anatomy lecture exam 1

1) Change in position of the body or of a body part; motion of an internal organ. 2) Reaction to a change inside or outside the body 3) Increase in body size without a change in shape 4) Production of new organisms and new cells 5) Taking in oxygen and giving off carbon dioxide 6) Breakdown of food substances into simpler forms that can be absorbed and used 7) Movement of chemicals and cells through the body fluids 8) Removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions

1) Movement 2) Responsiveness 3) Growth 4) Reproduction 5) Respiration 6) Digestion 7) Circulation 8) Excretion

Complete the sentences describing the characteristics of life.

1. In order for an organism to live, it must gain energy through the processes of _digestion_ (process of breaking down) and _respiration_ (process of releasing chemical energy). 2. The energy can be used to fuel the processes of _growth_ (increase in body size) or _movement_ (change in position). 3. All the chemical reactions that occur inside a cell are called _metabolis_ . These chemical reactions obtain, release, and use _energy_.

1. Parietal pleura 2.Visceral pleura 3.Parietal pericardium 4.Visceral pericardium 5.Parietal peritoneum 6.Visceral peritoneum

1. Lines the thoracic cavity 2.Covers the lungs 3.Lines the pericardial cavity 4.Covers the heart 5.Lines the abdominal cavity 6.Covers the abdominal organs

Complete the sentences describing the scientific method.

1. Much of the knowledge of the human body is based on the _scientific method_ 2. In this process, the hypothesis is first _tested_ 3. Then the hypothesis is _rejected or accepted_ based on _results of an experiment_

This figure illustrates the steps for negative feedback control using a thermostat as an example. Place the labels in the correct locations.

1. Room temperature falls to 19°C 2. thermostat turn on the furnace 3. furnace 4. releases heat into the room 5. room temp to 20 6.thermostate shuts furnace 7. room cools down

Using the directional terms provided, complete the following sentences.

1. Structures on the opposite side of the body are _contralateral_ to each other. 2. Any structures that are located on both sides of the body are _bilateral_ to each other. 3. Structures on the same side of the body are considered _ipsilateral_ to each other. 4. The left leg is _contralateral_ to the right leg. 5. The pleura cavities are _bilateral._ 6. The right arm is _ipsilateral_ to the right leg. 7. The kidneys are _bilateral_

Complete the following sentences that describe the planes of sectioning.

1. The ___coronal___ plane (or frontal plane) passes parallel to the long axis of the body, dividing it into ___anterior and posterior___ portions. 2. The ___sagittal___ plane passes parallel to the long axis of the body, dividing it into __right and left___ portions. 3. The ___midsagittal___ plane passes through the midline of the body, dividing it into equal ___right and left___ portions. 4. The _transverse__ plane passes perpendicular to the long axis of the body, dividing it into __superior and inferior___ portions. 5. The __oblique__ plane is a slanted plane that passes through the body.

Complete each sentence with the appropriate body region. Then place the completed sentences in order from proximal to distal.

1. The _gluteal region of the foot_ is located on the superior aspect of the foot 2. The _femoral region_ is posterior to the hip region. 3. The _popliteal fossa_ is located on the posterior surface of the knee. 4. The _dorsum of the foot_ is located on the superior aspect of the foot.

Complete the following sentences regarding body regions using the correct directional term.

1. The antebrachial region is _distal_ to the brachial region. 2. The umbilical region is _inferior_ to the pectoral region. 3. The patellar region is _anterior_ to the popliteal region. 4. The nasal region is _medial_ to the buccal region.

Complete the following sentences describing the location of body regions using the correct directional term. anterior inferior lateral medial posterior proximal superior

1. The antecubital region is _anterior_ to the cubital region. 2. The umbilical region is _inferior_ to the pectoral region. 3. The patellar region is _anterior_ to the popliteal region. 4. The nasal region is _medial_ to the buccal region.

Complete the sentences to describe the relationship of body cavities.

1. The human body is divided into the _axia_l portion which includes the head, neck, and torso, and the _appendicular_ portion which includes the limbs. 2. The axial portion contains two major cavities: the _dorsal_ cavity which is completely encased in bone, and the _ventral_ cavity which is closer to the front of the body. 3. The ventral cavity is further divided into the _thoracic_ cavity which contains the heart and lungs, and the _abdominopelvic_ cavity which contains the stomach, bladder, and intestines. 4. The _diaphragm_ separates these two cavities.

Using the labeled picture provided, complete the following sentences regarding the location of structures in the human body.

1. The image shown is a _sagittal_ section through the human body. 2. The structure labeled D is in the _abdominal_ cavity and is _anterior_ to the structure identified by label C. 3. Letter C is pointing to the vertebral column, which is part of the _skeletal_ system and is _inferior_ to the structure labeled A.

Use the words to fill-in the sentences describing anatomical position.

1. The reference position for anatomical description is known as _anatomical position_ 2. An individual would be _standing upright_ with the arms _at the sides_ 3. The palms should be facing _forward_ with the fingers pointing _down_ 4. The feet should be _parallel to each other_ and flat on the floor. 5. The eyes should be directed _forward_

This example shows the regulation of room temperature using a thermostat. Place the following sentences in order to correctly illustrate a homeostatic negative feedback loop.

1. The room temperature rises to 73°. 2. Thermostat in the room detects the change. 3. The heater is turned off and the air conditioner is turned on. 4. The room temperature drops to 71°

Fill-in the sentences with the appropriate directional term.

1. _Anterior_is towards the front of the body. 2. _Distal_ is farther from the trunk or origin of a structure. 3. _Medial_ is towards the midline of the body. 4. _Superior_ is upward or towards the head.

Read the report and answer all questions. Dr. Day has completed surgery and requests that you document the location of the incision. Using the following image, answer the questions describing the location of the red incision. 1. The incision is located on the __________ surface on the __________ side of the body. 2. The incision is located in the __________ region of the body. 3. The incision is approximately 4 inches __________ to the antecubital region.

1. anterior. right 2. brachial 3. proximal

Dr. Day has completed surgery and requests that you document the location of the incision. Using the following image, answer the questions about the location of the red incision. %media:2distalpatellar.jpg% 1. The incision is located on the __________ surface on the __________ side of the body. 2. The incision is located in the __________ region of the body. 3. The incision is approximately 3 inches __________ to the patellar region.

1. anterior; right 2. crural 3. distal

Using the labeled picture provided, complete the following sentences regarding the location of structures in the human body.

1. he image shown is a _sagittal_ section through the human body. 2. Label A is pointing to an organ that is part of the _nervous_ system. 3. Label A is pointing to an organ that is _superior_ to the structure labeled B. 4. The most superficial structure labeled in the picture is labeled _B_, and is part of the _integumentary_ system.

Using the directional terms provided, complete the following sentences.

1.The mouth is inferior to nose 2.The breastbone is medial to the ribs. 3.The toes are distal to the ankle. 4.The elbow is proximal to the wrist. 5.The heart is anterior to the vertebral column (spine). 6.The heart is superior to the diaphragm. 7.The skin is superficial to all other body structures.

Select the variables that you would predict to be regulated by the body using a homeostatic mechanism. Check all that apply

Amount of energy you have Amount of oxygen in the body Amount of pressure to move gases Amount of chocolate you eat Amount of pressure which moves fluids in the body Amount of sunlight you get Amount of alcohol you drink Amount of heat in the body Amount of coffee you drink Amount of water in the body

What is the branch of science that deals with morphology of body parts?

Anatomy

Anatomy is the study of _______ while physiology is the study of _____

Anatomy comes from the Greek word meaning cutting up Physiology comes from the Greek word meaning "relationship to nature". It is difficult to separate the topics of anatomy and physiology because the anatomy of structures makes possible their functions.

What portion of the human organism consists of the head, neck, and trunk?

Axial portion

What organ system would include the thyroid gland and pancreas?

Endocrine system

How do you access the "My Course Content" established by your instructor so you know what structures to study in APR ?

Enter the custom code (alphanumeric) provided to you by your instructor

What languages gave origin to the majority of anatomical terms?

Latin and Greek

What body cavity would contain the heart, esophagus, and trachea?

Mediastinum

What organ system is responsible for coordination and integration of bodily functions as well as detecting changes inside and outside the body?

Nervous system

What is an example of metabolism?

Respiration

Which is a physiological description rather than an anatomical one?

The muscles of the intestinal wall contract slowly and involuntarily. Correct

Complete the sentences describing the characteristics of life.

The sum of all the chemical reactions in the body is called _metabolis_. It can be described as a nutrient cycling. The human body gains energy by ingesting food, via the mouth. Food is then broken down to basic chemicals through the process of _digestion_ and is absorbed into the blood in the small intestine. The chemicals from the food are transported through the blood to the cells of the body in a transport process called _circulation_.. The cells will use these chemicals, along with oxygen, to gain energy in a process known as _respiration_ The energy can be used to grow, build, and/or move. Not all substances taken into the body are used. The body can get rid of unabsorbed materials and waste produced by metabolic reactions in a process called _excretion_

What was a reason why our ancestors began studying the human body?

To understand what caused illness

When did early interest in the human body probably develop?

When people became concerned about injuries and illness

Place the following terms, related to the lining of the abdominopelvic cavity, in order from superficial to deep.

abdominal wall parietal peritoneum paritoeal cavity visceral peritoneum stomach

Place the regional terms for the upper extremity in order from proximal to distal.

acromial brachial antebrachial carpal digital

Which of the following study areas are available in APR for most of the body systems?

all of these are true

Complete the following sentences describing the relationship between anatomy and physiology. 1)The study of the structure of body parts is called______and the study of the function of those body parts is called________ 2)The subjects of anatomy and physiology________closely related to each other. Examples of this relationship in clude the following: 3)A human hand is____which makes it easy to____objects. 4)The chambers of the heart are______allowing them to______blood 5)The bones of the body are_____which allows them to_______body weight.

anatomy, physiology are joined, grasp hollow, pump rigid, support

Molecules consist of microscopic particles called __________.

atoms

Using your knowledge about levels of organization, place the following terms in order of level from the smallest to the largest.

carbon amino acid protine microfilament cardiac muscle cell cardiac muscle tissue heart cardiacvascular system human body

The ________ system contains the heart and blood vessels.

cardiovascular

What is the basic unit of function and structure in the human body?

cells

Place the following terms for body regions in order from superior to inferior.

cephalic cervical pectoral gluteal femoral

Sometimes, a cylindrical organ such as a long bone is sectioned. In this case, a cut across the structure is called a(n) __________; an angular cut is a(n) __________; and a lengthwise cut is a(n) __________.

cross section; oblique section; longitudinal section

The _______ system contains the liver and intestines

digestive

The ______system contains the ovaries and thyroid gland.

endocrine

What ovarian hormone is involved in a positive feedback loop with the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary?

estrogen

In the dissection study area there is only one possible method that can be used to view structures: you must click the structure name from the structure list to make it highlighted in the dissection module.

false

Once you enter the dissection or histology study areas for a certain body system, you need to first select a specific view, such as anterior or posterior, and then select a topic to study, for example muscles of the abdomen.

false

The user needs to drag the slider bar in an upwards direction in order to completely melt away a body layer when in the dissection study area.

false

When you enter the quiz study area in APR, the default setting for the quiz is "all content".

false

The ________ system contains the ovaries and uterus.

female reproductive

The term __________ refers to all chemical reactions occurring in the body.

metabolism

What is the term for the combination of chemical reactions in cells that use or release energy?

metabolism

Match the description with the appropriate characteristic of life. 1. Change in position of the body 2. Reaction to a change inside the body 3. Obtain oxygen and remove carbon dioxide 4. Movement of substances in the body fluids

movement responsiveness respiration circulation

The ________ system contains skeletal muscles and tendons

muscular

A drop in body temperature triggers an internal reaction that ultimately leads to an increase in body temperature. This is called a __________ feedback loop.

negative

During a race, the body temperature of a runner increases. The runner responds by perspiring (sweating), which lowers body temperature. This process is an example of a __________.

negative feedback mechanism

The____ system contains the brain and spinal cord.

nervous

Label the membranes of the abdominopelvic cavity in the transverse section provided.

parietal peritoneum peritoneal cavity visceral peritoneum visceral pertoneum liver

The serous membrane that lines the wall of the abdominal cavity is called the __________. The membrane that covers the surface of the abdominopelvic organs is called the __________.

parietal peritoneum; visceral peritoneum

What is the name of the positively charged subatomic particle?

proton

The knee is __________ to the ankle.

proximal

The ______ system contains the bladder and kidneys.

urinary

Within the body, __________ is an excellent solvent; it provides transportation for materials throughout the body.

water

1)The most abundant chemical in the body; transports heat and helps regulate body temperature 2) Substances that provide the body with necessary chemicals, used for energy or building 3)A gas molecule that is used to release energy from food 4)A form of energy released during metabolism 5)An application of force that helps move things in the body

water food oxygen heat presure

Place each description in the appropriate box, matching it with the correct requirement for life.

water: medium for processes. important in regulation of boby temperature food: used as an energy source pressure: help with breathing. helps circulate blood heat:a product if metablolic reaction

The body responds or compensates for changes in order to help maintain a stable internal environment. Inability to do so could be fatal. Select the correct word to complete the sentences describing homeostasis. 1) When maintaining a stable internal environment, if blood pressure increased from 120 mmHg to 130 mmHg, the homeostatic response would be to_______blood pressure. 2)If the heart rate decreased from 75 beats per minute to 40 beats per minute, the homeostatic response would be to ________ the heart rate. 3) If oxygen levels in the blood decreased from 95 mmHg to 75 mmHg, the homeostatic response would be to ________breathing. 4)If body temperature increased from 98.6°F to 105°F, the homeostatic response would try to ________ temperature. 5)In each of these cases, when a stimulus caused a change in one direction, the homeostatic response caused a change in the _____direction to help maintain a stable internal environment. This homeostatic regulation is called ____ feedback.

1) decrease 2)increase 3)increase 4)decrease 5)opposite, negative

Place the following words with the appropriate larger body cavity they are associated with.

1. DORSAL CAVITY cranial cavity vertebral cavity spinal cord meninges 2. Ventral Cavity abdominal cavity diaphragm mediastinum lungs

How is the course content in APR within each study area organized at the highest level? For example, when you open the dissection study area what will you first filter by?

By body system

What was the MOST effective way to understand and begin treating sickness?

By observation of the natural processes in the human body

What organ system would include the heart and blood vessels?

Cardiovascular system

In the histology study area, how can you obtain information about the image type, original magnification, tissue source, and the stain or procedure used to obtain the displayed histological image?

Click the "i " icon (information icon) in the bottom right hand corner of the APR window

If the brain receives signals indicating a drop in body temperature, which of the following may be the next step to bring the temperature back up?

Constrict arteries to the body's periphery

Complete the sentences describing the importance of homeostasis.

The internal environment is inside the body and the external environment is outside the body.Our cells keep the internal environment relatively constant despite the changing external environment.The body's maintenance of a stable internal environment is called homeostasis.Homeostasis requires most of our metabolic energy

What is the definition of homeostasis?

The maintenance of a stable internal environment

Regarding thermoregulation, the __________ serves as a thermostat, receiving nerve signals about body temperature and sending nerve signals to the structures that can respond.

hypothalamus

Which study area would you choose if you wished to see an X-ray of the thorax?

imaging

If a boy was standing on his head, his mouth would be __________ to his nose.

inferior

The ________ system contains the skin and hair

integumentary

Homeostasis is the process by which the body maintains its __________ conditions in response to changes in __________ conditions.

internal; external

There are several different test types in the quiz study area. Which setting requires a student to correctly type the name of the highlighted structure?

lab practice

The ____ system contains the spleen and thymus gland.

lymphatic

The ______system contains the testes and prostate gland.

male reproductive

The _________system contains the lungs and trachea.

respiratory

Label the areas of the abdomen.

right upper left upper right lower, left lower

The _______ system contains bones and cartilage.

skeletal

Changes in temperature of the skin or internal organs are detected by _________.

thermoreceptors

The diaphragm separates the __________ cavity from the __________ cavity.

thoracic; abdominal

A negative feedback loop is a process in which the body senses a change and activates mechanisms to reverse that change.

true

A positive feedback loop causes a self-amplifying cycle in which a physiological change leads to even greater change in the same direction.

true

The body layers that can be dissected in the dissection study area are arranged from superficial to deep.

true

fter you have completed a quiz, or when you click the "End Test Now" button you will be shown a screen that lists the structures you incorrectly and correctly identified.True or False: If you click on the name of a structure you identified incorrectly or correctly you will be taken to the module in APR where you can review this structure.

true