Anatomy Lab Reviewer

Type of joints that is consists of the humeral condyle, the radius head and trochlear notch of the elbow

Elbow joint

Example of compound joint

Elbow joint and carpal joint

is similar to a spheroidal joint. It is characterized by an elongation of one surface at a right angle to the other, forming an ellipse. The reciprocal convex and concave elongated surfaces of the antebrachiocarpal articulation form an ellipsoidal joint. It is a biaxial joint. Can perform flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and small rotation (atlanto-occipital joint).

Ellipsoidal joint

WHICH OF THE VERTEBRAE HAS A LONG SPINOUS PROCESS

Thoracic Vertebrae

_________ is also known as the shin or leg bone

Tibia

Bones of Leg or Crus

Tibia and Fibula

One of the surface of ilium is called

External or gluteal surface

_______________are responsible for joining the forelimb to the trunk

Extrinsic limb muscles

Bones of Thigh

Femur and Patella

The distal row of the tarsal bones consist of the following bones

First tarsal bone, second tarsal bone, third tarsal bone, fourth tarsal bone

It is a large hole located at the base of the skull through which the spinal cord passes

Foramen magnum

It forms the front aspect of the cranium or 'forehead'.

Frontal bone

Elevates and adducts the forelimb; Cervical: Draws the limb cranially Thoracic: Draws the limb caudally

Trapezius

Example of a mesaticephalic breed of dog

German shepherds

It is where the humeral head articulates with Scapula

Glenoid cavity

The 3 angles of the Scapula:

Glenoid or Ventral angle, Caudal angle, Cranial angle

Insertion of Infraspinatus fossa

Greater tubercle of humerus

Insertion of Supraspinatus

Greater tubercle of humerus

It is a broad, thin, triangular muscle lying under the skin and the cervical cutaneous muscle in the neck, and crosses the interscapular region of the shoulder. an irregular, four-sided figure

Trapezius

The first digit of the hindpaw is called

Hallux

The first digit; usually absent in the dog. When it is fully developed, as it is in some breeds, it contains only 2 phalanges.

Hallux

What type of joint is Elbow joint

Hinge joint

Permits flexion and extension with a limited degree of rotation. The most movable surface of it is usually concave. Joints move only in their sagittal plane; uniaxial allowing movements at right angles

Hinge joint (ex. elbow joint)

KEY JOINTS OF THE HINDLEG

Hip joint, Knee joint, Tarsal Joint

Bones of Arm or Brachium

Humerus

Located in the Arm of Brachium

Humerus

Flexors of the neck

Hypaxial muscles, sternocephalicus, sternohyoideus, sternothyroideus, scalenus

The formula for the permanent dentition of the dog

I 3 / 3 C 1/1 PM 4 / 4 M 2 / 3*2 = 10/11 42

Extensors of the neck and back under Iliocostalis system

Iliocostalis thoracis and Iliocostalis lumborum

Origin of teres minor

Infraglenoid tubercle Caudal border of the scapula

Action: Stabilizes, Flexes and Extends the shoulder

Infraspinatus

o A fusiform muscle lying deep to the aponeurosis of the deltoid muscle and filling the infraspinous fossa. o There is a bursa underneath its tendon of insertion and the greater tubercle of the humerus

Infraspinatus

Origin of Infraspinatus

Infraspinous fossa of the scapula

JOINT CAPSULE is composed of the following

Inner synovial membrane and fibrous capsule

IT IS A SMOOTH ,VERTICAL, HALF-MOON SHAPED/C-SHAPED CONCAVITY THAT ARTICULATES WITH THE TROCHLEA OF THE HUMERUS

Trochlear Notch

is one in which the chief movement is around a longitudinal axis through the bones forming the joint. The median atlantoaxial joint and the proximal radioulnar joint are examples of it: a uniaxial atlanto-axial joint

Trochoid or pivot joint

formed when two bones are brought together and held in place by supporting tissue

Joint

are designed to provide stability to the body during weight bearing and motion

Joints

may have very little movement such as joints between the bones in the skull or they may have ranges of movements such as the shoulder and hip joints.

Joints

________-- also support many internal organs, including the uterus, the bladder, the liver, and the diaphragm

Ligaments

Extensors of the neck and back under Longissimus system

Longissimus lumborum, Intertransversarius

These muscles of mastication closes the mouth

Masseter, Pterygoideus and Temporalis

A special kind of sagittal plane that runs down the center of the body lengthwise and divides it into equal left and right halves. It could also be called a midsagittal plane, but that term, is not commonly used

Median Plane

Action: Stiffens the lower lip in the apical region

Mentalis

It is an incomplete division of the ventral portion of buccinators; it arises from the alveolar border and body of the

Mentalis

Subdivision of the ventral part of the buccinators; mandible near the corner teeth.

Mentalis

______________ is the term used to describe skulls that are not long, nor short or big, just right.

Mesocephalic

Group of teeth that is used to breakdown hard food

Molars

This muscles of mastication elevates the tongue and presses it against the hard palate

Mylohyoideus

Action: Flexes the neck laterally; Advances the limb

Omotransversarius

o Strap like and extends from the shoulder region to the cervical vertebrae. o Related to the deep cervical fascia, medially. o It is in a deeper plane than the brachiocephalicus; covered cranially by the cervical part. o Associated with superficial cervical lymph nodes

Omotransversarius

The aspect of the forepaw (palm of the hand on which the pads are located. The corresponding surface of the metacarpus and carpus

Palmar

Muscle of the eyelids

Pars palpebralis

The largest sesamoid bone in the body

Patella or Kneecap

is one in which the articular surfaces are essentially flat. It permits a slight gliding movement. An example is the costotransverse joint - cranial and caudal articulations between vertebrae

Plane joint

The aspect of the hind paw (sole of the foot) on which the parts are located. The corresponding surface of the metatarsus and tarsus.

Plantar

The three phalanges for each of the four main digits of the Pes

Proximal, Middle, Distal

Hypaxial muscles

Quadratus lumborum, psoas minor, iliopsoas, longus colli and capitis

Largest carpal bone

Radio Carpal Bone

Bones of Antebrachium or Forearm

Radius and Ulna

is characterized by opposed surfaces, each of which is convex in one direction and concave in the other, usually at right angles. When opposing joint surfaces are concavo-convex, the main movements are also in planes that meet at right angles. The tarsocrural or interphalangeal joints are examples of this type of articulation

Saddle joint

A plane that runs the length of the body and divides it into left and right parts that are not necessarily equal halves.

Sagittal plane

A flat triangular bone, possesses two surfaces, three borders and three angles of the thoracic limb

Scapula

Bones of Thoracic girdle

Scapula Clavicle

2 parts of Deltoideus

Scapular part (proximal) - covers the infraspinatus muscle. Acromial part (distal) - fusiform in shape.

Origin of Deltoideus

Scapular part: Spine of Scapula Acromial part: Acromion process

Extensors of the neck and back under Transversospinalis system

Semispinalis, Multifudus, Long rotator, Short rotator, Spinalis, Interspinalis

Suture is a type of fibrous joint that is divided into

Serrated, Plane, Foliate, Squamous

Range of motion of shoulder joint

Shoulder flexion

Example of Simple joint

Shoulder joint

Joints of the thoracic limb

Shoulder joint and elbow joint

Key Joints of a Dog's Leg

Shoulder joint, Elbow joint, Carpal Joint Hip joint, Stifle joint, Tarsal Joint

Formed by two bones; is formed by 2 articular surfaces within an articular capsule

Simple joint

Insertion of Trapezius

Spine of Scapula

__________________is the smallest bone of the body

Stapes/stirrup

Innervation of Infraspinatus

Suprascapular nerve

Innervation of Supraspinatus

Suprascapular nerve

Action: Stabilizes and extends the shoulder

Supraspinatus

o Wider and larger than the infraspinatus, it is largely covered by the cervical part of the trapezius and the omotransversarius. o It lies on the supraspinous fossa and extends over the cranial border of the scapula so that a part of the muscle is closely united with the subscapularis

Supraspinatus

Origin of supraspinatus

Supraspinous fossa of the scapula

It is a small hole located above the trochlea of the humerus of the dog

Supratrochlear foramen

Types of Fibrous Joint

Suture, Syndesmosis, Gomphosis

When the fibrous or cartilaginous tissues separating adjacent bones in syndesmoses, synchondroses and symphyses was replaced by bone as a result of either aging or degenerative process is known as....

Synostosis

an extension of the joint capsule

Synovial sheath of the biceps brachii

A type of joint where scapula is held in place by a number of muscles and ligaments

Synsarcosis

The tarsal bones are arranged from proximal to distal into 3 irregular rows

Talus and calcaneus, navicular bone, Tarsal bones 1 to 4

Action: Flexes the shoulder and rotate arms laterally

Teres Minor

Insertion of Teres Minor

Teres Minor tuberosity of the humerus

o A small wedge-shaped muscle ventral to the tendon of insertion of the infraspinatus muscle. o It crosses the lateral surface of the shoulder. • o It is covered superficially by the deltoideus, caudally by the triceps and cranially by the infraspinatus

Teres minor

The ischium consists of the following:

Tuberosity, Body, Table, Ramus

IT IS LOCATED IN THE CAUDAL PART OF THE FOREARM AND IT EXCEEDS THE RADIUS IN LENGTH,IRREGULAR IN SHAPE AND TAPERS FROM ITS PROXIMAL TO ITS DISTAL END

Ulna

__________ is the larger of the two bones of the forearm

Ulna

The only unpaired bone of the facial part

Vomer

Origin of Omotransversarius

Wing of atlas

Action: It fixes the angle of the mouth and draws it back or fixes and draws the scutulum forward

Zygomaticus

The smiling muscle; it is a derivative of the pars intermedia; it usually intimately fused with the intermediate part at the scutulum, it extends from the rostral angle of the scutulum to the edge of the mouth, sinking into obicularis oris

Zygomaticus

Joint movements that are brought about by the contraction of muscles that cross the joints are known as __________-

active movements.

Bones of Forepaw or Manus

carpal bones, metacarpal bones, phalanges

The first digit of the hindpaw

dewclaw

The ___________ is the largest bone in the body

femur or thigh bone,

Tarsal bones is also known as __________--

hocks

Bones of Pelvic Girdle

ilium, ischium, pubis

Glenohumeral ligaments are thickenings of the joint capsule, ___________

not true ligaments

Joints are designed to _________________ to the body during weight bearing and motion

provide stability

The ____________ joints are the only synovial joints in the dog that possess menisci, or discs.

stifle and temporomandibular

The _____________ serves chiefly to lubricate the contact surfaces of synovial joints.

synovial fluid (synovia)

The _________________ is a vascular connective tissue that lines the inner surface of the capsule and is responsible for the production of synovial fluid.

synovial membrane (membrana synovialis)

Bones of Hindpaw or Pes

tarsal bones, metatarsal bones, phalanges

The first movable joint in the axial skeleton is __________________between the mandible (jaw bone ) and the temporal bone of the skull

temporomandibular joint

connective tissue bands that connect muscle to bone

tendons

There are _______ types of functional classification

three

Epaxial muscles

transversospinalis, longissimus, iliocostalis, splenius

Xiphoid cartilage is a thin plate where the caudal end of the ______________ is continued

xiphoid process

Supporting structures of Shoulder joint

- Bicep tendons held against the humerus by the transverse humeral ligament

Identify the 5 section of the vertebral column

- Cervical - C7 - Neck - Thoracic - T13 - Back - Lumbar - L7 - Loin - Sacral - S3 - Croup - Caudal - Cd 20-23 - Tail

2 heads of trapezius

- Cervical part - Thoracic part

Ligaments of Elbow joint

- Medial and lateral collateral ligaments - Annular ligament

The bony pelvis (hip bone) consists of three distinct bones

- ilium, ischium, and pubis.

The tarsal bones are arranged from proximal to distal into ____________

3 irregular rows

A dog skull has_________ cranium and facial parts

30 (35)

The deciduous teeth are erupted between ___________

4 and 10 (8) weeks

The eruption period of canine Fourth Premolar is ______ months

4-5 months

There are _______ bones in each thoracic limb of a dog

45

Each pelvic limb of a dog has ____ bones

48

Synovial joint in dogs have ______ basic types of shape or form of the articular surfaces

7

There are _______ carpal bones on each paw

7

_____________is formed by a convex hemispherical head that fits into a shallow glenoid cavity (shoulder joint) or into a deep cotyloid cavity (hip joint).

A ball-and-socket joint (articulatio spheroidea)

Innervation of Omotransversarius

Accessory Nerve

Innervation of Trapezius

Accessory nerve

Innervation of Brachiocephalicus

Accessory nerve and Ventral branches of cervical nerves

Appendicular skeleton includes the following region

Antebrachium, Hindpaw, Thoracic girdle, Forepaw

___________- outer circumferential collagenous fibers

Anulus fibrosus -

Glenoid cavity is included under

Articular depression

__________-is also called C1 or the 1st cervical vertebra.

Atlas

Innervation of Deltoideus

Axillary nerve

Innervation of teres minor

Axillary nerve

Humeral or Glenohumeral or Shoulder joint or Scapulo humeral joint classification of synovial joint according to the number of articulating surface is _________-

Ball and socket Joint

What type of joint is Shoulder joint

Ball and socket joint

is formed by a convex hemispherical head that fits into a shallow glenoid cavity or into a deep cotyloid cavity

Ball and socket joint

What are the 3 parts of the metacarpal bones

Base, Body, Head

It is an unpaired bone of the hyoid apparatus that unites the elements of the two sides in the root of the tongue.

Basihyoid

Action: Extends the shoulder and draws the neck and head to the side (Fixed): Advances the limb (free)

Brachiocephalicus

The wide muscle extending from the head and neck to the arm

Brachiocephalicus

Fibular tarsal bone is also known as ____________---

Calcaneus

Origin of Trapezius

Cervical: median fibrous raphe of neck Thoracic: Supraspinous ligament and Spines of Vertebrae T3=8 or 9

Origin of Brachiocephalicus

Clavicular intersection

a faint line at the shoulder, crossing the muscle on the deep surface of which the collar bone is connected.

Clavicular intersection

Clavicular intersection divides Brachiocephalicus into 2

Cleidocephalicus Cleidobrachialis

Insertion of Brachiocephalicus

Cleidocephalicus: Dorsum of neck Cleidobrachialis: Humerus Cleidomastioideus: mastoid process

formed by more than 2 bones; when more than 2 articular surfaces are enclosed within the same capsule, the joint is compound

Compound joint

Resembles a hinge joint in its movement but differs in structure. The surfaces of such a joint include rounded prominences or condyles, that fit into reciprocal depressions or condyles on the adjacent bone, resulting in 2 articular surfaces usually included in one articular capsule. Examples of these joints include the temporomandibular joint and the stifle joint. The stifle joint is best classified as a complex condylar joint, because it possesses an intraarticular fibrocartilage that partially subdivides the intraarticular cavity.

Condylar joint

The tuber coxae is composed of

Cranial Ventral Iliac Spine

___________ is the caudal part of the skull that provides the bony 'case' in which the brain sits.

Cranium

Insertion of Deltoideus

Deltoid tuberosity

Action: Flexes the shoulder

Deltoideus

It is composed of two portions that fuse and act in common across the shoulder.

Deltoideus

Synovial joints is formerly known as

Diarthrosis

True Joint

Diarthrosis

This muscles of mastication open the mouth

Digastricus

Reason why ribs 1-9 are called true ribs

Directly attached to sternum

Insertion of Omotransversarius

Distal end of the scapular spine

The numbering used in the right upper/maxillary of the canine dental chart for permanent teeth

101-110

Floating rib is another term for the

13th rib

The carpal bone is divided into _____ rows

2

The first digit, or pollex, a dewclaw has _______ phalanges

2