Anatomy Final Schwartz

Put the following four steps of a cholinergic synapse in their correct order: 1) An arriving action potential depolarizes the axon terminal membrane of a presynaptic neuron. 2) Depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane ends as acetylcholine (ACh) is broken down. 3) Depolarization of the axon terminal membrane opens voltage-gated calcium ion channels with the calcium promoting the exocytosis of synaptic vesicles filled with ACh. 4) ACh diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane.

1,3,4,2

The pituitary hormone that controls the release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex is

ACTH

Which of the following statements about the cerebellum is FALSE? It is composed of folds called folia and a superficial cerebellar cortex. All of the listed responses are true; none are false. Purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex have numerous dendrites and may have up to 200,000 synapses per cell. The cerebellar peduncles link the cerebellum with the brain stem, cerebrum, and spinal cord.

All of the listed responses are true; none are false.

When studying in lab, Anne repeats, over and over, the names of the structures she is studying. What is Anne trying to accomplish? memory consolidation All of the listed responses are correct. conversion from primary memories to secondary memories creation of fact memories

All the listed responses are correct

Assume that as you are taking this practice exam, you are concentrating and giving it your full attention. If you were connected to an EEG at this moment, what type of brain waves would it record?

Beta Waves

_______ cells connect photoreceptors to ganglion cells.

Bipolar

Which of the following statements about the cranial meninges is INCORRECT?

In cranial trauma, the pia mater provides the brain with the greatest protection from trauma by hitting the bones of the cranium.

During ________ sleep, dreaming occurs.

REM

Tyson decides to travel overseas, but he does not get all the needed vaccines before he goes on the trip. While on his trip, he contracts diphtheria. Which type of glial cells are particularly at risk from this disease?

Schwann cells

Where are the spinothalamic pathways located?

The anterior and lateral white matter of the spinal cord

Which of the following statements about the nervous system is FALSE?

The efferent division of the peripheral nervous system contains sensory and motor neurons.

Elderly individuals sometimes report that food tastes bland, whereas a child might say that the same food is too spicy. Why does this happen?

The numbers of all taste buds decline as a person ages, and the number of functional olfactory receptors declines as a person ages.

The patient has the following symptoms: change in vocal tone, problems swallowing, inability to control urination, erratic heart rate, and gastric problems. You would identify the problem as being related to the

Vagus Nerve

Night blindness is a condition caused by __________

a lack of photoreceptor pigments resulting from a vitamin A deficiency

Olfactory nerves __________.

adapt quickly to stimuli

Which of the following is NOT a function of the hypothalamus? producing emotions and behavior drives adjusting postural muscles regulating body temperature controlling autonomic functions

adjusting postural muscles

Which gland is called the "emergency gland" and helps the body adjust to stress?

adrenal (suprarenal)

The ________ division of the peripheral nervous system brings sensory information to the central nervous system.

afferent

Which of the following statements about resting potential is true? In a typical neuron, resting potential is approximately −70 millivolts. It can be altered to produce either depolarization or hyperpolarization. All of the listed responses are correct. It is stabilized by the activities of the sodium-potassium pump.

all the listed responses are true

When a person has a stroke, blood leaks into the brain tissue. Which type of neuroglia cells would make structural repairs to the damage?

astrocytes

The site in the neuron where EPSPs and IPSPs are integrated is the

axon hillock

Which type of receptor detects pressure changes?

baroreceptors

Before an olfactory receptor can detect an odorant, it has to

bind to receptors on olfactory dendrites

The heart, lungs, and digestive organs are innervated by __________.

both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

Increased activity of phosphodiesterase in a target cell would decrease its level of

cAMP

Which ion triggers synaptic vesicles to discharge neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft?

calcium

The patellar reflex

causes a rapid increase and then decline in the muscle tone of the quadriceps is an example of a monosynaptic reflex and a stretch reflex is triggered by stretching of the quadriceps muscles

Which plexus innervates the stomach, pancreas, gallbladder, and liver?

celiac plexus

The dorsal root ganglion contains the __________ of __________ neurons.

cell bodies ;sensory neurons

Most neurons lack ________ and so are permanently blocked from undergoing cell division.

centrioles

Chemoreceptors in the medulla oblongata are sensitive to changes in pH and PCO2 in __________.

cerebrospinal fluid

Regions of the spinal cord are expanded to accommodate sensory and motor information associated with the limbs. These expanded areas are called the __________.

cervical and lumbar enlargements

In each ventricle is a blood vessel network called the ________ that produces cerebrospinal fluid.

choroid plexus

Monitoring of the composition of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the removal of waste products from the CSF occurs in the __________.

choroid plexus

A ray of light entering the eye will encounter the following structures in which order?

conjunctiva → cornea → aqueous humor → lens → vitreous body → retina

A motor neuron typically receives input from neurons that originate in various areas of the brain. This type of circuit is a

convergent circuit

You have a pair of new sneakers. As you walk along the corridor, your foot catches. Immediately, your body responds and you are able to catch yourself before falling. Which reflex was executed?

crossed extensor reflex

Which of the following spinal cord structures is NOT properly associated with its characteristics?

dorsal root—linked to lateral gray horn

The falx cerebri and tentorium cerebelli are

dural folds

The outermost connective tissue covering of nerves is the

epineurium

The pineal gland, an endocrine structure that secretes the hormone melatonin, is found in the __________.

epithalamus

Rachel decides to go swimming, but when she sticks her big toe into the water, she changes her mind because the water is too cold. The sensory neurons responsible for sending the message about the cold temperature of the water are __________.

exteroceptors

Which of these types of sensory receptors is INCORRECTLY linked with its function?

exteroceptor—monitors pressure in the lungs

Which of the following best describes the sensory information provided by the fasciculus gracilis?

fine touch, pressure, and vibration from the inferior half of the body

In the lungs, autonomic tone allows for __________.

finely controlled dilation and constriction of the airways

The afferent neuron that carries the sensation and enters the CNS is a ________ neuron.

first-order

Preganglionic fibers leave the CNS and then synapse on

ganglionic neurons.

A receptor potential large enough to generate an action potential is called __________.

generator potential

Taste buds are clusters of individual

gustatory receptors

The movement of the otoliths stimulates which cells to send information to the brain regarding body position?

hair cells

The motor homunculus shows larger structures in areas of the body that

have more motor units

The sea horse-like structure in the limbic system that is responsible for storage and retrieval of new long-term memories is the

hippocampus

The brain region that exerts the most direct effects on the endocrine system is the __________.

hypothalamus

Jennifer is at a stoplight and begins to accelerate into traffic when the light turns green, but she stops suddenly as a semitrailer runs the red light only a few inches away from her front bumper. Which of the following effects would you NOT expect to find in Jennifer's body?

increases digestive activity

A patient has suffered repeated upper respiratory infections. The patient is now complaining of ear pain, muffled sound, and crackling noises. The patient does NOT exhibit any signs of equilibrium problems. What is the probable cause of these symptoms?

infection of the middle ear

Which of the following INCORRECTLY pairs centers of somatic motor control with their activities?

inferior medulla oblongata—coordinates complex motor patterns

Which of the following reflexes is INCORRECTLY linked with its characteristics?

innate reflex—produces complex, learned motor pattern

Which one of the following does NOT properly link a hormone with its effects on growth? insulin—normal deposition of calcium in bone formation growth hormone—normal protein synthesis for muscular and skeletal development gonadal hormones—differences in secondary sexual characteristics thyroid hormones—normal mental development in infants

insulin—normal deposition of calcium in bone formation

The brain requires a substantial blood supply. The vessels that deliver blood to the brain are the

internal carotid and vertebral arteries

The passageway between the lateral ventricles and the third ventricle is the

interventricular foramen

Which type of ion channel is always open?

leak

The system that functions in tying together emotions, motivation and memory is the

limbic system

Which region of the adrenal gland produces epinephrine and norepinephrine?

medulla

Conflicting sensory information from visual and movement signals may cause

motion sickness

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a degenerative disorder that affects __________.

motor neurons and their associated skeletal muscles

You are sitting at a restaurant waiting for your food. The waiter brings a very hot plate, telling you to be careful about touching it. You touch it anyway, producing a pain sensation in your fingers, a withdrawal of your hand, and an auditory comment of what you are thinking. This scenario represents a ________ neuronal circuit.

parallel processing

For the last few weeks, you have had an odd sensation on your upper thigh. When you touch the naked skin, it feels very strange, like you are touching your skin through layers of cloth. The surrounding area feels normal. Your doctor thinks that this may be related to spinal nerve damage related to a herniated disc. The doctor calls this change in sensation

paresthesia

Your brain is not constantly bombarded with signals telling it that you are wearing socks. This is because the touch receptors around your ankle are

phasic receptors and fast responding

A kinase is an enzyme that performs

phosphorylation

Blood vessels that supply the spinal cord run along the surface of the

pia mater

The complex, interwoven network formed by contributions from the anterior rami of neighboring spinal nerves is termed a(n)

plexus

The region of the brain responsible for predicting the consequence of events or actions is the

prefrontal cerebral cortex

The thymus gland

produces thymosin, which matures lymphocytes

Atrial natriuretic peptide __________.

promotes sodium ion loss and water loss

You cannot tell when your small intestines shift position as food enters because you do not have any ________ there.

proprioceptors

Which of the following nerves innervates the sphincter muscles controlling defecation and urination?

pudendal nerve

What is the term expressing how a receptor can be stimulated by a certain stimulus but not any other stimuli?

receptor specificity

What is the name for preventing the contraction of an antagonistic muscle that opposes the muscle involved in a withdrawal reflex?

reciprocal inhibition

The kidneys secrete __________.

renin, erythropoietin, calcitriol

Which of the following glial cells surround cell bodies in the PNS and regulate levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide around ganglionic neurons?

satellite cells

Which of these is NOT a function of the cerebral nuclei? controlling cycles of arm and thigh movement in walking providing general pattern and rhythm of voluntary movements sending sensory information to the spinal cord controlling and adjusting muscle tone in voluntary movements

sending sensory info to the spinal cord

We can localize sensations that originate in different areas of the body because

sensory neurons from specific body regions project to specific cortical regions.

A posterior and anterior root of each spinal segment unite to form a

spinal nerve

Injury to this center in the mesencephalon may lead to Parkinson's disease.

substantia nigra

Preganglionic and postganglionic fibers of the autonomic nervous system that innervate internal organs are collectively called

sympathetic nerves

The medial pathway that controls involuntary movements of head, neck, and arm position in response to sudden visual and auditory stimuli is the ________ tract.

tectospinal

The addition of stimuli occurring in rapid succession at a single synapse is called __________.

temporal summation

Which of the following is NOT an example of a visceral reflex?

tendon reflex

Which of the following is NOT a neurotransmitter?

testosterone

Puffer fish poison blocks voltage-gated sodium channels like a cork. What effect would this neurotoxin have on the function of neurons?

the axon would be unable to generate action potentials

The cauda equina is a complex of the spinal cord that includes

the filum terminale and the ventral and dorsal roots caudal to the conus medullaris

The speed at which an action potential is transmitted depends on __________.

the myelination and diameter of the axon

In which system are the ganglia in or near the target organ?

the parasympathetic division of ANS

Which of the following does NOT describe a synapse?

the point where neurotransmitters are assembled

The area monitored by a single receptor is called __________.

the receptive field

Where does the information processing occur in a spinal reflex?

the spinal cord

What structure carries sensory information from and motor commands to the ventrolateral body surface and the limbs?

the ventral ramus of the spinal nerves

The minimum stimulus required to trigger an action potential is known as the

threshold

Postganglionic axons usually are

unmyelinated

Sympathetic axon terminals form a branching network of swollen segments called

varicosities