Anatomy Honors - Unit 3 Tissues Test

Loose Connective Tissue

(also, areolar tissue) Type of connective tissue proper that shows little specialization with cells dispersed in the matrix.

Connective tissue is made of which three essential components?

- Cells - Ground Substance - Protein Fibers

The ________ exocrine gland stores its secretion until the glandular cell ruptures, whereas the ________ gland releases its apical region and reforms.

- Holocrine - Apocrine

Zygote

A diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes; a fertilized ovum. The fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo. (this definition is not from the textbook - couldn't find one)

Tendon

A flexible but inelastic cord of strong fibrous collagen tissue attaching a muscle to a bone. Connects muscle to bone. (this definition is not from the textbook - couldn't find one)

The nerve impulse travels down a(n) ________, away from the cell body.

Axon

Dense Connective Tissue

Connective tissue proper that contains many fibers that provide both elasticity and protection.

Which morphological adaptations of neurons make them suitable for the transmission of nerve impulse?

Neurons are well suited for the transmission of nerve impulses because short extensions, dendrites, receive impulses from other neurons, while a long tail extension, an axon, carries electrical impulses away from the cell to other neurons.

Adipose Tissue

Specialized areolar tissue rich in stored fat.

Apical (surface)

That part of a cell or tissue which, in general, faces an open space.

Basal Surface Layer

The basal surface is the bottom edge of the cell or tissue adjacent to the basement membrane. In particular, the epithelial tissue is a group of cells (called epithelial cells) that lie together to carry out a common function. The epithelial tissue acts as a covering. (this definition is not from the textbook - couldn't find one)

As an individual ages, a constellation of symptoms begins the decline to the point where an individual's functioning is compromised. Identify and discuss two factors that have a role in factors leading to the compromised situation.

The genetic makeup and the lifestyle of each individual are factors which determine the degree of decline in cells, tissues, and organs as an individual ages.

In observing epithelial cells under a microscope, the cells are arranged in a single layer and look tall and narrow, and the nucleus is located close to the basal side of the cell. The specimen is what type of epithelial tissue? a. Columnar b. Stratified c. Squamous d. Transitional

a. Columnar

What connective tissue specializes in storage of fat? a. Tendon b. Adipose Tissue c. Reticular Tissue d. Dense Connective Tissue

b. Adipose Tissue

When a mast cell reacts to an irritation, which of the following chemicals does it release? a. Collagen b. Histamine c. Hyaluronic Acid d. Meylin

b. Histamine

Which of the following is not a type of tissue? a. Muscle b. Nervous c. Embryonic D. Epithelial

c. Embryonic

Which of the following processes is not a cardinal sign of inflammation? a. Redness b. Heat c. Fever d. Swelling

c. Fever

Which of the following is the epithelial tissue that lines the interior of blood vessels? a. Columnar b. Pseudostratified c. Simple Squamous d. Transitional

c. Simple Squamous

Which of the following central nervous system cells regulate ions, regulate the uptake and/or breakdown of some neurotransmitters, and contribute to the formation of the blood-brain barrier? a. Microglia b. Neuroglia c. Oligodendrocytes d. Astrocytes

d. Astrocytes

Under the microscope, a tissue specimen shows cells located in spaces scattered in a transparent background. This is probably ________. a. Loose Connective Tissue b. A tendon c. Bone d. Hyaline Cartilage

d. Hyaline Cartilage

Differentiated cells in a developing embryo derive from _________.

ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

tissue that consists of a single layer of irregularly shaped and sized cells that give the appearance of multiple layers; found in ducts of certain glands and the upper respiratory tract.

Cartilage

A connective tissue that is more flexible than bone and that protects the ends of bones and keeps them from rubbing together. Firm, whitish, flexible connective tissue found in various forms in the larynx and respiratory tract, in structures such as the external ear, and in the articulating surfaces of joints. It is more widespread in the infant skeleton, being replaced by bone during growth. (this definition is not from the textbook - couldn't find one)

Why does an injury to cartilage, especially hyaline cartilage, heal much more slowly than a bone fracture?

A layer of dense irregular connective tissue covers cartilage. No blood vessels supply cartilage tissue. Injuries to cartilage heal very slowly because cells and nutrients needed for repair diffuse slowly to the injury site.

Ligament

A short band of tough, flexible fibrous connective tissue which connects two bones or cartilages or holds together a joint. A membranous fold that supports an organ and keeps it in position. (this definition is not from the textbook - couldn't find one)

One of the main functions of connective tissue is to integrate organs and organ systems in the body. Discuss how blood fulfills this role.

Blood is a fluid connective tissue, a variety of specialized cells that circulate in a watery fluid containing salts, nutrients, and dissolved proteins in a liquid extracellular matrix. Blood contains formed elements derived from bone marrow. Erythrocytes, or red blood cells, transport the gases oxygen and carbon dioxide. Leukocytes, or white blood cells, are responsible for the defense of the organism against potentially harmful microorganisms or molecules. Platelets are cell fragments involved in blood clotting. Some cells have the ability to cross the endothelial layer that lines vessels and enter adjacent tissues. Nutrients, salts, and waste are dissolved in the liquid matrix and transported through the body.

Embryonic Cells

Cells that are specialized that may turn themselves into any type of tissue. Cells that do not have a specific way of development yet. (this definition is not from the textbook - couldn't find one)

Blood

Connective tissue made of plasma, erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets. A fluid that transports oxygen and nutrients to the cells and carries away carbon dioxide and other waste products. It is a tissue because it is a collection of similar specialized cells that serve particular functions. (this definition is not from the textbook - couldn't find one)

Skeletal muscle is composed of very hard working cells. Which organelles do you expect to find in abundance in skeletal muscle cell? a. Nuclei b. Striations c. Golgi Bodies d. Mitochondria

D. Mitochondria

Which of the following lines the body cavities exposed to the external environment? a. Mesothelium b. Lamina Propria c. Mesenteries d. Mucosa

D. Mucosa

Ligaments connect bones together and withstand a lot of stress. What type of connective tissue should you expect ligaments to contain?

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

Bone

Dense, hard connective tissue composing the skeleton. Any of the pieces of hard whitish tissue making up the skeleton in humans and other vertebrates. (this definition is not from the textbook - couldn't find one)

Embryo

Developing stage of a multicellular organism. An unborn or unhatched offspring in the process of development, in particular a human offspring during the period from approximately the second to the eighth week after fertilization (after which it is usually termed a fetus). (this definition is not from the textbook - couldn't find one)

The process by which a less specialized cell matures into a more specialized cell is called _________.

Differentiation

Totipotent

Embryonic cells that have the ability to differentiate into any type of cell and organ in the body.

Atrophy refers to ________.

Loss of mass

Reticular Lamina

Matrix containing collagen and elastin secreted by connective tissue; a component of the basement membrane.

. In adults, new connective tissue cells originate from the ________.

Mesenchyme

Histology

Microscopic study of tissue architecture, organization, and function.

Mesoderm

Middle embryonic germ layer from which connective tissue, muscle tissue, and some epithelial tissue derive.

The cells of muscles, myocytes, develop from ________.

Mytoblasts

The cells responsible for the transmission of the nerve impulse are ________.

Neurons

. In bone, the main cells are ________.

Osteocytes

What is the function of synovial membranes?

Synovial membranes are a type of connective tissue membrane that supports mobility in joints. The membrane lines the joint cavity and contains fibroblasts that produce hyaluronan, which leads to the production of synovial fluid, a natural lubricant that enables the bones of a joint to move freely against one another.

Fertilization

The action or process of fertilizing an egg, female animal, or plant, involving the fusion of male and female gametes to form a zygote. (this definition is not from the textbook - couldn't find one)

Differentiate

The process by which unspecialized cells become specialized to carry out distinct functions.

Serous Membrane

Type of tissue membrane that lines body cavities and lubricates them with serous fluid.

Muscle Tissue

Type of tissue that is capable of contracting and generating tension in response to stimulation; produces movement.

Nervous Tissue

Type of tissue that is capable of sending and receiving impulses through electrochemical signals.

Epithelial Tissue

Type of tissue that serves primarily as a covering or lining of body parts, protecting the body; it also functions in absorption, transport, and secretion.

Connective Tissue

Type of tissue that serves to hold in place, connect, and integrate the body's organs and systems.

Smooth Muscle Tissue

Under involuntary control, moves internal organs, cells contain a single nucleus, are spindle-shaped, and do not appear striated; each cell is a fiber.

Why does skeletal muscle look striated?

Under the light microscope, cells appear striated due to the arrangement of the contractile proteins actin and myosin.

Stem Cells

Unspecialized cells that retain the ability to become a wide variety of specialized cells. They are able to renew themselves for long periods of time by cell division. (this definition is not from the textbook - couldn't find one)

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

Usually attached to bone, under voluntary control, each cell is a fiber that is multinucleated and striated.

Discuss changes that occur in cells as a person ages.

All cells experience changes with aging. They become larger, and many cannot divide and regenerate. Because of alterations in cell membranes, transport of oxygen and nutrients into the cell and removal of carbon dioxide and waste products are not as efficient in the elderly. Cells lose their ability to function, or they begin to function abnormally, leading to disease and cancer.

Gland

An organ that produces and releases chemicals either through ducts or into the bloodstream. (this definition is not from the textbook - couldn't find one)

What are the functions of astrocytes?

Astrocytes regulate ions and uptake and/or breakdown of some neurotransmitters and contribute to the formation of the blood-brain-barrier.

Identify the four types of tissue in the body, and describe the major functions of each tissue.

Epithelial Tissue: creates protective boundaries and is involved in the diffusion of ions and molecules. Connective Tissue: underlies and supports other tissue types. Muscle Tissue: contracts to initiate movement in the body. Nervous tissue: transmits and integrates info through the central and peripheral nervous systems.

Transitional Epithelium

Form of stratified epithelium found in the urinary tract, characterized by an apical layer of cells that change shape in response to the presence of urine.

Individuals can slow the rate of aging by modifying all of these lifestyle aspects except for ________.

Genetic Factors

Endocrine Glands

Group of cells that release chemical signals into the intercellular fluid to be picked up and transported to their target organs by blood.

Mucous Gland

Group of cells that secrete mucous, a thick, slippery substance that keeps tissues moist and acts as a lubricant.

Serous Gland

Group of cells within the serous membrane that secrete a lubricating substance onto the surface.

Exocrine Glands

Group of epithelial cells that secrete substances through ducts that open to the skin or to internal body surfaces that lead to the exterior of the body.

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

Heart muscle, under involuntary control, composed of striated cells that attach to form fibers, each cell contains a single nucleus, contracts autonomously.

Endoderm

Innermost embryonic germ layer from which most of the digestive system and lower respiratory system derive.

Spinal Cord

Nerves that run up and down the length of the back and transmit most messages between the body and brain. The cylindrical bundle of nerve fibers and associated tissue which is enclosed in the spine and connects nearly all parts of the body to the brain, with which it forms the central nervous system. (this definition is not from the textbook - couldn't find one)

Motor Neurons

Neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands. (this definition is not from the textbook - couldn't find one)

Ectoderm

Outermost embryonic germ layer from which the epidermis and the nervous tissue derive.

Secretions

Process by which a cell or gland produces and expels some useful product. Substances are produced and discharged from a cell, gland, or organ for a particular function in the organism or for excretion. (ex: Sweat, Hair Oils, Earwax, etc.) (this definition is not from the textbook - couldn't find one)

Apocrine Secretion

Release of a substance along with the apical portion of the cell.

Holocrine Secretion

Release of a substance caused by the rupture of a gland cell, which becomes part of the secretion.

Mecrocrine Secretion

Release of a substance from a gland via exocytosis.

Aspirin is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) that inhibits the formation of blood clots and is taken regularly by individuals with a heart condition. Steroids such as cortisol are used to control some autoimmune diseases and severe arthritis by down-regulating the inflammatory response. After reading the role of inflammation in the body's response to infection, can you predict an undesirable consequence of taking anti-inflammatory drugs on a regular basis?

Since NSAIDs or other anti-inflammatory drugs inhibit the formation of blood clots, regular and prolonged use of these drugs may promote internal bleeding, such as bleeding in the stomach. Excessive levels of cortisol would suppress inflammation, which could slow the wound healing process.

Striations, cylindrical cells, and multiple nuclei are observed in ________.

Skeletal Muscle only

You are watching cells in a dish spontaneously contract. They are all contracting at different rates; some fast, some slow. After a while, several cells link up and they begin contracting in synchrony. Discuss what is going on and what type of cells you are looking at.

The cells in the dish are cardiomyocytes, cardiac muscle cells. They have an intrinsic ability to contract. When they link up, they form intercalating discs that allow the cells to communicate with each other and begin contracting in synchrony.

The structure of a tissue usually is optimized for its function. Describe how the structure of the mucosa and its cells match its function of nutrient absorption.

The mucosa of the intestine is highly folded, increasing the surface area for nutrient absorption. A greater surface area allows more nutrients to be absorbed per unit time.

The zygote is described as totipotent because it ultimately gives rise to all the cells in your body including the highly specialized cells of your nervous system. Describe this transition, discussing the steps and processes that lead to these specialized cells.

The zygote divides into many cells. As these cells become specialized, they lose their ability to differentiate into all tissues. At first they form the three primary germ layers. Following the cells of the ectodermal germ layer, they too become more restricted in what they can form. Ultimately, some of these ectodermal cells become further restricted and differentiate in to nerve cells.

Why is it important to watch for increased redness, swelling and pain after a cut or abrasion has been cleaned and bandaged?

These symptoms would indicate that infection is present.

Basal Lamina

Thin extracellular layer that lies underneath epithelial cells and separates them from other tissues.

Germ Layers

Three main layers that form the various tissues and organs of an animal body. Each of the three layers of cells (ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm) that are formed in the early embryo. (this definition is not from the textbook - couldn't find one)

Mucous Membrane

Tissue membrane that is covered by protective mucous and lines tissue exposed to the outside environment.

Simple Columnar Epithelium

Tissue that consists of a single layer of column-like cells; promotes secretion and absorption in tissues and organs.

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Tissue that consists of a single layer of cube-shaped cells; promotes secretion and absorption in ducts and tubules.

Simple Squamous Epithelium

Tissue that consists of a single layer of flat scale-like cells; promotes diffusion and filtration across surface.

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Tissue that consists of multiple layers of cells with the most apical being flat scale-like cells; protects surfaces from abrasion.

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

Tissue that consists of two or more layers of column-like cells, contains glands and is found in some ducts.

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

Tissue that consists of two or more layers of cube-shaped cells, found in some ducts

Which type of epithelial tissue specializes in moving particles across its surface and is found in airways? a. Transitional b. Stratified Columnar c. Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar d. Stratified Squamous

b. Stratified Columnar