Anatomy Lab: Ch. 8 pt III
costal facets
The body of the thoracic vertebrae has small, smooth, slightly concave spots called WHAT for attachment of the ribs
sacral promontory
The body of the vertebra S1 juts anteriorly to form a WHAT which supports the body of vertebra L5.
sternal angle
The body or gladiolus is the longest part of the sternum. It joins the manubrium at the WHAT?
anterior sacral foramina
This surface exhibits four pairs of large WHAT, which allows for passage of nerves and arteries to the pelvic organs.
thoracic vertebrae
(T1-T12) There are 12 of WHAT, corresponding to the 12 pairs of ribs attached to them. Its body is somewhat heart-shaped, but more massive than in the cervical vertebrae but less than in the lumbar vertebrae
herniated disc
Excessive stress can crack the anulus fibrosus in the intevertebral disc and cause the nucleus pulposus to ooze out.
spinous process
Extending from the apex of the arch, a projection called the WHAT is directed posteriorly and downward.
neck
Immediately distal to the head, the rib narrows to a WHAT and then widens again to form a rough area called the tubercle.
tubercle
Immediately distal to the head, the rib narrows to a neck and then widens again to form a rough area called the WHAT? This is its point of attachment to the transverse costal facet of the same vertebra.
sacroiliac joint
The joint between the hip bone and articular surface
lateral mass
On each side of the atlas is a WHAT with a deeply concave superior articular facet that articulates with the occipital condyle of the skull. A nodding motion of the skull, as in gesturing "yes" causes the occpital condyles to rock back and forth on these facets.
articular surface
On each side of the sacrum is an ear-shaped region called the WHAT? This articulates with a similarly shaped surface on the hip bone
superior articular facet
On each side side of the atlas is a lateral mass with a deeply concave WHAT that articulates with the occipital condyle of the skull. A nodding motion of the skull, as in gesturing "yes" causes the occipital condyles to rock back and forth on these facets.
false ribs
Ribs 8-12 are called WHAT because they lack independent cartilaginous connections to the sternum. In 8-10, the costal cartilages sweep upward and end on the costal cartilage of rib 7.
sacrum
A bony plate that forms the posterior wall of the pelvic cavity.
23
How many vertebral discs are there? The first one between cervical vertebrae 2 and 3 and the last one between the last lumbar vertebra (L5) and the sacrum. They help to bind adjacent vertebrae together, support the weight of the body, and absorb shock.
medially
The superior articular process of the lumbar face WHAT? (Like hands about to clap)
transverse process
WHAT extends laterally from the point where the pedicle and lamina meet. The spinous and transverse processes provide points of attachment for ligaments and spinal muscles.
transverse ligament
WHAT holds the dens of the axis in place?
intervertebral disc
WHAT is a pad consisting of inner gelatinous nucleus pulposus surrounded by a ring of fibrocartilage, the anulus fibrosus
transverse foramen
All seven cervical vertebrae have a prominent round WHAT in each transverse process. These foramina provide passage and protection for the vertebral arteries, which supply blood to the brain, and vertebral veins, which drain blood from various neck structures.
spinous processes
In the thoracic vertebrae are WHAT which are relatively pointed and angle sharply downward.
coccyx
The WHAT usually consists of four small vertebrae, Co1 to Co4.
shaft
The rest of the bony blade distal to the angle of the rib is called the WHAT?
Body
(centrum) The most obvious feature of a vertebra is the WHAT- a mass of spongy bone and red bone marrow covered with a thin shell of compact bone.
vertebral column
(spine) Physically supports the skull and trunk, allows for their movement, protects the spinal cord, and absorbs stresses produced by walking, running, and lifting. It also provide attachment for the limbs, thoracic cage, and postural muscles
superior articular processes
A pair of WHAT projects upward from one vertebra and meets a similar pair of inferior articular processes that projects downward from the vertebra just above.
posterior sacral foramina
Again on the posterior side of the sacrum, there are four pairs of openings for spinal nerves called the WHAT? The nerves that emerge here supply the gluteal region and lower limb.
xiphoid process
At the inferior end of the sternum is a small, pointed WHAT that provides attachment for some of the abdominal muscles.
angle
Beyond the tubercle, each rib makes a sharp curve around the side of the torso and then progresses anteriorly to approach the sternum. The curve is called the WHAT of the rib
shaft
Beyond the tubercle, the rib flattens and widens into a gently sloping bladelike WHAT. This ends distally in a squared-off, rough area. In the living individual, the costal cartilage begins here and spans the rest of the distance to the upper sternum.
inferior costal facet and superior costal facet
In most cases, a rib inserts between two vertebrae, so each vertebra contributes one-half of the articular surface. A rib articulates with the WHAT of the upper vertebra and the WHAT of the vertebra below that. (Facets are named for their position on the vertebral body)
bifid
In vertebrae C2 to C6, the process is forked, or WHAT at its tip. This fork provides attachment for the nuchal ligament on the back of the neck.
superior articular process
Lateral to the median sacral crest, S1 also has a pair of WHAT that articulate with vertebra L5.
alae
Lateral to the superior articular process of the sacrum are a pair of large, rough, winglike extensions called the WHAT?
articular facet
The head of the rib is a wedge-shaped and inserts between two vertebrae. Each margin of the wedge has a smooth surface called a WHAT which consists of the superior articular facet that joins the inferior costal facet of the vertebra above, and the inferior articular facet that joins the superior costal facet of the vertebra below.
laterally
The inferior articular processes of the lumbar face WHAT, toward the superior processes of the next vertebrae.
costal groove
The inferior margin of the shaft has a WHAT that marks the path of the intercostal blood vessels and nerve.
nucleus pulposus
The intervertebral disc is a pad consisting of inner gelatinous WHAT?
anulus fibrosus
The intevertebral discs is surrounded by a ring of fibrocartilage called the WHAT?
anterior arch and posterior arch
The lateral masses of the atlas are connected by a WHAT and WHAT, which bear slight protuberances called the anterior and posterior tubercle.
anterior and posterior tubercle
The lateral masses of the atlas are connected by an anterior arch and posterior arch, which bear slight protuberances called the WHAT and WHAT?
suprasternal notch
The manubrium is the broad superior portion of the sternum. It has a median WHAT (jugular).
dens
The most distinctive feature of the axis is a prominent knob called the WHAT or odontoid process., on its anterosuperior side. No other vertebra has a dens. It projects into the vertebral foramen of the atlas, where it is nestled in a facet and held in place by a transverse ligament
median sacral crest
The posterior surface of the sacrum is very rough. The spinous processes of the vertebrae fuse into a ridge called WHAT?
sacral hiatus
The sacral canal runs through the sacrum and ends in an inferior opening called the WHAT? This canal contains spinal nerve roots.
lateral sacral crest
The transverse processes of the sacrum fuse into a less prominent WHAT on each side of the median crest.
transverse costal facet
The tubercle of the rib articulates with the WHAT of each same-numbered vertebra.
vertebral canal
The vertebral foramina collectively form the WHAT, a passage for the spinal cord.
ribs
There are 12 pairs of WHAT with no difference between the sexes. Each is attached at its posterior (proximal) end to the vertebral column, and most of them are also attached at the anterior (distal) end to the sternum.
lumbar vertebrae
There are five WHAT (L1-L5). Their most distinctive features are a thick, stout body and a blunt, squarish spinous process.
atlas
Vertebra C1 is called the WHAT because it supports the head. It has no body and is a ring surrounding a large vertebral foramen.
axis
Vertebra C2, the WHAT, allows rotation of the head as in gesturing "no".
horns
Vertebra Co1 has a pair of WHAT (cornua) that serve as attachment points for ligaments that bind the coccyx to the sacrum.
C7
Vertebra WHAT is a little different- its spinous process is not bifid, but it is especially long and forms a prominent bump on the lower back of the neck. It is sometimes called vertebra prominens.
transverse costal facet
Vertebrae T1 to T10 have a shallow, cuplike WHAT at the end of each transverse process. These provide a second point of articulation for ribs 1 to 10. There are none of these facets on T11 and T12 because ribs 11 and 12 attach only to the bodies of the vertebrae. This connects to the tubercle of the rib.
head
At the vertebral end for rib 1, it exhibits a knobby WHAT that articulates with the body of vertebra T1.
vertebral arch
Each foramen is bordered by a bony WHAT composed of two parts on each side: a pillarlike PEDICLE and platelike LAMINA.
pedicle and lamina
Each foramen is bordered by a bony vertebral arch composed or two parts on each side: a pillarlike WHAT and a platelike WHAT?
inferior vertebral notch and superior vertebral notch
Each intervertebral foramen is formed by an WHAT in the pedicle of the upper vertebra and a WHAT in the pedicle of the lower one
true ribs
Each rib has its own costal cartilage connecting it to the sternum; because of this feature, ribs 1-7 are called WHAT?
facet
Each superior articular processes and inferior articular processes have a flat articular surface WHAT facing that of the adjacent vertebra It is covered with hyaline cartilage. These processes restrict twisting of the vertebral column, which could otherwise severely damage the spinal cord.
7 cervical vertebrae, 12 thoracic vertebrae, 5 lumbar vertebrae, 5 sacrum vertebrae, 4 coccyx
Name and number the different parts of the vertebral column
cervical curvature, thoracic curvature, lumbar curvature, and pelvic curvature
Name the curvatures of the vertebral column
vertebral foramen
Posterior to the body of each vertebra is a triangular canal called the WHAT.
10
Rib WHAT also differs from 2-9 in that it attaches to the body of a single vertebra (T10) rather than between vertebrae. Thus, vertebra T10 has a complete costal facet on its body for rib 10.
floating ribs
Ribs 11-12 are unusual. Posteriorly, they articulate with the bodies of the vertebrae T11 and T12, but they do not have tubercles and do not attach to the transverse processes of the vertebrae. Those two vertebrae therefore have no transverse costal facets. There is no cartilaginous connection to the sternum or to any of the higher costal cartilages. The ribs are merely embedded in lumbar muscle at this end. These ribs are called WHAT?
2-7
Ribs WHAT present a more typical appearance. At the proximal end, each exhibits a head, neck, and tubercle.
sacrum
The anterior surface of the WHAT is relatively smooth and concave and has four transverse lines that indicate where the five vertebrae have fused.
atlantoaxial joint
The articulation between the atlas and axis is called the WHAT?
atlantooccipital joint
The articulation between the atlas and the cranium is called the WHAT?
cervical vertebrae
The WHAT (C1-C7) are the smallest and lightest vertebrae other than the coccygeals.
sternum
The WHAT (breastbone) is a bony plate anterior to the heart. It is subdivided into three regions: the manubrium, body, and xiphoid process.
coccyx
The WHAT can be fractured by a difficult childbirth or a hard fall to the buttocks.
thoracic cage
The WHAT consists of the thoracic vertebrae, sternum, and ribs.
manubrium
The WHAT is the broad superior portion of the sternum. It has a median suprasternal (jugular) notch.
superior articular facet
The WHAT of the rib joins the inferior costal facet of the vertebra above
inferior articular facet
The WHAT of the rib joins the superior costal facet of the vertebra below.
body
The WHAT or gladiolus is the longest part of the sternum. It joins the manubrium at the sternal angle.
inferior articular facets
The WHAT, which are comparatively flat, articulate with C2. Found on the atlas.
costal cartilage
The anterior attachment of the ribs is by way of a long strip of hyaline cartilage called the WHAT?
intervertebral foramen
When two vertebrae are joined, they exhibit an opening between their pedicles called the WHAT. This allows passage for spinal nerves that connect with the spinal cord at regular intervals.
