Anatomy Lab Final
How many deciduous teeth does a person normally have?
20
How much of the cardiac output do the kidneys receive?
21%
What is the life span of epithelial cells in the stomach lining?
3 to 6 days
The following is a list of tissue layers of the digestive tract. What is the correct order from lumen to external surface? (1) Muscularis externa (2) Muscularis mucosa (3) Serosa (4) Lamina propria (5) Submucosa
4, 2, 5, 1, 3
Which of the following is a normal hematocrit value?
42%
What does a hepatic triad consist of?
A bile ductule, a branch of the hepatic artery, and a branch of the hepatic portal vein
Most people retain adequate kidney function in old age. Why?
A loss of nephrons does not radically impair function because there are so many to begin with.
What do the glomerular capsule and glomerulus together make up?
A renal corpuscle
Smoking kills the ciliated cells of the tracheal mucosa. Which of the following symptoms found in smokers is one consequence of this?
A smokers cough
Which of the following most directly prevents dehydration?
ADH
The exocrine portion of the pancreas is composed of which cells?
Acinar
Which of these is not part of the renal corpuscle?
Afferent arteriole
What anatomical feature enables lymph nodes to filter lymphatic fluid?
Afferent lymphatic vessels
A patient enters a hospital after a motorcycle accident. He complains of mid-back pain. X-rays reveal both rib and pelvic fractures. His emergency room examination includes urinalysis. Which of the following findings from the urinalysis would most likely suggest trauma to the kidneys from the accident, but not to the urinary bladder?
Albuminuria
Which hormone targets the kidney?
Aldosterone
Which of the following hormones regulates sodium reabsorption?
Aldosterone
Which of the following hormones targets principal cells?
Aldosterone
Which of the following cell types is most numerous in the lung?
Alveolar macrophages
Which of the following is(are) part of the respiratory division of the respiratory system?
Alveoli
What are the starch-digesting enzymes in the saliva and pancreatic juice called?
Amylases
Which of the following would slow down gas exchange between the blood and alveolar air?
An increase in membrane thickness
A loss of kidney function can result in which of the following?
Anemia
Which of the following is not a formed element found in blood?
Antibody
Which of the following hormones passes through the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract?
Antidiuretic hormone
Which of the following hormones regulates water permeability in the collecting duct?
Antidiuretic hormone
Which vessel carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the tissues of the body?
Aorta
Which structure may become inflamed and infected, and may burst resulting in peritonitis?
Appendix
The presence of which of the following reduces the risk for myocardial infarctions?
Arterial anastomoses in the coronary circulation
Which condition is stimulated by allergens and results in bronchoconstriction, airway inflammation, and difficulty in exhaling?
Asthma
Which lymph nodes are often surgically removed with a mastectomy?
Axillary lymph nodes
Which cells fight infection by producing antibodies?
B cells
Which formed elements are most responsible for humoral immunity?
B lymphocytes
Which of the following is a likely cause of an abnormally high number of neutrophils?
Bacterial infection
Because of which structure does very little albumin escape from the blood during glomerular filtration?
Basement membrane
What are the least abundant leukocytes in normal circulating blood?
Basophils
What are the least abundant of the formed elements?
Basophils
Where are the semilunar valves?
Between the ventricles and the great arteries
Bile gets its yellow-green color mainly from which of the following?
Bilirubin
Because the kidneys help produce vitamin D, if the kidneys fail, the absorption of what substance would be impaired?
Calcium
Why is it important for an oncologist to understand lymphatic drainage?
Cancer cells often metastasize via the lymphatic system.
What is the name of the superior opening into the stomach?
Cardiac orifice
Which stomach cell secretes pepsinogen?
Chief cell
Which of the following is a lung disease marked by a reduced number of cilia, reduced motility of the remaining cilia, goblet cell hypertrophy and hypersecretion, and thick sputum?
Chronic bronchitis
What is the name for the partially digested fluid that passes from the stomach into the small intestine?
Chyme
What kind of tissue lines most of the respiratory tract?
Ciliated pseudostratified epithelium
Tubular fluid is called urine when it reaches the end of which structure?
Collecting duct
Which of these is not part of the nephron?
Collecting duct
Where is most of the water that passes through the digestive tract reabsorbed?
Colon
Blood pressure is highest in which of the following vessels?
Conducting arteries
Which condition is the result of one ventricle not pumping as much blood as the other that leads to edema in peripheral tissues?
Congestive heart failure
What is the most common digestive complaint in older people?
Constipation
Which of the following hormones does not belong with the others?
Cortisol
Which substance is not reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule?
Creatinine
Which condition is caused by the hypersecretion of cortisol?
Cushing syndrome
Of the changes listed below, which is associated with aging of the digestive system?
Decreased production of intrinsic factor and less efficient absorption of vitamin B12
Which of the following ensures that cardiocytes do not pull apart during muscular contraction?
Desmosomes
Which of the following is the name of the muscular layer of the bladder?
Detrusor
MALT is lymphatic tissue found in which of the following organs?
Digestive tract
What is the effect of sympathetic innervation to the lungs?
Dilation of bronchioles
Which of the following is not one of the body's three lines of defense against pathogens?
Drainage of excess interstitial fluid into lymphatic capillaries
Which fetal structure carries blood from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta?
Ductus arteriosus
Which condition is caused by roundworm infection and characterized by a dramatic accumulation of fluid, especially in the extremities?
Elephantiasis
Which of the following is a lung disease marked by abnormally few but large alveoli?
Emphysema
What is the innermost lining of the heart wall referred to as?
Endocardium
Which of these is a consequence of the ischemic phase of the uterine cycle?
Endometrial necrosis
Which of the following cells secrete gastrin?
Enteroendocrine cells
Which cell would you expect to see more of in a person infected with a large parasite such as a tapeworm?
Eosinophil
Which of the following is most important in preventing choking?
Epiglottis
Which of the following is not contained in the buffy coat?
Erythrocytes
Which of the following would be an indication that an individual is suffering from leukemia?
Examination of the blood reveals a large number of immature leukocytes.
A victim of a shark attack bleeds to death within minutes. Which vessel did the shark's teeth probably sever?
Femoral artery
In which capillaries are there numerous filtration pores?
Fenestrated
How is injured cardiac muscle repaired?
Fibrosis
Which structure in the fetus enables blood to bypass the lungs and pass directly from the right atrium to the left atrium?
Foramen ovale
Antibodies belong to which class of plasma proteins?
Gamma globulins
A 40-year-old man of average height who weighs 210 pounds complains of pain behind the sternum which he describes as "heartburn." The pain is especially acute after eating spicy foods. What is a likely cause of his symptoms?
Gastroesophageal reflux disease
What do alpha cells of the pancreas secrete?
Glucagon
When a person has not eaten for several hours, which hormone ensures a steady level of blood glucose?
Glucagon
Which of the following would be abnormal to find in urine?
Glucose
Which of the following is not normally found in plasma?
Glycogen
Which of these is not normally found in blood?
Glycogen
What determines whether a person has type A, B, or O blood?
Glycolipids that act as antigens on the surface of red blood cells
Which of the following cells are not found in the gastric glands?
Goblet cells
Which type of cell repairs damaged alveolar epithelium?
Great (type II) alveolar cells
Unlike the small intestine, the large intestine has pouches along its length called what?
Haustra
Which of the following cells are destroyed by the HIV virus?
Helper T cells
Why would removal of the thymus compromise humoral immunity?
Helper T cells mature in the thymus and are needed to activate B cells and humoral immunity.
Anemia that results from an excessive rate of erythrocyte destruction is classified as what type of anemia?
Hemolytic
What is the mechanism for stopping bleeding called?
Hemostasis
Where do the renal arteries and veins enter and exit the kidney?
Hilum
Which of the following is not a function of blood?
Hormone production
Some loop diuretics inhibit sodium and chloride reabsorption in the nephron loop. These would be useful for patients with which condition?
Hypertension
Which hormone disorder is associated with weight gain, sensitivity to cold, dry skin and hair, constipation, low metabolic rate, and sluggishness?
Hypothyroidism
Once they have developed surface receptors for a particular antigen, lymphocytes are said to be what?
Immunocompetent
Where are aquaporins found?
In principal cells in the collecting duct
In which of the following is simple squamous epithelium found?
In the parietal layer of the glomerular capsule and the thin segment of the nephron loop
What is the result of sympathetic stimulation to the heart?
Increased heart rate and force
Jill is running a marathon. Which of the following is not occurring while she runs?
Increased urine production
A drop of blood returning from the big toe would enter the heart through what vessel?
Inferior vena cava
If the beta cells of the pancreas were destroyed, which hormone would no longer be secreted?
Insulin
Which of the following results in noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus?
Insulin is secreted but target cells lack receptors for it.
Comparing the small and large intestines, which of the following is not true?
Intestinal crypts are only in the small intestine.
What is the function of intrinsic factor?
It assists with absorption of vitamin B in the small intestine.
Which of the following is a function of the stomach?
It churns food into a paste by mechanical means.
What is a main function of the myenteric plexus?
It controls peristalsis.
Which of the following is not a function of the respiratory system?
It helps to transport gases to tissues.
Which part of the heart does the right vagus nerve primarily innervate?
It innervates mainly the SA node.
Which of the following is not a function of the spleen?
It produces hormones that promote lymphocyte maturation.
What is the effect of renin?
It raises blood pressure
What does gastrin do?
It stimulates acid secretion, motility, and emptying of the stomach
If a person was born with abnormally short nephron loops, how would their urine compare with someone who had normal nephrons?
It would be less concentrated.
Which lymphatic structures absorb dietary lipids that cannot be absorbed by intestinal blood capillaries?
Lacteals
Under normal circumstances, which passageway is capable of conducting air, food, or liquid?
Laryngopharynx
Where does the thoracic duct terminate?
Left subclavian vein
Which of the following is a serous membrane that extends from the lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver?
Lesser omentum
What is a low number of circulating leukocytes called?
Leukopenia
A patient with cirrhosis of the liver would likely have a difficult time digesting which macromolecules?
Lipds
A cancer patient who has a large portion of her small intestine resected (removed) could potentially have difficulty absorbing which of the following?
Lipids
Which of these nutrients is absorbed by the lacteals of the small intestine?
Lipids
Lymphocytes do not mature in which of the following organs?
Liver
What are lymphatic nodules?
Lymphatic follicles
Which of the following is not a lymphatic organ?
Lymphatic nodule
What are the main antigen-presenting cells in the body?
Macrophages
Which of the following is composed of distal convoluted tubule cells that contact the afferent arteriole?
Macula densa
What are the air passages beneath the conchae that create turbulence within the nasal cavity called?
Meatuses
What part of the brain sets the basic respiratory rhythm?
Medulla oblongata
Which of the following is produced by the pineal gland?
Melatonin
When an antigen triggers the multiplication of B lymphocytes, some daughter cells transform into antibody-producing cells and mount an attack, while others become what?
Memory cells
Which of the following is not true of cardiac myocytes?
Mitochondria make up about 2% of the cell volume.
What do tissue macrophages develop from?
Monocytes
Compared to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle has which of the following?
More mitochondria
Which of the following is responsible for peristalsis?
Muscularis externa
Which of the following cells is from a different lineage than the rest?
Myeloblast
Which cells recognize and destroy tumors in a non-specific fashion, without requiring prior exposure to antigens?
Natural killer cells
Which of the following is most involved in the defense against cancer?
Natural killer cells
What are the more than one million functional units found in each kidney called?
Nephrons
Which cells produce hypochlorite in response to bacterial infections?
Neutrophils
Where is the hilum of the lung found?
On its mediastinal surface
Why does our blood pressure generally go up as we age?
Our arteries get 'hard' and absorb less systolic force
The uterus is a target organ of which hormone?
Oxytocin
Which hormone is released by the neurohypophysis?
Oxytocin
Which tonsils are the largest and most frequently infected?
Palatine tonsils
Which of the following secrete amylase?
Pancreas and salivary glands
Which structures pull on the tendinous cords (chordae tendinae) and hold them taut during ventricular contraction?
Papillary muscles
Which hormone ultimately stimulates the activity of osteoclasts and promotes increased calcium absorption in the digestive tract?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
What is the superficial fibrous covering of the heart that is composed partly of dense irregular connective tissue
Parietal pericardium
A patient who has consistent heart burn regularly consumes a pack of antacid tablets a day. This would likely affect the production of which digestive enzyme?
Pepsin
Which of the following enzymes functions at the lowest pH?
Pepsin
Which of the following is not found in saliva?
Pepsinogen
Starting in the abdominal cavity and progressing dorsally, you would have to cut through the layers in which order to expose the kidney?
Peritoneum, renal fascia, perirenal fat capsule, and fibrous capsule
What is the correct order of structures through which air flows into the respiratory tract?
Pharynx; larynx; trachea; bronchi; bronchioles
Before a B lymphocyte can secrete antibodies it must transform into which of the following?
Plasma cell
When a clot is no longer needed, what is it dissolved by?
Plasmin
Which formed element is not a true cell?
Platelet
Which of the following could result from an overly zealous exercise program?
Polycythemia
Where is the pneumotaxic center located?
Pons
Which of the following is not a function of blood?
Produces plasma hormones
Why do elderly men often have difficulty voiding urine?
Prostatic hyperplasia
Which of the following structures reabsorbs glucose and amino acids from the glomerular filtrate?
Proximal convoluted tubule
Which of the following structures reabsorbs the most glomerular filtrate?
Proximal convoluted tubule
Within a kidney, which of the following structures is most numerous?
Proximal convoluted tubules
Blood leaves the right ventricle through which valve?
Pulmonary semilunar
Through which of the following does blood return to the heart from the lungs?
Pulmonary veins
What distributes electrical signals to the cardiocytes of the ventricles?
Purkinje fibers
Which of the following regulates the flow of contents from the stomach to the duodenum?
Pyloric sphincter
Which muscle(s) contract(s) during forced expiration?
Rectus abdominis
Which muscle(s) is(are) not involved with inspiration?
Rectus abdominis
Which lymphatic organs are smaller in an adult compared to a child?
Red bone marrow and thymus
Most of the renal sinus is filled by which of the following structures?
Renal pelvis
The first step leading to angiotensin II production is the secretion of what by the kidneys?
Renin
What are the smallest passageways in the lung with a ciliated epithelium?
Respiratory bronchioles
Which of the following does not contribute to the large surface area available for nutrient absorption in the small intestine?
Rugae
Which of the following is not associated with the large absorptive surface of the small intestine?
Rugae
A football player was tackled and fell onto the ball on his left side. He then complained of rib pain and exhibited signs of shock. What was a likely consequence of his fall?
Ruptured spleen
Which of the following is not a function of the kidneys?
Secreting hormones that stimulate thirst
Which of the following is not a component of hemostasis?
Secretion of histamine
The immune system normally distinguishes between which types of antigens?
Self and non-self
Which of the following is a vasoconstrictor released by platelets that aids in hemostasis?
Serotonin
What is the principal tissue of the tunica interna?
Simple squamous epithelium
What is the major risk factor for developing COPD in old age?
Smoking
Given that hepatocytes carry out much of the lipid synthesis of the body, including the manufacture of cholesterol and phospholipids, what organelle would you expect to be particularly abundant in these cells?
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Which of the following is involved in breaking up old erythrocytes and disposing of the cellular remains?
Spleen
Why doesn't the stomach digest itself?
Stem cells in gastric glands constantly replace dead epithelial cells of the mucosa.
Which of the following tissues lines the oral cavity?
Stratified squamous epithelium
What is the layer of uterine mucosa shed in menstruation called?
Stratum functionalis
What helps keep the alveoli from collapsing during exhalation?
Surfactant
Which of these hormones can enter the target cell and bind to receptors in the nucleus?
Testosterone
What is the pacemaker that sets the rate of the heartbeat?
The SA node
What is the target organ of corticotropin-releasing hormone?
The anterior pituitary
What is happening in the heart when a P wave is recorded on an ECG?
The atria are depolarizing.
Where is the swallowing center located?
The brainstem
Where does the lower respiratory tract begin?
The glottis
Which of the following controls the release of bile into the duodenum?
The hepatopancreatic sphincter
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone is secreted by which of the following?
The hypothalamus
What structure does antidiuretic hormone target?
The kidney
Erythropoiesis is stimulated by a hormone that is secreted by which of the following?
The kidneys
Which of the following does not play a role in flow of lymph fluid?
The lymphatic pump
While drinking a cola, you start laughing, causing some of it to come out of your nose. Why does this hurt when drinking cola normally does not?
The nasopharynx is lined by pseudostratified columnar epithelium while the oropharynx and laryngopharynx are lined by stratified squamous epithelium.
Which of the following organs has both endocrine and exocrine functions?
The ovary
What is leukopoiesis?
The production of white blood cells
Which of the following carries oxygen-poor blood to the lungs from the heart?
The pulmonary arteries
If we follow the ureter into the kidney, what is the first structure we find?
The renal pelvis
Why can one say that chemical digestion begins in the mouth?
The saliva contains amylase and lipase.
What happens when the diaphragm contracts?
The size of the thoracic cavity increases and air flows into the lungs.
Why does a splenectomy lead to an increased risk of septicemia?
The spleen is a huge reservoir of monocytes.
A friend who has GERD tells you that her doctor suggested she sleep on her left side at night. Why?
The stomach sits largely on the left side so lying on your left side helps keep the contents in the stomach away from the lower esophageal sphincter.
Which of the following protects the lungs from overinflation?
The stretch receptors in the lungs
What is a myocardial infarction?
The sudden death of cardiac tissue
After a mastectomy of her left breast, a woman experiences edema in her left arm. What is the probable cause?
The surgeon likely removed her left axillary lymph nodes as well.
Which of the following is not composed of cuboidal epithelium?
The thin segment of the nephron loop
Which two glands are especially noted for regressing after childhood?
The thymus and pineal gland
Which statement about the effect of age on the lymphatic-immune system is not true?
The thymus gland enlarges
Which layer of the vessel wall facilitates vasoconstriction and vasodilation?
The tunica media
The trigone is a triangular region of which of the following?
The urinary bladder
At any given moment, where is most of the body's blood?
The veins
What is another name for the epicardium?
The visceral pericardium
Why are sounds produced by adult men usually lower in pitch than those produced by women?
The vocal folds are thicker and longer in men
Where is the thickest part of the myocardium?
The walls of the left ventricle
Early in development, where do the first blood cell precursors form?
The yolk sac
Tom is in respiratory arrest due to an electrical shock. Why does a good samaritan have up to 4 or 5 minutes to begin CPR and save Tom's life?
There is a venous reserve of oxygen in Tom's blood.
A premature baby born at 27 weeks gestation is suffering from respiratory distress syndrome. What is the probable cause?
There is not enough surfactant to keep the alveoli from collapsing.
Which of the following describes fenestrated capillaries?
They are important in organs that engage in absorption or filtration.
Which of the following is not true of lymphatic capillaries?
They are lined with endothelial cells joined with tight junctions.
Which of the following best describes juxtaglomerular cells?
They are modified smooth muscle cells found in the afferent arteriole.
Neuroendocrine cells are best described as which of the following?
They are neurons that release hormones into the bloodstream.
Which of the following is true of megakaryocytes?
They give rise to platelets.
What is the purpose of the cartilaginous rings in the trachea?
They maintain an open passageway for air
What is one function of parietal cells in the stomach?
They produce hydrochloric acid.
Which of the following is true regarding endocrine glands?
They release their secretions into the blood.
Which of the following is not a function of the kidneys?
They release waste into the bloodstream.
How do blood solutes pass through the walls of continuous capillaries?
Through intercellular clefts
Where do T cells become immunocompetent?
Thymus
Which structure is often referred to as the "Adam's apple"?
Thyroid cartilage
Which of the following is a function of erythrocytes?
To transport carbon dioxide
Which of the following lymph organs has pits called crypts?
Tonsils
Which of the following nutrients is absorbed by the lacteals of the small intestine?
Triglycerides
In which condition are the lungs infected with Mycobacterium and produce fibrous nodules around the bacteria, leading to progressive pulmonary fibrosis?
Tuberculosis
What is the middle layer of a blood vessel called?
Tunica media
What is pulmonary surfactant produced by?
Type II alveolar cells
Which structure conveys urine from the kidney to the bladder?
Ureter
Which center bears the primary responsibility for generating the respiratory rhythm, but is influenced by several other centers?
VRG
Which of the following is not associated with nonspecific immunity?
Vaccination
Which of the following is associated with veins but not arteries?
Valves
If the tendinous cords (chordae tendinae) became slack, what would the most likely effect be?
Valvular prolapse
What is the condition, especially noticeable in the lower limbs, that develops when veins become distended due to backflow of blood through stretched venous valves?
Varicose veins
Which blood vessels of the renal medulla run alongside the nephron loops?
Vasa recta
What might account for a soldier experiencing syncope after standing at attention for a long period of time?
Venous pooling
Which of the following have thin walls, large lumens, an absence of smooth muscle, and are incapable of vasomotion?
Venous sinuses
Which of the following is a thin serous membrane that covers the surface of the lung?
Visceral pleura
When are the semilunar valves closed?
When the ventricles are relaxing
After inserting an endotracheal tube into a patients chest, you auscultate for respiratory sounds and hear them only in the right lung. What does this tell you about your tube placement?
You likely went past the carina and into the right primary bronchus.
There is one __________ for each nephron.
afferent arteriole
Blood pressure in the glomerulus is unusually high compared to other capillaries because the diameter of the __________ is greater than that of the __________.
afferent arteriole; efferent arteriole
An arteriovenous __________ is a route by which blood flows from an artery to a vein without passing through capillaries.
anastomosis
Cellular (cell-mediated) immunity is effective against __________.
cancer cells
The heart indents into the __________ of the left lung.
cardiac impression
Aldosterone acts on the __________.
distal convoluted tubule
Blood serum is essentially the same as blood plasma, except that plasma contains __________ and serum does not.
fibrinogen
The transition from an afferent arteriole to an efferent arteriole occurs in the __________.
glomerulus
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) targets mainly
helper T cells
The cessation of bleeding is specifically called __________.
hemostasis
Special lymphatic vessels, called lacteals, absorb dietary __________ that are not absorbed by the blood capillaries.
lipids
The __________ is not an organ of the urinary system.
liver
The __________ stores excess glucose and releases it into the blood when needed.
liver
The respiratory system contains a total of five __________.
lobes
Antigen-presenting cells usually display processed antigens to T cells in the _____________.
lymph nodes
The hormone called _________ plays an important role in synchronizing physiological function with the cycle of daylight and darkness.
melatonin
The __________ tonsils are the largest, and their surgical removal (tonsillectomy) used to be one of the most common surgical procedures performed in children.
palatine
Before B cells secrete antibodies, they differentiate into _________.
plasma cells
Leukemia is to leukocytes as __________ is to erythrocytes
polycythemia
In a healthy kidney, very little __________ is filtered by the glomerulus.
protein
Glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed from the glomerular filtrate by the __________.
proximal convoluted tubule
Blood plasma is filtered in the __________.
renal corpuscle
Autoimmune diseases are disorders in which the immune system fails to distinguish __________ from foreign ones
self-antigens
Platelets release __________, a chemical vasoconstrictor that contributes to the vascular spasm.
serotonin
Micturition is another term for __________.
the elimination of urine
Removal of the __________ would be more harmful to a one-year-old child than an adult.
thymus
The __________ show(s) a remarkable degree of degeneration (involution) with age.
thymus
In the nephron, the fluid that immediately precedes urine is known as __________.
tubular fluid
The most abundant nitrogenous waste of the blood is
urea
