ANATOMY LAB PRACTICAL # 2

Overview of the appendicular skeleton

(to hang upon) is composed of 126 bones that make up the upper limbs, lower limbs, and the bones of the girdles that attach the limbs to the axial skeleton.

****Each ossa coxae is formed by the fusion of 3 separate bones ?

*******the ilium, ischium and pubis. These bones are identifiable as separate bones in children

****Where is the deltoid tuberosity located?

******in the middle of the humerous

****Where is interosseous membrane located?

*****in the empty space between the ulna and radius

****The pelvic girdle articulates with the axial skeleton at the _____ _______. They are located where the articulate ossa coxae unite posteriorly with the ____.

****sacroiliac joints sacrum

***The pelvic girdle is composed of two hip coxal called ?

***ossa coxae

***What is the acetabulum?

***where the leg attaches to the pelvic girdle

There are _____ pairs of ribs. The first seven are called _______. The last 5 are called _______. Ribs 11 and 12 are called _______________.

12 true ribs false ribs floating ribs

There are ___ pectoral girdles, and each attaches an upper limb to the axial skeleton. Each pectoral girdle is composed of a ______ and a _________.

2 scapula and clavicle

How many bones in the adult body and they are separated into what two divisions?

206 bones axial skeleton appendicular skeleton

How many bones are in the upper limbs?

30 1 is in the arm, 2 in the forearm, and the other 27 are in the hand

How many bones in the lower legs?

30 4 are in the thigh and leg the other 26 are the ankle and foot

The sacrum is formed by the fusion of _____ sacral vertebrae and has a slightly _______ , _________ shape.

5 curved triangular

Thick and thin filaments, which are bundles myofibrils, occupy _____ % of the volume of the fiber.

80% Each myofibril is a chain of sarcomeres, the smallest structural and contractile unit of a muscle myofibril

****What are the four steps of the muscle fiber contraction?

ATP hydrolysis Atachment of myosin to actin to form crossbridges Power stroke Detachment of myosin from actin

****Six types of synovial joints Ball and socket

Ball shaped head articulates cup shaped socket movement-freely movable joint; flexion and extension;adbuction and adduction;circumduction;rotation

****What is ATP hydrolysis?

Myosin heads contain an ATP binding site and an ATPase. When ATP binds to the ATP binding site, the ATPase hydrolyzes ATP to form ADP and inorganic phosphate. Hydrolysis of ATP energizes the myosin head.

The connective tissues surrounding skeletal muscle fibers separate and electrically insulate these cells. Therefore, _____________________________

Therefore, electrical impulses that initiate contraction in one skeletal muscle fiber are not spread to another fiber.

****The fingers are numbered from I to V (roman numerals) beginnning with ?

Thumb is I (also called pollex) and pinkie is V

What are collagen fibers?

a fibrous protein that provide tensile strength and flexibility so that bone does not break with normal stress

What are individual skeletal muscle fibers surrounded by?

a layer of areolar connective tissue called endomysium.

****What is a muscle fiber contraction?

a muscle fiber contracts ( shortens) when thin filaments ( actin) slide past the thick filaments (myosin). Each contraction cycle shortens each muscle fiber about 1% of its resting length.

Bone Markings Processes What is a ramus?

a small branch purpose - articulation

What do thin filaments contain?

actin, tropomyosin, and troponin Actin molecules comprise the majority of the thin filament and contain a binding site for the myosin molecules of the tick filament. A strand of tropomyosin molecules is nestled between the actin molecules. Several troponin molecules bind at precise intervals along the tropomyosin strand.

Overview of short bones

almost equal in length and width and contain a thick interior of spongy bone covered by a thin veneer of compact bone

****What is detachment of myosin from actin?

another ATP molcule binds to the myosin ATP-binding pocket, releasing the myosin head form actin, and the contraction cycle begins again

Overview of flat bones

are relatively flat, but may be curved, and contain a thin, spongy bone interior covered by a thin veneer of compact bone

Overview of irregular bones

are self explanatory and do not easily fit into any of these categories

Overview of sesamoid bone

are small bones that develop in tendons (patella) for protection against wear and tear

Microscopic structure of compact and spongy bone tissue What does the central canal contain?

blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves that serve compact bone tissue.

What are the parts of a typical vertabrae?

body - largest part pedicle - attached to and extends on either side of the body transverse process - extends laterally from each pedicle spinous process - projects posteriorly from fused lamina vertebral arch - formed by the fusion of pedicles and laminae vertebral foramen - large opening that protects the spinal cord superior and inferior articular processes - extend from the vertabrae at the junction of the pedicle and lamina to articulate with a superior and inferior vertabrae

Mineral salts in occeous bone consist mainly of ?

calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate salts, giving the "backbone" or hardness to bone

Bone Markings What is the lacrimal fossa?

canal that houses lacrimal sac; formed from the maxilla and lacrimal bone

****What are the 5 regions of the vertebral column and the number of vertabrae?

cervical - 7, thoracic - 12, lumbar - 5, sacral - 1, coccygeal - 1 NOTE: BREAKFAST AT 7, LUNCH AT 12, DINNER AT 5

****What are the 4 normal curvatures of the spine?

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral

What happens to the collagen in our bones as we age?

collagen content of osseous tissue decreases causing bones to become brittle and break more easily

Bones are organs composed of a ?

complex arrangement of several tissues. A typical bone has compact and spongy osseous tissues, connective tissues, cartilage, and adipose tissue. Bones contain blood vessels and nerves.

****What are the two types of isotonic contractions?

concentric and eccentric

What does a joint or articulation do?

connects a bone with another bone, cartilage, or tooth. Joints are commomly calssified according to their structure and function

****What is isometric contractions?

contraction in which the muscle is developing force but not shortening and no visible movement is seen. An example of this would be holding a book in the same position

****Six types of synovial joints hinge

convex bone surface articulates with a concave bone surface movement-flexion and extension

What are the 4 main sutures in the skull?

coronal - joins frontal and parietal sagittal - joins parietal bones lambdoid - joins both parietal bones with occipital squamous - join temporal and parietal bones

Overview of the skull

cranial bones form a bony cavity that protects the brain and houses organs of hearing and equilibrium. facial bones provide the shape of the face, house the teeth, and provide attachments for all the muscles of facial expressions

Because skeletal muscle tissue and connective tissues form a skeletal muscle, ______________

each skeletal muscle can be considered an organ

Three main events occur in contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber -

electrical excitation of a muscle fiber, excitation-contraction coupling, and muscle fiber contraction due to the sliding filament mechanism

****What is special joint movements at synovial joints?

elevation-upward movement raising body part vertically depression-downward movement lowering body part vertically protraction-move a body part forward or anterior on a horizontal plane retraction-move a body part backward or posterior supination-turn palm of the hand to face forward, or, if arm outstretched, turn palm downward pronation-turn palm of the hand to face backward, or, if arm is outstretched, turn palm downward inversion-turn the sole of the foot inward eversion-turn the sole of the foot outward dorsiflexion-point your toes upward;stand on your heels plantar flexion-point you toes downward;raise your heels

What are muscle fibers?

elongated cells in skeletal muscle tissue

****What is the attachment of myosin to actin to form crossbridges?

energized myosin heads bind to the unblocked myosin-binding site on actin and the inorganic phospate is release from the myosin head

A muscle is formed from a number of fasscicles that are surrounded by a dense regular connective tissue called ?

epimusium

The properties of osseous tissue are determined by its?

extracellular matrix, which contains 25% water, 25% collagen fibers and 50% mineral salts.

What are fascicles surrounded by?

fascicles are surrounded by a layer of dense regular connective tissue called perimysium

The lower leg consists of what bones?

femur, patells, fibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals and the phalanges

****Six types of synovial joints planar ( gliding)

flat or slightly curved plane movement- gliding motion back and forth and /or side to side

****What is angular movement at synovial joint?

flexion - decrease in the angle of a joint extension-increase in the angle of a joint hyperextension-excessive extension movement beyond normal anatomical position abduction-move appendage away from the midline adduction-move appendage toward midline circumduction-move a distal part of an appendage in a circle

Knee overview

has the distinction of being the most complex and highly stressed joint, as well as being the location of many joint injuries. The knee joint is classified as a hinge joint, but when flexed it aso demonstrates gliding and rotation movements

***Synovial joints overview

have a small synovial cavity (space) between the two bones that permits a greter amount of movement the fibrous or carilaginous joints. Dense fibrous connective tissue on the exterior of the joint holds the bones together. The majority of the joints in the human body are synovial joints. Example: shoulder, elbow, hip, and knee joints

***Fibrous joints overview

have dense fibrous connective tissue with strong collagen fibers that hold the joints firmly together with no synovial cavity. This type of joint permits little or no movement. Examples: skull joints, teeth in sockets, and the distal joint between the tibia and fibula.

***Cartilaginous joints overview

have either hyanline cartilage or fibrocartilage connecting the bones with no synovial cavity. Usually, there is a small degree of movement with this type of joint. Examples: intervertebral joints, the pubic symphosis, and joint between the mannubrium and the body of the sternum

****What is an isotonic contraction?

if a muscle is generating a constant force to move a load

***What are synarthroses joints?

immovable joints include the sutures between the skull bones and the teeth sockets

***What are amphiarthroses joints?

intervertebral joints, the tibiofibular joint, and the pubic symphysis are examples of slightly movable joints

The muscle contraction cycle continues as long as ?

intracellular calcium levels remain high

What is the sternum?

is a narrow flat bone that is composed of three fused bones: the mannubrium, the body, and the xiphoid process.

Overview of the axial skeleton

is composed of 80 bones located along a vertical line, the longitudinal axis of the body. Its bones support and protect the organs of the head, neck, and torso

****What is the hyoid bone?

is not attached to the axial skeleton. This bone is u shaped and has the distinction of not articulating with any other bones. It is secured in place by ligaments and muscles, including many muscles of the tongue and neck.

What is the xiphoid process?

is the inferior portion of the sternum that is shaped like a small sword

Microscopic structure of compact and spongy bone tissue What is compact (cortical) bone

it is composed of repeating units of osteons, with each unit having a central canal running longitudinally.

Microscopic structure of compact and spongy bone tissue What is the periosteum?

it is dense regular connective tissue. The blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves travel from the periosteum, dense regular connective tissue covering the bone surface to the central canal through PERFORATING (VOLKMANN) CANALS.

What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

it is endoplasmic reticulum that is specialized to store calcium ions.

****What is a tuberosity and what is its purpose?

large, roughened projection muscle attachment

The regular arrangement of thin and thick filaments in the sarcomeres gives the myofibrils and the skeletal muscle fibers ?

light and dark bands ( the striated appearance)

What is the lacunae?

little lakes that are found between concentric lamellae and the thin lines are canaliculi (small channels) that connect the lacunae.

****What is a line and what is its purpose?

long, narrow ridge (less prominent than a crest) muscle attachment

What are the 5 bone classifications?

long, short, flat, irregular and sesamoid

Overview of long bones

longer than they are wide, with a thick compact bone exterior

What are the 14 facial bones?

maxillae (2), zygomatic (2), lacrimal (2), nasal bones (2), inferior nasal concha (2), palatine (2), mandible (1), vomer (1)

***What are diarthroses joints?

most of the joints in the the body, about 90% are freely movable joints

Thick filaments are composed of what?

myosin molecules. A myosin molecule resembles two golf clubs twisted together

Bone Markings What is a fissure?

narrow slit or cleft in a bone opening for blood vessels and nerves

****What is gliding movement at synovial joint?

nearly flat bone surfaces slide or glide over each other

The upper limbs consist of ?

numerus, ulna, radius, carpals, metacarpals and phalanges

What does decreased mineral content of bone cause?

occurs with rickets, causes bones to be soft and to bend due to body weight

Where is the tibial tuberosity found?

on the tibia below the kneecap

Bone Markings What is a foramen?

opening or hole opening for blood vessels and nerves

****What is a foramen? What is its purpose?

opening or hole opening for blood vessels or nerves

Overview of the skull # 2

other major features of the skull include sutures, orbit of eye, bone markings, paranasal sinuses, nasal septum, hard palate, and fontanels in the fetal skull

****Six types of synovial joints condyloid

oval convex projection articulates with oval concave depression movement-flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, circumduction

What are the 8 cranial bones?

parietal (2), temporal (2), frontal (1), occipital (1), sphenoid (1), ethmoid (1)

What is the sarcolemma?

plasma membrane - in muscle fibers, can conduct an electrical signal called an action potential

Bone Markings Processes What is a spine?

pointed process purpose - articulation

****What is a epicondyle and what is its purpose?

projection above a condyle muscle attachment

****What is a crest and what is its purpose?

prominent ridge muscle attachment

****What is the bursa?

protective sac around tendons that reduces friction; there are 13 bursa in knee

Overview of the vertebral column

protects the spinal cord and provides attachment points for back and abdominal muscles. Consists of cervical (neck), thoracic (chest), lumbar (loin), sacrum (low back), and coccyx (tail bone) Infant has 33 vertabrae Adult has 26 due to fusion of sacral and coccyx.

****What is a head and what is its purpose?

rounded articular projection supported on the neck of a bone articulation

****Six types of synovial joints pivot

rounded or pointed projection articulates with ring formed by bone and ligament movement-rotation

****Six types of synovial joints saddle

saddle-shaped depression articulates with projection that fits into the saddle movement-same as condyloid joint, except more exaggerated

Abnormal vertebral curvatures

scoliosis - bends laterally kyphosis - exaggerated thoracic curve (hunchback) lordosis - exaggerate lumbar curve (swayback)

Bone Markings What is a fossa?

shallow depression muscle attachment or acticulation (joint)

****What is a fossa and what is its purpose?

shallow depression muscle attachment or articulation

Skeletal muscle tissue and connective tissue coverings overview

skeletal muscle fibers ( cells) are striated and multinucleated. The striations are light and dark stripes along the muscle cell. A skeletal muscle fiber is actually many embryonic cells that have fused together to form on large cell with multiple nuclei.

What is electrical excitation of a muscle fiber?

skeletal muscle fibers (cells) can be stimulated either by a motor neuron in the body or by a voltage stimulator in the lab. Either method results in a depolarization of the sarcolemma. If the depolarization reaches threshold, an action potential (electrical signal) is initiated.

Skeletal muscle fibers are grouped into bundles called ?

skeletal muscle fibers are grouped into bundles called fascicles.

Skeletal muscle overview

skeletal muscles are organs comprised of skeletal muscle tissue and connective tissue. These organs also contain nerves and blood vessels. The skeletal muscle fibers within skeletal muscles contract(shorten) and cause movement of our skeleton or skin

What does the axial skeleton include?

skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and thoracic cage and the ear bones

****What are the three types of skeletal muscle fibers?

slow oxidative (SO) fast oxidative-glycolytic (FOG) fast glycolytic (FG) these muscle fibers differ in diameter, myosin ATPase, and methods of ATP production

****What is a tubercle and what is its purpose?

small, rounded projection muscle attachment

****What is a condyle and what is its purpose?

smooth, rounded articular process articulation

Bone Markings Processes What is a condyle?

smooth, rounded articular process purpose - articulation

****What is glucolysis?

sugar split

What are tendons formed from?

tendons, connective tissues that attach the muscle to bone, are formed from endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium that extend beyond each skeletal muscle fiber.

What is excitation-contraction coupling?

the action potential is transmitted along the sarcolemma and down the T tubules. This action causes calcium ions to be released from the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Calcium ions couple electrical excitation to muscle fiber contraction by binding to troponin, which is attached to the actin filament and tropomyosin. Troponin changes shape and pulls tropomyosin away from the myosin-binding sites on the actin filament.

What is the main feature of each osteon?

the concentric rings, or CONCENTRIC LAMELLAE, which look similar to the ring of a tree trunk cut in cross-section.

****What is eccentric isotonic contraction?

the muscle is lengthening while it is contracting. This occurs when you slowly lower your arm to return the book to the table

****What is concentric isotonic contraction?

the muscle is shortening while it is contracting. Example: using the biceps brachii to lift a book off the table

****What is a power stroke?

the release of the inorganic phosphate starts the power stroke, which is the rotation of the myosin head that pulls the thin filament toward the center of the sarcomere. During the power stroke, ADP is released from the myosin head, but the myosin head remains attached.

What is the mannubium?

the superior portion of the sternum, has a concave superior surface called the suprasternal notch or jugular notch.

What are perforatind (Volkmann) canals?

these canals run horiozontally in compact bone and connect with the central canal.

Muscle cells contain _____ and _____ or ______ that contain different contractile proteins.

thick and thin filaments or myofilaments. Movement of the myofilaments causes muscle shortening or contraction

Thumb goes with ? Pinkie goes with ?

thumb-radius pinkie-ulna

Bone Markings What is the alveoli?

tooth sockets *

Bone Markings What is a meatus?

tube-like passageway or opening passageway or canal for blood vessels and nerves

****What is rotation movement at synovial joint?

turn on a pivot with a circle

****What is a trochanter and what is its purpose?

very large projection muscle attachment