral recumbent projections

LPO and horizontal beam lateral projections

Select the correct gender to correspond with the following pelvic characteristics. More oval or heart-shaped pelvic inlet: Male Female

Male

Select the correct gender to correspond with the following pelvic characteristics. Narrower, deeper general shape of pelvis: Male Female

Male

What is the name of the structure labeled v?

Manubrium

Which joint surfaces of the ankle joint are open with an AP projection of the ankle? Medial and superior Lateral and medial Superior and lateral Medial, superior, and lateral

Medial and superior

The vertical plane that divides the body into right and left halves describes the _____ plane. Selected Answer: median or midsagittal coronal median or midsagittal longitudinal horizontal

Median or midsagittal

This radiograph represents which of the following positions? Mediolateral projection of the knee, but overextended Mediolateral projection of the knee but underrotated toward the IR Mediolateral projection of the knee but overrotated toward the IR Correctly positioned mediolateral projection of the knee, but underexposed

Mediolateral projection of the knee but underrotated toward the IR

A lateral elbow radiograph demonstrates about 1/3 to 1/2 of the radial head superimposed by the coronoid process of the ulna. Which of the following occurred? The hand was pronated rather than in a true lateral position. The hand and wrist were rotated laterally and not in a true lateral position. The shoulder was not dropped sufficiently to the tabletop level. No positioning errors occurred.

No positioning errors occurred

Which of the labeled structures is the ischial spine?

A young female patient from the emergency department (ED) is brought to radiology for rib examination. She is able to sit up or stand for the procedure. She indicates that the region of pain is to the right anterior-to-mid axillary region. Which rib projections should be performed to minimize the effective dose to this patient? PA and RPO AP and RPO PA and RAO PA and LAO

PA and LAO

Which two projections must be taken for an injury to the right anterior upper ribs? PA and LAO PA and RAO AP and RAO AP and LPO

PA and LAO

Which condition of the sternum is often termed "funnel chest?" Pectus excavatum Flail chest Pectus eruptus Pectus deforminens

Pectus excavatum

What is the name of the double-walled tissue that lines the abdominopelvic cavity? Mesentery Omentum Peritoneum Viscera

Peritoneum

A general positioning rule is to place the long axis of the part ____ to the long axis of the image receptor. perpendicular adjacent axial parallel

Perpendicular

Extending the ankle joint or pointing the foot and toes downward is called: dorsiflexion. inversion. eversion. plantar flexion.

Plantar flexion

A patient enters the ER with a possible pelvic ring fracture due to a MVA. The initial pelvis projections do not reveal any fracture or dislocation, but the ER physician is concerned about a possible right acetabular fracture. Which of the following projections will best demonstrate the right acetabulum? AP axial inlet projection Axiolateral inferosuperior projection (Danelius-Miller method) Modified axiolateral projection (Clements-Nakayama method) Posterior oblique pelvis projection (Judet method)

Posterior oblique pelvis projection (Judet method)

The opposite term for supination is: protraction. adduction. pronation. retraction.

Pronation

Which of the following muscles should be demonstrated on a well-exposed abdomen projection on an average size patient? Latissimus dorsi Erector spinae Psoas major Quadratus lumborum

Psoas major

Which bone of the pelvic girdle forms the anterior inferior aspect? Ilium Ischium Pubis Sacrum

Pubis

Initial PA projections of the SC joints indicate a possible defect involving the left SC joint. The vertebral column is preventing a clear view of it. Which of the following projections will demonstrate the right SC joint without superimposition over the spine? Horizontal beam lateral LAO RAO Erect lateral projection

RAO

The use of the 80 to 85 kV (analog) technique (as opposed to 70 kV) with a corresponding mAs change for an AP pelvis projection will result in: increased radiographic contrast. improved spatial resolution. reduction in gonadal dose. none of the above; the difference is not measurable.

Reduction in gonadal dose

Which pair of ribs attaches to the sternum at the level of the sternal angle? First Second Third Fourth and fifth

Second

The patellofemoral joint is a ____ joint with a ____ type of movement. synovial; ginglymus fibrous; immovable synovial; sellar synovial; bicondylar

Synovial; sellar

Only a small part of the lesser trochanter, if any, will be visible on a well-positioned axiolateral (inferosuperior) lateral hip. T or F

True

Part 3 refers to the greater tubercle. T or F

True

The Alexander method for AC joints requires a 15° cephalic CR angle. T or F

True

The adductor tubercle is located on the posterior aspect of the medial femoral condyle. True False

True

Which of the following statements is true about floating ribs? They do not possess a head. They do not possess a costovertebral joint. They do not possess costocartilage. They are ribs 10 through 12.

They do not possess costocartilage.

The adductor tubercle is present on the medial, posterior aspect of the femoral condyle and can be used to determine possible rotation of a lateral knee projection. T or F

True

The degree of rotation for the right anterior oblique (RAO) projection of the sternum is dependent on the size of the thoracic cavity. T or F

True

The disadvantage of the superoinferior sitting, tangential (Hobbs modification) method is that it requires acute flexion of the knee. T or F

True

The image receptor must be placed parallel to the femoral neck for the axiolateral (inferosuperior) projection of the hip. T or F

True

The recommended SID for AC joints is 72 inches (183 cm). T or F

True

With the Radial Head Lateral projections, what is the only difference between the four projections? The position of the hand and/or wrist The CR angulation The amount of flexion of the elbow The SID used for each projection

The position of the hand and/or wrist

A correctly positioned lateral ankle will demonstrate the lateral malleolus superimposed over the posterior half of the tibia. T or F

True

All of the joints of the shoulder girdle are diarthrodial. T or F

True

An orthostatic (breathing) technique can be performed for the AP projection of the scapula. T or F

True

Both bony and soft tissue anatomy may be evaluated by CT for pathology involving the sternum or the sternoclavicular joints. T or F

True

For anterior oblique radiographs of the chest, the elongated (widened) aspect of the thorax is generally farthest from the image receptor. T or F

True

Generally, gonadal shielding for females cannot be used for an initial AP pelvis for pelvic trauma due to the possibility of covering pertinent anatomy. T or F

True

Which of the following positioning considerations does NOT apply for a study of the lower ribs? Perform positions recumbent. Use a digital kV range between 65 and 70 kV. Exposure on full expiration. Both A and B are incorrect.

Use a digital kV range between 65 and 70 kV.

A patient enters the emergency department (ED) with a Smith fracture. Which region of the upper limb must be radiographed to demonstrate this injury? Trapezium Elbow Wrist and forearm Hand

Wrist and forearm

A patient enters the ED with a dislocated shoulder. The technologist attempts to position the patient into the transthoracic lateral projection, but the patient is unable to raise the unaffected arm over his head completely. What can the technologist do to compensate for the patient's inability to raise his arm completely? a. Angle the CR 10° to 15° cephalad. b. Increase kV to penetrate through both shoulders. c. Use a breathing technique. d. Perform the Grashey method instead.

a. Angle the CR 10° to 15° cephalad.

Which of the following structures is not part of the proximal humerus? a. Glenoid process b. Intertubercular groove c. Lesser tubercle d. Anatomic neck

a. Glenoid process

A radiograph of an AP axial projection of the clavicle demonstrates that the clavicle is within the midaspect of the lung apices. What should the technologist do to correct this error? a. Increase the cephalic CR angle during repeat exposure. b. Make the exposure upon complete inspiration. c. Increase the caudal CR angle during repeat exposure. d. Do nothing; this is an acceptable AP axial clavicle projection.

a. Increase the cephalic CR angle during repeat exposure

A referring physician suspects that a subacromial spur may be the cause for a patient's arm numbness. She asks the technologist for a projection that would best demonstrate any possible spurs. Which of the following projections would accomplish this objective? a. AP oblique shoulder with 45° caudal angle b. PA scapular Y lateral with 10° to 15° caudal angle c. AP shoulder with 10° to 15° caudal angle d. PA scapular Y lateral with 10° to 15° cephalad angle

b. PA scapular Y lateral with 10° to 15° caudal angle

A patient enters the ED with multiple injuries including a possible fracture of the left proximal humerus. Which positioning rotation should be performed to determine the extent of the humerus injury? Answers: a. AP neutral shoulder rotation and carefully rotated internally proximal humerus b. AP and apical oblique shoulder without any arm rotation c. AP and horizontal beam transthoracic lateral shoulder projection d. AP shoulder as is; show radiograph to the ED physician before attempting a rotational lateral projection

c. AP and horizontal beam transthoracic lateral shoulder projection

A patient comes to the emergency department (ED) with a possible right AC joint separation. Right clavicle and AC joint exams are ordered. The clavicle is taken first, and a small linear fracture of the midshaft of the clavicle is discovered. What should the technologist do in this situation? a. Reduce the amount of weight that would normally be given to the patient and perform the weight-bearing study. b. Perform the weight-bearing phase as ordered. c. Consult with the ED physician before continuing with the AC joint study. d. Slowly give the patient more weight to hold until he begins to complain and then complete the AC joint study.

c. Consult with the ED physician before continuing with the AC joint study.

Which projection of the shoulder requires that the patient be rotated 45° to 60° toward the IR from a PA position? a. Inferosuperior axiolateral projection b. AP oblique projection c. Lateral scapula projection d. None of the above

c. Lateral scapula projection

A patient enters the ED with a possible AC joint separation. The patient is paraplegic; therefore, the study cannot be done erect. Which of the following routines would be performed to diagnose this condition? a. Recumbent AP and AP axial projection of the clavicles to include AC joints b. AP projections of shoulders with external and internal rotation performed recumbent c. Non-weight-bearing and weight-bearing type of projections performed with the patient recumbent by pulling down on the shoulders d. AP and AP apical oblique projection of the shoulder performed recumbent

c. Non-weight-bearing and weight-bearing type of projections performed with the patient recumbent by pulling down on the shoulders

A patient comes to radiology for treatment of an arthritic condition of the right shoulder. The radiologist orders AP internal/external rotation projections and an inferosuperior axiolateral projection of the scapulohumeral joint. However, the patient cannot abduct the arm for this projection. Which other projection will best demonstrate the scapulohumeral joint space? a. Scapular Y lateral b. Transthoracic lateral c. Posterior oblique (Grashey method) d. AP projection-neutral rotation

c. Posterior oblique (Grashey method)

Which of the following joints is considered to have a spheroidal type of movement? a. Acromioclavicular joints b. Sternoclavicular joints c. Scapulohumeral joint d. Bicipital joint

c. Scapulohumeral joint

Which of the following joints is considered to have a spheroidal type of movement? a. Bicipital joint b. Acromioclavicular joints c. Scapulohumeral joint d. Sternoclavicular joints

c. Scapulohumeral joint

What is the name of the large fossa found within the anterior surface of the scapula? a. Glenoid fossa b. Supraspinous fossa c. Subscapular fossa d. Infraspinous fossa

c. Subscapular fossa

Examples of "flat" bones are the: calvaria, ribs, scapulae, and sternum. ribs, sternum, patella, and ilia of pelvis. sternum, scapulae, ilia of pelvis, and base of cranium. sternum and ilia of pelvis only.

calvaria, ribs, scapulae, and sternum.

Where is the CR centered for the bilateral acromioclavicular (AC) joint projection on a single 14- ´ 17-inch (35 ´ 43 cm) image receptor? a. At the sternal angle b. At the affected AC joint c. At the level of the thyroid cartilage d. 1 inch (2.5 cm) above jugular notch

d. 1 inch (2.5 cm) above jugular notch

An inferosuperior axial projection (Clements modification) is performed on a patient with a nontraumatic shoulder injury. The patient cannot fully abduct the upper limb 90°. Which of the following modifications of the position should be performed for this patient? a. Angle CR 45° toward the elbow AC joint separation. b. Rotate shoulder slightly anterior to open joint space. c. Angle CR 30° toward the axilla. d. Angle CR 5 to 15° toward the axilla.

d. Angle CR 5 to 15° toward the axilla.

Which ionization chamber(s) for the AEC should be used for a tangential projection for an intertubercular groove? a. Both outside chambers b. Center chamber c. Left chamber d. Cannot use AEC with this projection

d. Cannot use AEC with this projection

A patient comes to the emergency department (ED) with a possible right AC joint separation. Right clavicle and AC joint exams are ordered. The clavicle is taken first, and a small linear fracture of the midshaft of the clavicle is discovered. What should the technologist do in this situation? a. Perform the weight-bearing phase as ordered. b. Reduce the amount of weight that would normally be given to the patient and perform the weight-bearing study. c. Slowly give the patient more weight to hold until he begins to complain and then complete the AC joint study. d. Consult with the ED physician before continuing with the AC joint study.

d. Consult with the ED physician before continuing with the AC joint study.

A patient enters the ED with a midshaft humeral fracture. The AP projection taken on the cart demonstrates another fracture near the surgical neck of the humerus. The patient is unable to stand or rotate the humerus because of the extent of the trauma. What other projection should be taken for this patient? a. Scapular Y lateral-AP oblique projection b. Apical oblique projection c. Rotational lateral projection for humerus d. Horizontal beam transthoracic lateral projection for humerus

d. Horizontal beam transthoracic lateral projection for humerus

A radiograph for an AP projection with external rotation of the proximal humerus reveals that the greater tubercle is profiled laterally. What should be changed to improve this image for a repeat exposure? a. Rotate epicondyles so they are perpendicular to the image receptor. b. Move the patient obliquely 10° to 15° toward the affected side. c. Rotate the arm to place palm of the patient's hand against the thigh. d. Positioning is acceptable; do not repeat it.

d. Positioning is acceptable; do not repeat it.

Which term describes the medial end of the clavicle? a. Acromial extremity b. Acromial tuberosity c. Acromion d. Sternal extremity

d. Sternal extremity

inferior margin of the symphysis pubis.

Which of the following bones is classified as a long bone? Carpal bone Scapula Cranium Humerus

Humerus

Where is the CR centered for a PA projection of the hand? At the third proximal interphalangeal joint At the third metacarpophalangeal joint At the base of the third metacarpal At the third distal interphalangeal joint

At the third metacarpophalangeal joint

Which special position of the knee requires that the patient be placed supine with 40° flexion of knee with the CR angled 30° from the long axis of the femur? Bilateral Merchant method PA axial, Camp-Coventry method PA axial, Holmblad method Tangential, Hughston method

Bilateral Merchant method

Which of the following positions will best demonstrate signs of developmental dysplasia of the hip? Posterior oblique (Judet method) Axiolateral, inferosuperior (Danelius-Miller method) Taylor method Bilateral frog-leg method

Bilateral frog-leg method

Match the correct disease or condition with the corresponding pathologic description. A. Chondrosarcoma B. Joint effusion C. Osgood-Schlatter disease D. Reiter s syndrome E. Lisfranc joint injury F. Ewing s sarcoma G. Gout H. Paget s disease I. Bone cyst J. Exostosis Condition affecting the sacroiliac joints and lower limbs of young men, especially the posterosuperior margin of calcaneus

D. Reiters syndrome

A radiograph of an AP pelvis reveals that the lesser trochanters are not visualized. This pelvis projection was performed for nontraumatic reasons. What should the technologist do (if anything) to correct this on the repeat exposure? Rotate the lower limbs more internally 15° to 20°. Do nothing. Accept the radiograph and do not repeat the exposure. Ensure that the ASIS is an equal distance from the tabletop. Angle the CR 10° to 15° cephalad.

Do nothing. Accept the radiograph and do not repeat the exposure.

To decrease the angle between the anterior surface of the foot and anterior surface of the lower leg is described as: plantar flexion. inversion. dorsiflexion. eversion.

Dorsiflexion

Match the correct disease or condition with the corresponding pathologic description. A. Chondrosarcoma B. Joint effusion C. Osgood-Schlatter disease D. Reiter s syndrome E. Lisfranc joint injury F. Ewing s sarcoma G. Gout H. Paget s disease I. Bone cyst J. Exostosis Common primary bone malignancy in pediatric and young adult patients

F. Ewings sarcoma

A 3° to 5° caudad CR angle should be used for an AP knee projection for patients with an ASIS-to-tabletop measurement of 20 cm. T or F

False

A lateromedial projection is one in which the lateral aspect of the anatomy part is closest to the image receptor (IR). T or F

False

A posterior dislocation of the shoulder occurs more frequently than an anterior dislocation. T or F

False

A radiograph of the inferosuperior axial projection (Lawrence method) demonstrates the acromion process of the shoulder to be located most superiorly (anteriorly). T or F

False

A recommended practice is to decrease the SID to less than 40 inches (102 cm) for the oblique sternum projection to increase the magnification and resultant unsharpness of overlying ribs. T or F

False

A right or left marker may be taped over the area of interest to indicate the location of the trauma to the ribs. T or F

False

According to the American Registry of Radiologic Technologists (ARRT) Code of Ethics, a radiologic technologist may render a diagnosis during a radiographic examination if requested by the patient. T or F

False

Both nuclear medicine and MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) studies can be performed to evaluate metastatic rib lesions before conventional rib radiographic examination. T or F

False

The left anterior oblique (LAO) position of the sternum provides the best frontal image of the sternum with a minimal amount of distortion. T or F

False

A radiograph of a lateral projection of the sternum reveals that the patient's ribs are superimposed over the sternum. What needs to be done to correct this problem during the repeat exposure? Increase the SID. Angle the CR 5° anterior. Ensure that the patient is not rotated. Increase the kV.

Ensure that the patient is not rotated.

A radiograph of an AP medial oblique projection of the foot, if positioned correctly, should demonstrate: *first through fifth metatarsals free of superimposition. *third through fifth metatarsals free of superimposition. *first and second cuneiform joint space is open. *CR is centered to midshaft

Third through fifth metatarsals free of superimposition

Where is the CR centered for a PA projection of the sternoclavicular joints? At the level of the vertebra prominens (T1) At the level of the sternal angle (T4-5) Three inches (7 cm) distal to vertebra prominens (T2-3) At the level of the thyroid cartilage (T9)

Three inches (7 cm) distal to vertebra prominens (T2-3)

Gonadal shielding should be used on both males and females of childbearing age for AP hip projections, if correctly placed. T or F

True

If a patient has excessive external rotation of one foot, a fractured hip may be indicated. T or F

True

Motion of the patient's diaphragm can be stopped by providing proper breathing instructions. T or F

True

Multiple myeloma is seen often in the flat bones of the bony thorax. T or F

True

Which of the following structures is not an aspect of the proximal femur? Intertrochanteric crest Fovea capitis Obturator foramen Lesser trochanter

Obturator foramen

What is the major disadvantage of using 45° of flexion for the mediolateral projection of the knee? Draws the patella into the intercondylar sulcus Possible injury to the anterior cruciate ligament Prevents superimposition of the distal aspect of the femoral condyles Can distort any visible fat pads

Draws the patella into the intercondylar sulcus

A patient comes to the radiology department for a knee study with special interest in the region of the proximal tibiofibular joint and the lateral condyle of the tibia. Which of the following positioning routines should the technologist obtain? AP and lateral knee AP, lateral, and lateral oblique knee AP, lateral, and medial oblique knee AP, lateral, and PA axial intercondylar fossa

AP, lateral, and medial oblique knee

Which of the following structures is considered to be most lateral? Capitulum Proximal radioulnar joint Trochlea medial epicondyle

Capitulum

The internal prominence or ridge in which the trachea bifurcates into the right and left bronchi is termed the: carina. hilum. thyroid cartilage. costophrenic angle.

Carina

The joint found between the base of the third metacarpal and carpal bone is the intercarpal. interphalangeal. carpometacarpal. proximal metacarpophalangeal.

Carpometacarpal

Which of the following projections of the patella requires the patient to be placed in a prone position, a 55° flexion of the knee, and a 15° to 20° angle of the CR?

Hughston method

Which of the following structures is NOT considered as a mediastinal structure? Thymus gland Aorta Trachea Epiglottis

Epiglottis

An ambulatory patient enters the ED with a possible injury to the right upper posterior ribs. Which of the following routines should be taken to demonstrate the involved area? Erect PA and LPO Erect AP and RPO Recumbent AP and RPO Erect PA and LAO

Erect AP and RPO

The radiographic hallmark of Reiter's syndrome seen in young men is: erosion of the articular facets. destruction of the patella. fluid in the joints of the foot. erosion of the Achilles tendon insertion.

Erosion of the Achilles' tendon insertion

A radiograph of a lateral projection of the patella reveals that the femoropatellar joint space is not open. The patella is within the intercondylar sulcus. The most likely cause of this is: Answers: excessive extension of the knee. excessive angulation of the CR. insufficient angulation of the CR. excessive flexion of the knee.

Excessive flexion of the knee

A patient is scheduled for an arthrogram. During the course of the study, the radiologist requests a projection to demonstrate the intertubercular groove. Which one of the following projections would best demonstrate this structure? a. Grashey method b. Pearson method c. Garth method d. Fisk modification

Fisk modification

Which of the following shoulder projections best demonstrates the glenoid cavity in profile? a. Clements modification b. Garth method c. AP shoulder, neutral rotation d. Grashey method

Grashey method

Match the correct disease or condition with the corresponding pathologic description. A. Chondrosarcoma B. Joint effusion C. Osgood-Schlatter disease D. Reiter s syndrome E. Lisfranc joint injury F. Ewing s sarcoma G. Gout H. Paget s disease I. Bone cyst J. Exostosis Also known as osteitis deformans, a bone disease that disrupts new bone growth, resulting in overproduction of very dense yet soft bone

H. Pagets disease

A patient enters the ED with a possible bony defect of the midwing area of the scapula. The patient is able to stand and move the upper limb freely. In addition to the routine AP scapula projection with the arm abducted, which of the following would best demonstrate the involved area? Selected Answer: Incorrectb. Take an apical oblique projection of the shoulder. Answers: a. Take a transthoracic lateral projection of the shoulder region. b. Take an apical oblique projection of the shoulder. c. Have the patient drop the affected arm behind him or her and take a lateral scapula projection. d. Have the patient reach across the chest and grasp the opposite shoulder for a lateral scapula projection.

Have the patient reach across the chest and grasp the opposite shoulder for a lateral scapula projection.

Increase CR angultion

A radiograph of an RAO sternum reveals that it is partially superimposed over the spine. What must be done to eliminate this problem during the repeat exposure? Perform an LPO projection instead of an RAO. Angle CR 5° to 10° laterally to the sternum. Increase rotation of the body. Increase kV.

Increase rotation of the body

A radiograph of an AP oblique projection for the glenoid cavity reveals that the anterior and posterior rims of the glenoid process are not superimposed. Which of the following modifications should produce a more acceptable image? a. Angle CR 5° to 10° caudad. b. Abduct the arm slightly. c. Increase rotation of the body. d. Angle CR 5° to 10° cephalad.

Increase rotation of the body.

During a repeat study of the AP axial (Taylor) outlet projection, both obturator foramina are symmetric but foreshortened. Which of the following positioning modifications must be performed to correct this error? Increase the cephalic CR angulation. Increase the caudal CR angulation. Correct for rotation. Use a perpendicular CR.

Increase the cephalic CR angulation.

A radiograph of an axiolateral (inferosuperior) projection of the hip reveals a soft tissue artifact seen across the affected hip. This artifact prevents a clear view of the femoral head and neck. What must the technologist do to eliminate this artifact or its effect during the repeat exposure? Increase the kV. Ensure that the CR is centered to the grid to prevent grid cutoff. Increase the elevation and flexion of the patient's unaffected leg. Slightly rotate the patient toward the affected side and angle 5° caudad.

Increase the elevation and flexion of the patient's unaffected leg.

A radiograph of an axiolateral (inferosuperior) projection reveals that there is an excessive amount of grid lines present. A 6:1 linear grid was used. Which of the following points will correct this problem on the repeat exposure? Use a screen rather than a grid. Decrease the SID. Keep the image receptor parallel to the femoral neck and perpendicular to CR. Keep the image receptor perpendicular to the femoral neck.

Keep the image receptor parallel to the femoral neck and perpendicular to CR.

Which of the following positions will best demonstrate the axillary portion of the right ribs? AP PA LAO RAO

LAO

Which position can replace the RAO of the sternum if the patient cannot lie prone? LAO Left lateral decubitus LPO RPO

LPO

A patient enters the ED with an injury to the left anterior lower ribs. Which of the following projections should be taken to demonstrate the involved area? AP and LAO PA and RAO AP and LPO PA and LAO

PA and RAO

A patient comes to radiology with a clinical history of osteoarthritis of both knees. The referring physician wants a projection to evaluate the damage to the articular facets. Which of the following projections will provide the best image of this region of the knee? Tangential projection (Hughston method) AP axial projection (Béclere method) PA axial weight-bearing bilateral knee projection(Rosenberg method) Tangential projection (Settegast Method)

PA axial weight-bearing bilateral knee projection(Rosenberg method)

A patient comes to radiology with a request for a right hip study. He is from an extended care facility and is confused about the cause of the injury. The technologist takes an AP pelvis, and when the lateral frog-leg projection is attempted, the patient complains loudly about the pain in his affected hip. What should the technologist do to complete the study? Continue to position the patient, but move the affected limb more gently. Perform the AP pelvis projection only. Perform the axiolateral (inferosuperior) projection. Perform the anterior pelvis (Taylor) outlet projection.

Perform the axiolateral (inferosuperior) projection.

For the AP weight-bearing knee projection on an average patient, the CR should be: 10° caudad. 5° to 10° cephalad. perpendicular to the image receptor. CR perpendicular to the image receptor but increase SID to 60 inches (153 cm).

Perpendicular to IR

How should the humeral epicondyles be aligned for a lateral projection of the elbow? Parallel to image receptor Perpendicular to image receptor 45° to image receptor 30° to image receptor

Perpendicular to image receptor

To properly visualize the joint spaces with the AP projection of the foot, the CR must be: parallel to the longitudinal arch. perpendicular to the metatarsals. perpendicular to the longitudinal arch. parallel to the metatarsals.

Perpendicular to the metatarsals

Which specific anatomy is better visualized with a fan lateral as compared with the extension lateral projection of the hand? Sesamoid bones Carpals Phalanges Carpometacarpal joints

Phalanges

Why is it important to keep the phalanges parallel to the IR for a PA oblique projection of the hand? Prevents foreshortening of phalanges and obscuring of interphalangeal joints Prevents foreshortening of radiocarpal joint Opens up the carpometacarpal joints Demonstrates the sesamoid bones near the first interphalangeal joint

Prevents foreshortening of phalanges and obscuring of interphalangeal joints

Which of the following actions will lead to the proximal radius crossing over the ulna? Supination of the hand Placing epicondyles parallel to image receptor Pronation of the hand External rotation of elbow

Pronation of the hand

A radiograph of an AP clavicle reveals that the sternal extremity is partially collimated off. What should the technologist do? a. Only repeat it if the patient's pain/symptoms involve the sternal extremity. b. Make sure the sternal extremity is included on the AP axial projection. c. Ask the radiologist whether he or she wants the projection repeated. d. Repeat the AP projection and correct collimation.

Repeat the AP projection and correct collimation.

A study of a prosthetic hip demonstrates that the end of the prosthesis is cut off on the AP projection, but the entire device is demonstrated on the lateral projection. What should the technologist do next? Repeat both the AP and lateral projections. Repeat the AP projection only. Ask another technologist for his or her opinion. Ask the radiologist if he or she wants the AP projection repeated.

Repeat the AP projection only

A radiograph of an anteroposterior (AP) abdomen demonstrates elongation (widening) of the right iliac wing and narrowing of the left iliac wing. Which one of the following positioning errors produced this radiographic outcome? Rotation to the left (left posterior oblique) Rotation to the right (right posterior oblique) CR off center to the left Left hip was internally rotated more than right hip

Rotation to the right (right posterior oblique)

A patient comes to radiology with a history of chondromalacia of the patella. Her physician orders a projection of the patellofemoral joint space. Due to advanced emphysema, the patient cannot lie recumbent for this projection. Which of the following projections would be best for this patient? Tangential projection—Settegast method Tangential projection—Merchant method AP axial projection—Béclere method

Superoinferior sitting tangential method

What is the joint classification and type of movement for the sternoclavicular joints? Cartilaginous with diarthrodial (ginglymus) movement Synovial with diarthrodial (gliding) movement Synovial with amphiarthrodial, limited movement Cartilaginous with synarthrodial or no movement

Synovial with diarthrodial (gliding) movement

What is the joint classification and type of movement for the costotransverse joint? Cartilaginous with diarthrodial (ginglymus) movement Synovial with diarthrodial (plane) movement Synovial with amphiarthrodial, limited movement Cartilaginous with synarthrodial or no movement

Synovial with diarthrodial (plane) movement

The suprasternal, manubrial, or jugular notch all correspond to the level of: T2-3. T1. T4-5. C7.

T2-3

The sternal angle is a palpable landmark at the level of: T4-5. T2-3. T7. T9-10.

T4-5.

The xiphoid process corresponds to the vertebral level of: T7. T9-10. T4-5. L1-2.

T9-10.

A PA chest radiograph reveals that only seven ribs are seen above the diaphragm on a healthy adult. Which of the following suggestions would improve the inspiration of lungs? Use higher kV to penetrate the diaphragm. Perform chest position supine. Take exposure on the second inspiration rather than on first. Use a shorter exposure time.

Take exposure on the second inspiration rather than on first.

A projection in which the CR skims a body part is termed: tangential. lordotic. axial. decubitus.

Tangential

A patient comes to radiology with an infection involving the sesamoid bones of the foot. Beyond the routine foot projections, which one of the following projections can be performed to best demonstrate these structures? PA axial Camp-Coventry method AP weight-bearing foot projection Lateral weight-bearing projection Tangential projection

Tangential projection

Which of the following modalities best demonstrates shoulder joint pathology such as rotator cuff tears using dynamic evaluation techniques during joint movements? a. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) b. Computed tomography (CT) c. Ultrasound d. Arthrography

Ultrasound

The profile appearance of the adductor tubercle and excessive superimposition of the fibular head and neck on a lateral knee projection indicate: overrotation of the knee toward the IR. underrotation of the knee toward the IR. a true lateral knee. the CR should be angled 5° to 7° cephalad.

Underrotation of the knee toward the IR

A 3-year-old patient comes to radiology for an abdominal study. Even with careful instructions and immobilization, the patient is having difficulty holding still. Which of the following should be done to minimize motion on the radiograph? Increase kV. Decrease SID. Use a shorter exposure time. Ask an older experienced radiographer to hold patient.

Use a shorter exposure time.

Which of the following techniques is most effective in preventing lung markings from obscuring the sternum on an oblique projection? Use a high kV. Oblique as much as needed to not superimpose the sternum over the hilum region. Decrease the source image receptor distance (SID) to magnify the sternum. Use an orthostatic (breathing) technique.

Use an orthostatic (breathing) technique.

A patient comes to radiology with a clinical history of a Lisfranc joint injury. Which of the following projections would best demonstrate this condition? Weight-bearing foot series AP weight-bearing knee projection Tangential projection for patella AP stress views of the ankle

Weight bearing foot series

Which of the following shoulder positions is considered a trauma projection (can be performed safely for a possible fracture or dislocation)? a. AP apical oblique axial (Garth method) projection b. Inferosuperior axial (Clements modification) projection c. AP projection-internal rotation d. None of the above

a. AP apical oblique axial (Garth method) projection

A referring physician suspects that a subacromial spur may be the cause for a patient's arm numbness. She asks the technologist for a projection that would best demonstrate any possible spurs. Which of the following projections would accomplish this objective? a. AP shoulder with 10° to 15° caudal angle b. AP oblique shoulder with 45° caudal angle c. PA scapular Y lateral with 10° to 15° caudal angle d. PA scapular Y lateral with 10° to 15° cephalad angle

c. PA scapular Y lateral with 10° to 15° caudal angle

A radiograph of a scapular Y lateral position reveals that the scapula is slightly rotated (the vertebral and axillary borders are not superimposed). The axillary border of the scapula is determined to be more lateral compared with the vertebral border. Which of the following modifications should be made for the repeat exposure? a. Abduct the arm more and flex it at the elbow. b. Decrease CR angle. c. Increase rotation of thorax. d. Decrease rotation of thorax.

d. Decrease rotation of thorax.

Which of the following best demonstrates the coracoacromial arch? a. Fisk method b. Garth method c. West Point method d. Neer method

d. Neer method

Which AP projection of the shoulder and proximal humerus is created by placing the affected palm of the hand facing inward toward the thigh? a. External rotation b. AP axial c. Internal rotation d. Neutral rotation

d. Neutral rotation

What additional maneuver must be added to the inferosuperior axial shoulder (Lawrence method) projection to best demonstrate a possible Hill-Sachs defect? a. Increase abduction of the affected upper limb. b. Angle the CR 10° to 15° downward or posteriorly in addition to the medial angle. c. Increase medial CR angulation. d. Perform exaggerated external rotation of the affected upper limb.

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