anatomy final test questions

Enzymes from the ________ do most of the digestive work in the small intestine. A) pancreas B) liver C) gallbladder D) stomach E) large intestine

A) pancreas

Chief cells secrete A) pepsinogen. B) gastric amylase. C) cholecystokinin. D) hydrochloric acid. E) intrinsic factor.

A) pepsinogen.

Which is the second phase of the swallowing process, beginning when the bolus comes into contact with the palatal arches? A) pharyngeal phase B) buccal phase C) duodenal phase D) esophageal phase E) gastric phase

A) pharyngeal phase

The digestion of carbohydrates and lipids begins in the A) oral cavity. B) esophagus. C) stomach. D) small intestine. E) large intestine.

A) oral cavity.

The first place in which mechanical processing of food takes place is the A) oral cavity. B) esophagus. C) stomach. D) large intestine. E) small intestine.

A) oral cavity.

Functions of the tongue include A) sensory analysis of food. B) production of salivary antibodies such as IgA. C) production of salivary amylase. D) absorption of nutrients. E) secretion of buffers and mucus.

A) sensory analysis of food.

Most nutrient absorption takes place in the A) small intestine. B) mouth. C) stomach. D) ascending colon. E) sigmoid colon.

A) small intestine.

Which layer of the digestive tract consists of dense irregular connective tissue? A) submucosa B) muscularis externa C) lamina propria D) muscularis mucosae E) mucosa

A) submucosa

During the defecation reflex, the

stretch receptors in the rectal walls stimulate parasympathetic motor neurons.

Which water-soluble vitamin cannot be absorbed by the intestinal mucosa unless it has been bound to intrinsic factor? A) vitamin B12 B) vitamin C C) vitamin B6 D) vitamin D E) vitamin K

vitamin B12

Secondary dentition results in a permanent tooth count of A) 32. B) 24. C) 21. D) 40. E) 38.

A) 32.

Besides proteins, which of the following is (are) a potent stimulator(s) of gastrin? A) caffeine and small doses of alcohol B) parasympathetic innervation C) the sight and smell of food D) chyme entering the duodenum E) chyme entering the esophagus

A) caffeine and small doses of alcohol

Which pancreatic digestive enzymes digest starches? A) carbohydrases B) lipases C) proteases D) peptidases E) nucleases

A) carbohydrases

Which of the following contains a crystalline form of calcium phosphate and is the hardest biologically manufactured substance? A) enamel B) cementum C) dentin D) pulp E) periodontium

A) enamel

The esophagus passes through a hole in the diaphragm called the A) esophageal hiatus. B) cardia. C) pylorus. D) upper esophageal sphincter. E) lower esophageal sphincter.

A) esophageal hiatus.

Plicae and intestinal villi A) increase the absorptive surface area of the small intestine. B) carry products of digestion that will not pass through the walls of blood capillaries. C) produce new cells for the mucosa of the small intestine. D) secrete digestive enzymes. E) produce hormones.

A) increase the absorptive surface area of the small intestine.

The layer of the digestive tract that underlies the mucosal epithelium and consists of areolar connective tissue is the A) lamina propria. B) submucosa. C) muscularis. D) serosa. E) adventitia.

A) lamina propria.

Cholecystokinin from the intestinal wall is stimulated by the presence of A) lipids and partially digested proteins in the duodenum. B) proteins and partially digested lipids in the duodenum. C) lipids and partially digested carbohydrates in the duodenum. D) proteins and partially digested carbohydrates in the duodenum. E) carbohydrates and partially digested lipids in the duodenum.

A) lipids and partially digested proteins in the duodenum.

Bile is produced in the A) liver. B) duodenum. C) pancreas. D) gall bladder. E) appendix.

A) liver.

The ________ are teeth with flattened crowns and prominent ridges that are adapted for grinding, crushing, and mashing. A) molars B) cuspids C) eyeteeth D) canines E) incisors

A) molars

Rugae are A) mucosal ridges in the stomach. B) involved in absorption of liquids from the stomach. C) pockets in the lining of the stomach that contain secretory cells. D) located in the esophagus. E) present when the stomach is at maximum distention.

A) mucosal ridges in the stomach.

Hydrochloric acid keeps the stomach contents at a pH of A) 6.5-8.0. B) 1.5-2.0. C) 4.5-6.0. D) 7.0. E) 3.5-5.0.

B) 1.5-2.0.

________ are arranged within a lobule of the liver into a series of irregular, one-cell-thick plates radiating outward. A) Portal cells B) Hepatocytes C) Bile canaliculi D) Bile ducts E) Hepatic ducts

B) Hepatocytes

In the duodenum, submucosal glands secrete which of the following? A) brush border enzymes B) an alkaline mucus C) pepsin D) secretin E) cholecystokinin

B) an alkaline mucus

The ________ are conical teeth used for tearing or slashing. A) incisors B) cuspids C) bicuspids D) molars E) premolars

B) cuspids

Bile salts break lipid droplets apart in a process called A) absorption. B) emulsification. C) bile storage. D) bile synthesis. E) secretion.

B) emulsification.

The ________ ligament marks the division between the left and right lobes of the liver. A) quadrate B) falciform C) inguinal D) visceral E) umbilical

B) falciform

Which gastrointestinal hormone targets the pancreas and stimulates the release of insulin by the islets? A) intrinsic factor B) gastric inhibitory peptide C) secretin D) cholecystokinin E) gastric lipase

B) gastric inhibitory peptide

The roof of the oral cavity is formed by the A) vestibule. B) hard and soft palate. C) palatal arches. D) upper labium. E) pharynx.

B) hard and soft palate.

Gastrin causes A) inhibition of HCl secretion. B) increases in the secretion of chief cells and parietal cells. C) the conversion of pepsin into pepsinogen. D) the upper esophageal sphincter to open. E) the pyloric sphincter to alternately open and close.

B) increases in the secretion of chief cells and parietal cells.

Ingestion refers to the A) progressive dehydration of indigestible residue. B) input of food into the digestive tract through the mouth. C) chemical breakdown of food. D) absorption of nutrients in the gut. E) mixing of nutrients with digestive enzymes.

B) input of food into the digestive tract through the mouth.

In the fundus and body of the stomach, gastric glands extend deep into the A) adventitia. B) lamina propria. C) serosa. D) muscularis externa. E) submucosa.

B) lamina propria.

Decreased levels of bile salts in the bile would interfere with digestion of A) protein. B) lipid. C) disaccharides. D) complex carbohydrates. E) vitamins.

B) lipid.

Which of the following is an accessory organ of digestion? A) stomach B) liver C) spleen D) colon E) esophagus

B) liver

Which of the following digestive structures is retroperitoneal? A) ileum B) pancreas C) stomach D) gallbladder E) liver

B) pancreas

Which of the following lies under the skin covering the lateral and posterior surfaces of the mandible? A) sublingual salivary gland B) parotid salivary glands C) exocrine pancreas D) frenulum E) submandibular salivary glands

B) parotid salivary glands

The root of a tooth is anchored by the A) pulp. B) periodontal ligament. C) the root canal. D) enamel. E) dentin.

B) periodontal ligament.

The release of water, acids, enzymes, and buffers by the digestive epithelium is called A) digestion. B) secretion. C) excretion. D) absorption. E) ingestion.

B) secretion.

The gastric phase of gastric secretion begins with A) the sight, thought, or smell of food. B) the arrival of food in the stomach. C) the entry of chyme into the small intestine. D) the entry of chyme into the large intestine. E) the release of cholecystokinin and secretin by the small intestine.

B) the arrival of food in the stomach.

Which of the following is a protease produced by the pancreas? A) secretin B) trypsin C) amylase D) nuclease E) gastrin

B) trypsin

Intrinsic factor aids the absorption of ________ across the intestinal lining. A) vitamin C B) vitamin B12 C) vitamin D D) vitamin K E) vitamin B5

B) vitamin B12

________ is a buffer that helps to increase the pH of chyme. A) Secretin B) Trypsin C) Sodium bicarbonate D) Bile salt E) Cholecystokinin

C) Sodium bicarbonate

Which phase of swallowing begins with compression of the bolus against the hard palate? A) esophageal B) gastric C) buccal D) pharyngeal E) duodenal

C) buccal

Which of the following covers the dentin, providing protection and firmly anchoring the periodontal ligament? A) root B) enamel C) cementum D) gingiva E) blood vessels and nerves

C) cementum

Which intestinal hormone stimulates contractions within the walls of the gallbladder and pushes bile into the small intestine? A) enterokinase B) secretin C) cholecystokinin D) gastric inhibitory peptide E) gastrin

C) cholecystokinin

The fusion of the common hepatic duct with the cystic duct forms the A) hepatic portal vein. B) porta hepatis. C) common bile duct. D) common pancreatic duct. E) bile canaliculus.

C) common bile duct.

The bulk of a tooth consists of a mineralized matrix similar to that of bone called A) enamel. B) cementum. C) dentin. D) pulp. E) periodontium.

C) dentin.

The region of the stomach superior to the cardia is the A) rugae. B) pylorus. C) fundus. D) antrum. E) body.

C) fundus.

The longest portion of the small intestine is the A) cecum. B) appendix. C) ileum. D) jejunum. E) duodenum.

C) ileum.

The portion of the small intestine that performs the bulk of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption is the A) ileum. B) duodenum. C) jejunum. D) pylorus. E) cecum.

C) jejunum.

The basic functional units of the liver are the A) hepatocytes. B) liver cells. C) lobules. D) portal areas. E) bile canaliculi.

C) lobules.

The pH of saliva is A) highly basic. B) slightly basic. C) neutral. D) slightly acidic. E) very acidic.

C) neutral.

The ________ duct empties into the vestibule at the level of the second upper molar. A) submaxillary B) submandibular C) parotid D) sublingual E) vestibular

C) parotid

Which gastric enzyme functions to coagulate milk, thus slowing its passage through the stomach? A) intrinsic factor B) pepsinogen C) rennin D) gastric lipase E) hydrochloric acid

C) rennin

The oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, and rectum have an adventitia in place of the A) mucosa. B) lamina propria. C) serosa. D) muscularis externa. E) submucosa.

C) serosa.

The hormone secretin functions to A) convert trypsinogen into trypsin. B) activate chymotrypsin. C) stimulate the release of sodium bicarbonate. D) stimulate the release of enzymes from the pancreas. E) decrease the pH of chyme.

C) stimulate the release of sodium bicarbonate.

The oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, and anus are lined by A) pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. B) cuboidal epithelium. C) stratified squamous epithelium. D) simple epithelium. E) simple columnar epithelium.

C) stratified squamous epithelium.

Ducts from which of the following open into the mouth behind the teeth on either side of the lingual frenulum? A) sublingual salivary glands B) pancreas C) submandibular salivary glands D) parotid salivary glands E) lingual salivary glands

C) submandibular salivary glands

During the cephalic phase of gastric secretion, A) the stomach responds to distention and a decrease in pH. B) the release of secretin inhibits parietal and chief cell action. C) the parasympathetic division of the ANS is active. D) the intestinal reflex inhibits gastric emptying. E) local reflexes in the submucosal and myenteric plexuses activate.

C) the parasympathetic division of the ANS is active.

Which hepatic cells are antigen-presenting cells that can stimulate an immune response? A) islets B) alpha cells C) hepatocytes D) Kupffer cells E) beta cells

D) Kupffer cells

The movement of small organic molecules, electrolytes, vitamins, and water across the digestive epithelium and into the interstitial fluid of the digestive tract is called A) secretion. B) ingestion. C) digestion. D) absorption. E) excretion.

D) absorption.

Pancreatic enzymes and buffers are secreted by which of the following? A) chief cells B) alpha cells C) lobules D) acinar cells E) beta cells

D) acinar cells

The largest area of the stomach is called the A) fundus. B) pylorus. C) cardia. D) body. E) sphincter.

D) body.

The esophagus connects to the smallest part of the stomach, known as the A) body. B) antrum. C) pylorus. D) cardia. E) fundus.

D) cardia.

Which structures of liver lobules ultimately merge to form the hepatic veins? A) hepatic ducts B) hepatic arteries C) capillary beds D) central veins E) portal veins

D) central veins

The intestinal lining bears a series of transverse folds called A) rugae. B) mucous glands. C) villi. D) circular folds. E) microvilli.

D) circular folds.

Dental plaque A) anchors teeth to their bony sockets. B) protects teeth from bacteria-induced tooth decay. C) is calcified organic matter on the surface of teeth. D) consists of food particles trapped in a sticky matrix. E) forms a bone-like protective layer.

D) consists of food particles trapped in a sticky matrix.

The human liver is typically composed of ________ lobe(s). A) one B) two C) three D) four E) five

D) four

Which of the following digestive enzymes is produced by the stomachs of newborns, but not adults? A) trypsin B) CCK C) intrinsic factor D) gastric lipase E) pepsin

D) gastric lipase

During the gastric phase of gastric secretion, which of the following stimulates stomach contractions? A) secretin B) HCl C) pepsinogen D) gastrin E) trypsin

D) gastrin

Parietal cells secrete intrinsic factor and A) pepsinogen. B) gastric lipase. C) pancreatic amylase. D) hydrochloric acid. E) cholecystokinin.

D) hydrochloric acid.

The lamina propria is a component of the A) serosa. B) muscularis. C) submucosa. D) mucosa. E) adventitia.

D) mucosa.

Contraction of the ________ layers of the intestinal wall functions to both agitate materials and propel them along the digestive tract. A) mucosa B) submucosa C) serosa D) muscularis externa E) adventitia

D) muscularis externa

The muscularis externa layer contains nerves referred to as the A) muscularis nerves. B) submucosal plexus. C) enteric nerves. D) myenteric plexus. E) circular plexus.

D) myenteric plexus.

The salivary glands that produce secretions rich in salivary amylase are the A) sublingual glands. B) submandibular glands. C) lingual glands. D) parotid glands. E) submaxillary glands.

D) parotid glands.

Duodenal endocrine cells A) carry products of digestion that will not pass through the walls of blood capillaries. B) produce new cells for the mucosa of the small intestine. C) function in the absorption of nutrients, especially vitamin B12. D) secrete hormones that coordinate the activities of other digestive organs. E) secrete a watery intestinal juice that includes intrinsic factor and hydrochloric acid.

D) secrete hormones that coordinate the activities of other digestive organs.

Which gastrointestinal hormone is released when the pH in the duodenum falls as acidic chyme arrives from the stomach? A) HCl B) gastric inhibitory peptide C) cholecystokinin D) secretin E) gastrin

D) secretin

Which function is lost in a patient who has had his gall bladder removed? A) synthesizing bile B) emulsifying lipids C) absorbing lipids D) storing bile E) forming chylomicrons

D) storing bile

Which of the following produces secretions with mostly buffers and mucus, but few enzymes? A) parotid and submandibular salivary glands B) parotid salivary glands only C) sublingual and parotid salivary glands D) submandibular and sublingual salivary glands E) pancreas and parotid salivary glands

D) submandibular and sublingual salivary glands

The space between the cheeks or lips and the teeth is called the A) pharynx. B) larynx. C) epiglottis. D) vestibule. E) cheek.

D) vestibule.

Which statement regarding the regulatory controls of the intestinal phase of gastric secretion is true? A) Neural controls are excitatory, but endocrine controls are inhibitory. B) Endocrine controls are excitatory, but neural controls are inhibitory. C) There are no regulatory controls during the intestinal phase. D) Most neural and endocrine controls are excitatory. E) Most neural and endocrine controls are inhibitory.

E) Most neural and endocrine controls are inhibitory.

Which of the following statements regarding the muscularis externa of the esophagus is true? A) The upper third portion of the esophagus consists of smooth muscle, the middle third portion is a mixture of smooth and skeletal muscles, and the lower third consists of skeletal muscle. B) The entire muscularis of the esophagus consists of skeletal muscle only. C) The entire muscularis of the esophagus consists of smooth muscle only. D) The upper third portion of the esophagus consists of smooth muscle, and the remaining portion is a mixture of skeletal and smooth muscles. E) The upper third portion of the esophagus consists of skeletal muscle, the middle third portion is a mixture of skeletal and smooth muscles, and the lower third consists of smooth muscle.

E) The upper third portion of the esophagus consists of skeletal muscle, the middle third portion is a mixture of skeletal and smooth muscles, and the lower third consists of smooth muscle.

The lesser omentum is A) a major portion of the stomach. B) attached to the stomach at the greater curvature. C) important in the digestion of fats. D) a fatty sheet that hangs like an apron over the abdominal viscera. E) a mesentery that extends from the stomach to the liver.

E) a mesentery that extends from the stomach to the liver.

Salivary amylase functions to digest A) proteins. B) lipids. C) cellulose. D) nucleic acids. E) carbohydrates.

E) carbohydrates.

The pancreatic duct penetrates the duodenal wall with the A) cystic duct. B) hepatic portal vein. C) common hepatic duct. D) common hepatic artery. E) common bile duct.

E) common bile duct.

The first set of teeth to appear are the ________ teeth. A) permanent B) succession C) secondary D) impacted E) deciduous

E) deciduous

The portion of the small intestine that is closest to the stomach is the A) ileum. B) colon. C) cecum. D) jejunum. E) duodenum.

E) duodenum.

Which gastrointestinal hormone is released when fats and glucose enter the small intestine? A) cholecystokinin B) gastrin C) secretin D) pepsin E) gastric inhibitory peptide

E) gastric inhibitory peptide

Which type of teeth is used for clipping and cutting? A) cuspids B) bicuspids C) canines D) molars E) incisors

E) incisors

Which of the following is the primary digestive organ involved in regulating the composition of circulating blood? A) pancreas B) stomach C) small intestine D) large intestine E) liver

E) liver

Synthesis of plasma proteins is a major function of the A) gallbladder. B) duodenum. C) pancreas. D) stomach. E) liver.

E) liver.

Chewing is called A) segmentation. B) pendulum movements. C) peristalsis. D) ingestion. E) mastication.

E) mastication.

Which of the following consists of double sheets of serous membrane and provides a pathway for blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels? A) lamina propria B) serosa C) adventitia D) submucosa E) mesenteries

E) mesenteries

Which major layer of the stomach contains an extra layer that adds strength and assists in the formation of chyme? A) serosa B) mucosa C) adventitia D) submucosa E) muscularis externa

E) muscularis externa

Which of the following is a gastrointestinal hormone that increases the rate of bile secretion by the liver? A) cholecystokinin B) gastrin C) gastric inhibitory peptide D) pepsin E) secretion

E) secretion

Lacteals are found in the A) liver lobules. B) stomach rugae. C) pancreatic islets. D) esophageal adventitia. E) small intestinal villi.

E) small intestinal villi.

Major regions of the large intestine include the

cecum, colon, rectum

Near the spleen, the colon turns and becomes the

descending colon

What structure controls the movement of chyme from the small intestine to the large intestine?

ileocecal valve