Anatomy
What tendon surrounds the pisiform bone? palmaris longus flexor carpi ulnaris adductor pollicis lumbricals
Correct Answer: flexor carpi ulnaris The pisiform bone is a sesamoid bone that is surrounded by the flexor carpi ulnaris. The flexor carpi ulnaris is a primary wrist flexor and ulnar deviator. The muscle is innervated by the ulnar nerve.
Which structure is not a component of the femoral triangle? inguinal ligament adductor longus sartorius iliotibial band
Correct Answer: iliotibial band The femoral triangle is comprised of the inguinal ligament, adductor longus, and sartorius. Within the femoral triangle is the femoral nerve, femoral artery, and femoral vein.
Which bone is most susceptible to necrosis following a fracture? A Triquetrum B Capitate C Scaphoid D Trapezium
Correct Answer: C The scaphoid, identified by line C, is supplied by the palmar branch of the radial artery and the dorsal carpal branch of the radial artery. If the scaphoid is fractured, the disrupted blood supply can significantly inhibit the ability of the bone to heal which can result in necrosis.
The blunt tooth-like dens is part of which cervical vertebrae? C1 C2 C6 C7
Correct Answer: C2 The axis (C2) has a superior projection called the dens. The articulation between the dens and the anterior arch of the atlas forms the atlantoaxial joint.
Which spinal nerve exits between the 4th and 5th cervical vertebrae? C3 C4 C5 C6
Correct Answer: C5 In the cervical spine, each nerve root is named for the vertebra below it. This occurs since the C1 nerve root exits between the occiput and C1 vertebra.
What is the name of the disk that is located between the C7 and T1 vertebrae? C7 disk C8 disk T1 disk T2 disk
Correct Answer: C7 disk The C7 disk is located between the C7 and T1 vertebrae. The C8 nerve root exits between the C7 and T1 vertebrae. There are only seven cervical disks.
What vertebral level is most consistent with the sacroiliac joint? L2-L4 L4-S1 S1-S3 S3-S5
Correct Answer: S1-S3 The sacrum is attached to the pelvis by strong ligaments forming the sacroiliac joint. The joint's primary function is to transfer weight between the axial and the appendicular skeletons. The sacroiliac joint is located at the S1-S3 spinal level.
The spine of the scapula is opposite the spinous process of which vertebra? C7 T2 T3 T4
Correct Answer: T3 The majority of sources indicate that the superior angle of the scapula is at the T2 spinal level while the inferior angle of the scapula is at the T7 spinal level. The spine of the scapula is at the T3 spinal level.
Which of the following is not part of the anatomical snuff box? extensor pollicis brevis extensor pollicis longus abductor pollicis brevis abductor pollicis longus
Correct Answer: abductor pollicis brevis The abductor pollicis brevis is not part of the anatomical snuff box. When the hand is ulnarly deviated the scaphoid bone becomes palpable in the anatomical snuffbox region.
The adductor tubercle of the femur is the insertion for which muscle? pectineus adductor magnus sartorius gracilis
Correct Answer: adductor magnus The adductor magnus is a large triangular muscle situated on the medial thigh that has two parts. The adductor portion is innervated by the obturator nerve and acts to adduct the hip. The hamstring portion of the adductor magnus is innervated by the tibial nerve and acts to extend the hip.
Which structure can be found through palpation of the sinus tarsi? anterior tibiofibular ligament anterior talofibular ligament calcaneofibular ligament deltoid ligament
Correct Answer: anterior talofibular ligament The sinus tarsi is located on the dorsal lateral aspect of the foot distal to the lateral malleolus. The anterior talofibular ligament can be palpated in the sinus tarsi when the foot is inverted.
Which hamstring muscle inserts most laterally, causing flexion, as well as, lateral rotation of the knee? semitendinosus biceps femoris semimembranosus iliotibial band
Correct Answer: biceps femoris The hamstring muscle group is made up of the semitendinosus, semimembranosus, and biceps femoris. The biceps femoris inserts on the lateral aspect of the head of the fibula, the semitendinosus inserts on the proximal aspect of the medial surface of the tibia, and the semimembranosus inserts on the medial condyle of the tibia.
Which of the following ligaments is not a component of the deltoid ligament? anterior tibiotalar ligament calcaneofibular ligament tibiocalcaneal ligament tibionavicular ligament
Correct Answer: calcaneofibular ligament The calcaneofibular ligament is not a component of the deltoid ligament. The calcaneofibular ligament is an extracapsular ligament that resists inversion of the talus within the midrange of talocrural motion.
Which of the following represents the distal row of carpal bones in the hand? capitate, hamate, trapezoid, trapezium hamate, lunate, scaphoid, trapezium triquetrum, hamate, capitate, trapezium scaphoid, hamate, trapezoid, lunate
Correct Answer: capitate, hamate, trapezoid, trapezium The distal row of carpal bones from lateral to medial consists of the trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate. The proximal row of carpal bones from lateral to medial consists of the scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, and pisiform.
What is the lateral articular surface of the distal humerus called? capitulum trochlea olecranon fossa coronoid fossa
Correct Answer: capitulum The capitulum is the lateral portion of the distal humerus that articulates with the head of the radius.
Which ligament, immediately superior to the glenohumeral joint, can be an area of impingement? coracoacromial ligament coracohumeral ligament superior glenohumeral ligament trapezoid ligament
Correct Answer: coracoacromial ligament The coracoacromial ligament spans the gap between the acromion process and coracoid process, thus creating a ceiling over the head of the humerus.
Which muscle actively contributes to producing a tenodesis grip? flexor digitorum profundus extensor digitorum palmaris longus opponens pollicis
Correct Answer: extensor digitorum A tenodesis grip is a method of grasping used by patients with C6 and C7 tetraplegia who have paralysis of the finger and thumb flexor muscles, but active wrist extensors. The grip is most effective with shortened wrist and finger flexors.
Which of the following structures is not contained within the popliteal fossa? tibial nerve common fibular nerve femoral artery popliteal artery
Correct Answer: femoral artery The popliteal fossa is bordered superolaterally by the biceps femoris, superomedially by the semimembranosus, and inferolaterally and inferomedially by the lateral and medial heads of the gastrocnemius. The contents include the popliteal artery and vein, tibial and common fibular nerves, posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh, and termination of the small saphenous vein. The femoral artery becomes the popliteal artery as it exits the adductor canal through the adductor hiatus.
Tightness of the anterior scalene muscles would cause elevation of which structure? clavicle scapula first rib second rib
Correct Answer: first rib The anterior scalenes originate on the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae (i.e., C3-C6) and insert on the first rib. As a result, tightness of the muscles often results in elevation of the first rib. The scalene muscle group can serve as accessory muscles for breathing.
In the depicted image, the patient's position would result in active insufficiency of the: hamstrings quadriceps tibialis anterior soleus
Correct Answer: hamstrings Extension of the hip and flexion of the knee would maximally shorten the hamstrings. When this position is actively assumed, the resulting muscular insufficiency is termed active insufficiency.
Which ligament of the hip extends from the anterior inferior iliac spine of the pelvis to the intertrochanteric line of the femur? lateral collateral ligament ischiofemoral ligament pubofemoral ligament iliofemoral ligament
Correct Answer: iliofemoral ligament The iliofemoral ligament extends from the anterior inferior iliac spine of the pelvis to the intertrochanteric line of the femur. The structure is considered to be the strongest ligament in the body and serves to prevent excessive hip extension and assists to maintain upright posture.
Which of the following ligaments supports the glenohumeral joint, limiting inferior translation of the humeral head when above 90 degrees of abduction? transverse humeral ligament inferior glenohumeral ligament middle glenohumeral ligament superior glenohumeral ligament
Correct Answer: inferior glenohumeral ligament The inferior glenohumeral ligament is located inferior to the glenohumeral joint and is thus taut when the upper extremity is abducted above 90 degrees, limiting inferior translation of the humeral head. The inferior glenohumeral ligament consists of an anterior band, posterior band, and axillary pouch.
Which structure serves to stabilize against axial forces at the wrist? dorsal radiocarpal ligament radial collateral ligament palmar radiocarpal ligament interosseus membrane
Correct Answer: interosseus membrane The interosseus membrane serves to stabilize against axial forces at the wrist. It consists of a dense band of fibrous connective tissue that runs obliquely from the radius to the ulna. The structure spans from the proximal radioulnar joint to the distal radioulnar joint.
Which muscle plays a significant role in depressing the mandible during mouth opening? medial pterygoid temporalis lateral pterygoid masseter
Correct Answer: lateral pterygoid The lateral pterygoid is made up of two heads. It is one of the few muscles of mastication that opens the mouth.
Which muscle is responsible for moving the right eye when looking to the right (abduction of the right eye)? inferior oblique muscle superior oblique muscle medial rectus muscle latereal rectus muscle
Correct Answer: latereal rectus muscle The lateral rectus muscle rotates the eye away from the nose. This muscle would be responsible for the movement of the right eye when a patient looks to the right.
The sustentaculum tali is located on the: lateral aspect of calcaneus medial aspect of navicular medial aspect of talus medial aspect of calcaneus
Correct Answer: medial aspect of calcaneus The sustentaculum tali is located on the medial aspect of the calcaneus and is the site of attachment for the spring ligament which is responsible for supporting the medial longitudinal arch and the head of the talus which bears a large percentage of the body's weight.
The articular disc of the temporomandibular joint has an attachment to all of the following structures except: medial pterygoid capsule retrodiscal lamina temporal bone
Correct Answer: medial pterygoid The articular disc is made primarily of dense fibrous connective tissue in which the anterior edge attaches to the tendon of the superior head of the lateral pterygoid muscle.
Which muscle unlocks the locked knee by rotating the tibia medially on the femur? peroneus longus plantaris popliteus soleus
Correct Answer: popliteus The popliteus originates on the lateral femoral epicondyle and inserts on the posterior surface of the tibia. The muscle medially rotates the tibia on the femur if the femur is fixed (i.e., sitting) or laterally rotates the femur on the tibia if the tibia is fixed (i.e., standing up).
The patella is classified as what type of bone? short sesamoid flat irregular
Correct Answer: sesamoid The patella is a sesamoid bone attached to the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle. It plays a large role in the knee extensor mechanism functioning as an anatomical pulley.
What is the sequence of the erector spinae muscles from medial to lateral? iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis longissimus, iliocostalis, spinalis spinalis, longissimus, iliocostalis spinalis, iliocostalis, longissimus
Correct Answer: spinalis, longissimus, iliocostalis The erector spinae from medial to lateral consist of the spinalis, longissimus, and iliocostalis. The erector spinae runs vertically and extends throughout the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar regions of the spine.
Which rotator cuff muscle has an insertion on the lesser tubercle? supraspinatus infraspinatus teres minor subscapularis
Correct Answer: subscapularis The supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor have a distal attachment on the greater tubercle of the humerus, while the subscapularis inserts on the lesser tubercle of the humerus.
Which ankle bone has articulations with the tibia, fibula, calcaneus, and navicular? talus cuboid medial (first) cuneiform lateral (third) cuneiform
Correct Answer: talus The talus bone, or ankle bone often called the tarsus, forms the lower part of the ankle joint. It is the second largest of the tarsal bones.
Which of the following is an example of a contractile source of motion restriction? bursa capsule ligament tendon
Correct Answer: tendon A tendon is a potential source of motion restriction since it functions as a contractile component of the musculotendinous unit.
Which of the following muscles share a common insertion site? coracobrachialis and pectoralis minor brachioradialis and brachialis tibialis anterior and peroneus longus sartorius and rectus femoris
Correct Answer: tibialis anterior and peroneus longus The tibialis anterior and peroneus longus both insert at the base of the first metatarsal and medial cuneiform. The coracobrachialis and pectoralis minor have a common origin or insertion, however, the coracobrachialis originates at the coracoid process while the pectoralis minor inserts at the same structure. The remaining muscles do not share common origins or insertions.
Which of the following ligamentous structures provide the greatest support to the atlantoaxial joint? anterior longitudinal ligament posterior longitudinal ligament ligamentum flavum transverse ligament of the atlas
Correct Answer: transverse ligament of the atlas The transverse ligament of the atlas is the main supporting ligament for the atlantoaxial joint. It holds the dens of the axis against the anterior arch of the atlas. The ligament also has superior and inferior projections that are collectively known as the cruciform ligament of the atlas.
Which abdominal muscle is the deepest and responds uniquely to postural perturbations? transversus abdominis rectus abdominis external oblique internal oblique
Correct Answer: transversus abdominis The transversus abdominis attaches posteriorly to the lumbar vertebrae via the posterior and middle layers of the thoracolumbar fascia. The transversus abdominis is an important muscle that provides increased stability to the lumbar spine during a variety of postures and movements.
Which muscle is attached to the medial border of the patella and aids to prevent its dislocation? biceps femoris rectus femoris popliteus vastus medialis
Correct Answer: vastus medialis The vastus medialis is an important dynamic stabilizer of the knee. Strengthening activities emphasizing the vastus medialis in non-weight bearing and weight bearing positions are recommended for patients with patellar tracking dysfunction. The muscle is innervated by the femoral nerve.
