Anatomy Lab 5: Muscular System
Flexion?
- Movement in the anterior-posterior plane that decreases the angle between the articulating bones. - usually applied to the movement of long bones
What are the pelvic joints?
- Sacroiliac joint - Pubic symphysis - Hip joint
Bones that articulate at the shoulder joint?
- Scapula and humerus.
Biceps branchii?
- The muscle of the upper arm that flexes the elbow and supinates the forearm. - a muscle having two heads. - Action: Its function is to flex the elbow and integrate the actions of the shoulder and elbow and supination of forearm
Elevation? (anatomy)
- When you move a structure superiorly (up)
Subscapularis?
- is a large triangular muscle which fills the subscapular fossa and inserts into the lesser tubercle of the humerus and the front of the capsule of the shoulder-joint.
Opposition?
- movement of the thumb toward the surface of the palm or the pads of the other fingers - enables you to grasp and hold objects between your thumb and palm. -
What are muscles that control the pectoral girdle?
1) Trapezius 2) Levator scapule 3) Rhomboids (major and minor) 4) Serratus Anterior 5) Pectoralis Minor
Extensor digitorum?
- is a muscle of the posterior forearm present in humans and other animals. - top middle - It extends the medial four digits of the hand. -ACTION: It extends the medial four digits of the hand.
Teres minor?
- is a narrow, elongated muscle of the rotator cuff - primary function is to modulate the action of the deltoid, preventing the humeral head from sliding upward as the arm is abducted. - It also functions to rotate the humerus laterally.
Superior rami?
- is a part of the pubic bone which forms a portion of the obturator foramen.[
Soleus?
- is a powerful muscle in the back part of the lower leg (the calf). - It runs from just below the knee to the heel, and is involved in standing and walking. ACTION: Plantar flexion of foot
Supraspinatus?
- is a relatively small muscle of the upper back that runs from the supraspinatous fossa superior portion of the scapula (shoulder blade) to the greater tubercle of the humerus.
Extensor carpi?
- is one of the five main muscles that control movements at the wrist. - top side towards middle - This muscle is quite long, starting on the lateral side of the humerus, and attaching to the base of the second metacarpal bone -ACTION: It acts to extend and adduct at the carpus/wrist from anatomical position.
Rectus Femoris?
- is situated in the middle of the front of the thigh
Medial and lateral meniscus?
- menisci pads are part of fibrocartilage.
Abduction?
- movement away from the longitudinal axis (midline) of the body in the frontal plane - Ex. swinging the upper limb to the side.
Bones that articulate at the pelvic joints?
Sacrum, Pelvic bones, femur.
Flexed deltoid?
-
Medial collateral ligament?
-
Pubic bones? (pubis)
-
Supination?
-
Features in the hip joint?
- Acetabulum - head of femur - ligaments that reinforce the joint capsule - ligamentum teres
Sartorius?
- Between Ilium and tibia - the longest muscle in the human body. -It is a long, thin, superficial muscle that runs down the length of the thigh ACTION: flex and medially rotate the leg.
Rhomboids (major) ?
- Between cervical and thoracic vertebrae (spinous process) and scapula - connects scapula and vertebrae - major is lower bigger part ACTION: Both rhomboids (major and minor) also act to retract the scapula, pulling it towards the vertebral column. The rhomboids work collectively with the levator scapulae muscles to elevate the medial border of the scapula, downwardly rotating the scapula with respect to the glenohumeral joint. Adducts scapula and causes downward rotation.
Rhomboids (minor) ?
- Between cervical and thoracic vertebrae (spinous process) and scapula - connects scapula and vertebrae - minor is upper smaller part.
Levator scapule?
- Between cervical vertebrae (transverse process) and scapula. - a skeletal muscle situated at the back and side of the neck. - its main function is to lift the scapula. - ACTION: When the spine is fixed, levator scapulae elevates the scapula and rotates its inferior angle medially, also down .
Quadriceps femoris?
- Between ilium/femur and tibia - "four-headed muscle of the femur" -also called simply the quadriceps, quadriceps extensor, or quads, -includes the four prevailing muscles on the front of the thigh -All four parts of the quadriceps muscle attach to the patella (knee cap) via the quadriceps tendon - Action: to extend the leg at the knee joint (moving it forward and backwards). - A muscle group that includes 4 muscles 1) Rectus Femoris 2) Vastus Medialus 3) Vastus Lateralis
Serratus Anterior?
- Between ribs and scapula -ACTION: Protracts and stabilizes scapula, assists in upward rotation.
Trapezius?
- Between the occipital bone/ thoracic vertebrae (spinous process) and the clavicle (acromion)/scapula (spine) - Action: The trapezius elevates, depresses, rotates, and retracts the scapula, or shoulder blade..
Pubic symphysis?
- Between the superior rami of both pubic bones
Hyperextension?
- Extension past the anatomical position - Ex. when you hyperextend their neck you can gaze at the ceiling. - ligaments, bony processes, or soft tissues prevent hyperextensions of the elbow or the knee.
Rotation - lateral?
- External rotation
Knee Joint - bones that are here?
- Femur, patella, tibia. - fibia is nearby and is attachment site of various tendons and ligaments.
Dorsiflexion?
- Flexion at ankle joint and elevation of the sole, as when you dig into your heel
Elbow joint - what bones articulate here?
- Humerus, radius, and ulna. - the trochlea of the humerus fits into the trochlear notch of ulna - the head of the radius rotates on the capitulum of the humerys
Tibialis anterior?
- It acts to dorsiflex and invert the foot. -This muscle is mostly located near the shin ACTION: ankle inversion.
Adduction?
- Move back into the anatomical position from the abduction movement. - adduction of the wrist moves the heal of the hand and fingers toward the body.
Medial meniscus?
- a fibrocartilage semicircular band that spans the knee joint medially, located between the medial condyle of the femur and the medial condyle of the tibia.[1] - It is also referred to as the internal semilunar fibrocartilage. - more crescent shaped
Semitendinous?
- a long superficial muscle in the back of the thigh. - in the middle of semimembranous and biceps femoris.
Pectoralis Minor?
- a thin, triangular muscle, situated at the upper part of the chest, beneath the pectoralis major in the human body - fan-shaped muscle of the shoulder girdle. - It originates from the third to fifth ribs, and inserts on the coracoid process of the scapula.
Inversion?
- a twisting movement of the foot that turns the sole inward, elevating the medial edge of the sole
Eversion?
- a twisting movement of the foot that turns the sole outward, elevating the lateral edge of the sole
Anatomical position?
- all of the major joints of the axial and appendicular skeletons (except at the ankle) are at full extension. - The erect position of the body with the face directed forward, the arms at the side, and the palms of the hands facing forward, used as a reference in describing the relation of body parts to one another.
Vastus Lateralis?
- also called the ''vastus externus'' - is the largest and most powerful part of the quadriceps femoris, a muscle in the thigh.
Rotation - medial?
- also known as internal rotation - the anterior surface of the limb turns toward the long axis of the trunk - inward rotation -
Vastus Medialis?
- an extensor muscle located medially in the thigh that extends the knee.
Head of humerus?
- articulates with the glenoid fossa
ligamentum teres?
- attached to the fova on the head of the femur
Deltoid?
- between clavicle/scapula and the humerus - the muscle forming the rounded contour of the shoulder - ACTION: internally (medially) rotate the humerus. Also shoulder abduction.
Flexor carpi?
- between humerus/ulna and carpals/metacarpals - a muscle of the human forearm - ACTION: acts to flex and (radial) abduct the hand.
Gluteus medius?
- between ilium and femur/iliotibial -Action: Abduction and medial rotation of leg
Gluteus maximus?
- between ilium and femur/iliotibial tract - butt muscle - ACTION: Extension and lateral rotation of leg. involved in moving the thigh
Hamstrings?
- between ischium and tibia/fibula - a muscle group that includes 1) Semimembranous 2) Semitendinous 3) Biceps femoris Action: flex the knee and medially (inwardly) rotate the lower leg when the knee is bent.
Psoas?
- between lumbar and femur - a rope like muscle located deep in the belly which runs from spine to femur. ACTION: primary flexor of the hip.
Adductor group?
- between pubis and femur ACTION: Adduction of hip (both portions) flexion of hip (adductor portion) extension of hip (hamstring portion)
Latissimus dorsi?
- between ribs/spinous process of the thoracic/lumbar vertebrae and humerus - a large, flat muscle on the back that stretches to the sides, behind the arm, and is partly covered by the trapezius on the back near the midline - broadest [muscle] of the back" - known as the lats in body building ACTION: Adducts, extends and internally rotates the arm when the insertion is moved towards the origin
Rotator cuff?
- between scapula and the humerus - consists of supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis.
Pectoralis Major?
- between sternum/clavicle/ribs and humerus - is a thick, fan-shaped muscle, situated at the chest (anterior) of the human body. -It makes up the bulk of the chest muscles and lies under the breast. ACTION:flexion of GH jt. shoulder horizontal adduction pectoralis major. Inward rotation of humerus.
Iliacus?
- between surface of ilium and femur -Action:Flexes medially rotates hip
Sacroiliac joint?
- between the auricular surface of the sacrum and the auricular surface of the coxa
Circumduction?
- complete circular movement - moving arm in a loop is circumduction as when your draw a large circle on a whiteboard -
Flexor digitor?
- deep bender of the fingers - on the top side of the arm alongside elbow - a muscle in the forearm that flexes the fingers (also known as digits). ACTION: flexion of the middle phalanges of the fingers at the proximal interphalangeal joints, however under continued action it also flexes the metacarpophalangeal joints and wrist joint.
Plantar flexion?
- extension at ankle - extending the ankle joint and elevating the heel. - standing on tip toe.
Muscles that act on the wrist and digits?
- flexors - extensors - retinaculum
Articular capsule?
- in knee joint
Infraspinatus?
- infraspinatus muscle is a thick triangular muscle, which occupies the chief part of the infraspinatous fossa. - main function of the infraspinatus is to externally rotate the humerus and stabilize the shoulder joint.
Retinaculum?
- is a fibrous band on the palmar side of the hand near the wrist - not a muscle - encircles wrist and retains tendons, flexors and extensors.
Triceps Brachii?
- is a large muscle on the back of the upper limb of many vertebrates. - Action : t is the muscle principally responsible for extension of the elbow joint (straightening of the arm).
Gastrocnemius
- muscle on back of leg right underneath the knee at the top of the calf -It runs from its two heads just above the knee to the heel, a two joint muscle. - its lower end forms a common tendon with the soleus muscle; this tendon is known as the calcaneal tendon or Achilles - Action: Plantar flexion of foot and flexion of knee
Extension?
- occurs in the same plane as extension but it increases the angle between articulating bones. -usually applied to the movement of long bones
Lateral flexion?
- occurs when your vertebral column bends to the side - this movement is most pronounced in the cervical and thoracic regions.
Posterior cruciate ligament?
- the ligament that attaches at the back side.
Anterior cruciate ligament?
- the ligament that attaches in the front side -ACL
Semimembranous?
- the medial-most of the three hamstring muscles. - It is so named because it has a flat tendon of origin
Pronation?
- the movement in which the palm is moved to face posteriorly
Protraction?
- the movement of a body part anteriorly in the horizontal plane
Retraction?
- the reverse movement of protraction, movement of the body part posteriorly in the horizontal plane. -
Depression?
- when you move the structure interiorly (down) - lowering of the mandible or shoulders.
Posterior cruciate ligament from back view?
-It connects the posterior intercondylar area of the tibia to the medial condyle of the femur.
Vastus intermedius?
-arises from the front and lateral surfaces of the body of the femur in its upper two-thirds, sitting under the rectus femoris muscle
Lateral meniscus?
-fibrocartilaginous band that spans the lateral side of the interior of the knee joint. - circular.
Tensor fasciae latae?
-is a muscle of the thigh. - It is related with the gluteus maximus in function and structure and is continuous with the iliotibial tract, which attaches to the tibia. ACTIONS: extentsion of the knee and lateral rotation of the leg; also helps to provide lateral stability of the knee.
Muscles that act on the elbow?
1) Biceps branchii 2) Brachialis 3) Triceps Brachii
Shoulder joint is made up of what three parts?
1) Glenoid fossa 2) Scapula 3) Head of humerus.
Muscles that control the hip?
1) Iliacus 2) Psoas 3) Gluteus medius 4) Gluteus maximus 5) Tensor fasciae latae 6) Adductor group
Muscles that act on the shoulder?
1) Pectoralis Major 2) Latissimus dorsi 3) Deltoid 4) Rotator cuff
Muscles that act on the knee?
1) Quadriceps femoris 2) Sartorius 3) Hamstrings
Muscles that act on the ankle?
1) Tibialis anterior 2) Gastrocnemius 3) Soleus
Brachialis?
ACTION: prime mover of elbow flexion.
What are the ligaments composed?
Dense regular connective tissue.
Gastrocnemius and soleus?
Extend the ankle
What can the gastrocnemius do that the soleus cannot?
Flex the knee
What can be used in the place of dorsiflexion and plantar flexion?
Flexion and extension at ankle.
Movements of the vertebral column are limited to __________.
flexion and extension, lateral flexion, and rotation