Anatomy muscle test
b
"How much wood would a woodchuck chuck if a woodchuck could chuck wood" is difficult to say. What muscles work together to allow this to be spoken? a. masseter, buccinators, temporalis, platysma b. palatoglossus, styloglossus, genioglossus, hyoglossus c. risorius, zygomaticus minor, zygomaticus major d. mentalis, orbicularis oris, levator labii superioris e. sternohyoid, omohyoid, sternothyroid
terminal cisterns
- dilated end-sacs of SR which cross the muscle fiber from one side to the other -Acts as a calcium reservoir; it releases calcium through channels to activate contraction
muscle contraction signaling
-Action potential (AP) propagation down the nerve axon to the synaptic bulb -There is depolarization of the nerve membrane which opens VGCa2+Cs -Influx of Ca2+ causes exocytosis of ACh into the synaptic cleft -ACh binds ACh receptors on LGNa+Cs in the T Tubules -Influx of Na+ causes depolarization (AP) in the sarcolemma -Depolarization results in the opening of Ca2+ channels of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) -Ca2+ is in the sarcoplasm and able to migrate to and bind to troponin on the sarcomere -Cross-bridge cycling occurs -When hormone signaling ceases (ACh is broken down by the enzyme ACh Esterase), Ca2+ is sequestered back into the SR via the Ca2+-ATPase Pump
Myasthenia Gravis
-Autoimmune disease in which antibodies attack neuromuscular junctions and bind ACh receptors together in clusters -Drooping eyelids and double vision, difficulty swallowing, and weakness of the limbs
b
A 1 year old child presents with crossed eyes. While she seems fine and is able to recognize people, the patient is diagnosed with a. nystagmus. b. strabismus. c. presbyopia. d. myopia. e. hypermetropia.
E
A brief contraction of all muscle fibers in a motor unit in response to a single action potential moving down the somatic motor neuron is known as A.unfused tetanus. B.fused tetanus. C.wave summation. D.refractory period. E.twitch contraction.
fasicle
A bundle of muscle fibers surrounded by perimysium is called a/an
sphincter
A circular muscle that closes a body opening is called a/an
Bipennate
A muscle somewhat like a feather, with fibers obliquely approaching its tendon from both sides, is called a/an muscle
synergist
A muscle that works with another to produce the same or similar movement is called a/an
Tropomyosin
A protein of muscle that forms a complex with troponin regulating the interaction of actin and myosin in muscular contraction
Titin
A series elastic component protein responsible for allowing the sarcomere to stretch and recoil
muscle tone
A state of continual partial muscle contraction is called
b
A woman complains of problems going up steps. Tests reveal hip extension weakness but no issues with hip flexion or knee flexion or extension. What muscle is most likely damaged? a. Adductor magnus b. Gluteus maximus c. Gluteus medius d. Semitendinosus e. Sartorius
e
ACh receptors are found mainly in A.synaptic vesicles. B.terminal cisterns. C.thick filaments. D.thin filaments. E.junctional folds.
b
Acting unilaterally, which muscle in this figure can rotate the vertebral column? a. D b. G c. H d. I e. E
Limb Girdle
Affects shoulder, arm, and pelvic muscles
d
After prolonged strenuous exercise has stopped, heavy breathing will often continue for several minutes in order to provide the oxygen needed to a. convert the lactic acid produced during exercise back into glycogen. b. resynthesize creatine phosphate. c. replace oxygen displaced from muscle myoglobin. d. all of these choices are correct
D
After the fusion of myoblasts, the muscle fiber loses its ability to A.grow B.lengthen C.contract D. Go through mitosis
D
All of the muscle fibers within the muscle are fully contracted in
regular
Are tendons dense regular or irregular?
actin
Are the moving portion in the sliding filament theory (contraction)
A
At the neuromuscular junction, _______ must enter the synaptic end bulb to stimulate the release of ____________, which binds to ligand gates so ________ can enter the muscle fiber. A.calcium ions; ACh, sodium ions B.sodium ions, calcium ions, ACh C.ACh, calcium ions, sodium ions D.sodium ions, ACh, calcium ions E.calcium ions, sodium ions, ACh
c
Based on its name, which of the following best describes characteristics of the biceps femoris muscle? a. has two insertions and found in lower leg b. has two bellies and found in the upper leg c. has two origins and found in the upper leg d. has two origins and found in the upper arm
b
Before a muscle fiber can contract, ATP must bind to A.a Z disc. B.the myosin head. C.tropomyosin. D.troponin. E.actin.
d
Before a skeletal muscle fiber can contract, Ca2+ must bind to A.calsequestrin. b.calmodulin. c.the myosin head. d.troponin. e.actin.
Tropomyosin
Blocks myosin binding sight on actin until singled to move by troponin that is bound with Ca2+
Botulism
Blocks release of ACh causing flaccid paralysis
d
Both the gastrocnemius and muscles insert on the heel by way of the calcaneal tendon. A.semimembranosus B.tibialis posterior C.tibialis anterior D.soleus E.plantaris
b
Both the hands and feet are acted upon by a muscle or muscles called A.the extensor digitorum. B.the abductor digiti minimi. C.the flexor digitorum profundus. D.the abductor hallucis. E.the flexor digitorum longus.
Troponin
Ca2+ is able to bind here and then it induces conformational change of tropomyosin
calmodulin
Calcium binds to ____ on thick filaments
flexor retinacula
Connective tissue bands called _______ prevent flexor tendons of the forearm and leg from rising like bowstrings
Perimysium
Connective tissue surrounding a fascicle
Endomysium
Connective tissue surrounding a muscle fiber
C
Contraction of myofibrils within a muscle fiber begins when A.sodium enters the muscle fiber B.acetylcholine binds to ligand gates C.calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum D.an action potential travels t-tubules E.calcium is moved into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
c
Cross bridges are formed during muscle contraction when _____ binds to _____. a. myosin; troponin b. actin; troponin c. myosin; actin d. actin; myosin e. actin; tropomyosin
a
Diltiazem is a calcium channel blocker, reducing free intracellular calcium. What stage of the myogram would be affected immediately a. Latent period b. Contraction period c. Relaxation period d. All myogram stages are affected
d
Due to the muscle attachments, a fracture to the ischial tuberosity would affect what lower limb movement? a. adduction of the thigh b. dorsiflexion of the foot c. extension of the leg d. flexion of the leg e. abduction of the thigh
a
During inhalation, _____ muscles contract to elevate the ribs. During forced exhalation, ______ muscles contract to depress the ribs. a. external intercostals; internal intercostals b. transverse abdominis; diaphragm c. diaphragm ; transverse abdominis d. internal intercostals; external intercostals e. rectus abdominis; external obliques
b
During knee flexion, what is the effort? a. knee joint b. contraction of hamstring muscle group c. weight of lower leg and foot d. femur e. tibia
C
During muscle contractions, thin filaments are pulled towards the A.Z disc. B.H zone. C.M line. D.A band. E. I band.
d
Fascia over deltoid and pectoralis muscles are the origin of the muscle labeled
a
Forcefully blowing through a trumpet would require contraction of which muscle? a. buccinator b. zygomaticus major c. levator labii superioris d. risorius e. occipitofrontalis
Sarcomere
Functional contractile unit of muscle fiber
myosin
Head is able to bind to actin for cross-bridge formation
b
If one is stabbed on the lateral side of the abdomen, what abdominal muscles, in order from superficial to deep, will the knife go through? a. rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique b. external oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis c. transversus abdominis, rectus abdominis, external oblique d. external oblique, transversus abdominis, rectus abdominis e. internal oblique, transversus abdominis, external oblique
c
In a neuromuscular junction, the effect of acetylcholine (ACh) binding to receptors on the motor end plate lasts only briefly due to a. rapid uptake of the ACh into the myofiber. b. endocytosis of the ACh receptor into the myofiber. c. rapid destruction of ACh in the synaptic cleft by acetylcholinesterase. d. rapid destruction of ACh in the synaptic cleft by monoamine oxidase. e. diffusion of the ACh out of the synaptic cleft.
A
In skeletal muscles, the combined amounts of creatine phosphate and ATP provide enough energy for the muscle to contract maximally for approximately A.15 seconds. B.15 minutes. C.1.5 minutes. D.5 seconds. E.one minute.
ATP
In the absence of oxygen, glycolysis can generate a net gain of 2 ____ for every glucose molecule consumed
B
In the diagram, acetylcholine is released from ____ and diffuses to _____. A; B B; E C; A D; C E; B
A
In the diagram, calcium ions will rush into this area. A.B B.C C.D
A
In the diagram, how do action potentials penetrate the outside of the muscle fiber? A.D B.E C.L D.K E.A
H
In the diagram, what area contains both thick and thin filaments?
D
In the diagram, what area is composed of only thick filaments?
C
In the diagram, what structure contains motor proteins that convert the energy in ATP into mechanical movements?
B
In the diagram, where are troponin, tropomyosin and nebulin located?
D
In the diagram, where would you find stored Ca2+? A.B B.D C.G D.F E.K
E
In the diagram, which structure helps return a stretched sarcomere to its resting length?
A
In the diagram, which structure(s) moves towards the center of the sarcomere (closer together) when the fiber contracts
fatigue
Inadequate release of Ca2+ from SR; Depletion of CP, oxygen, and nutrients; Build up of lactic acid and ADP; Insufficient release of ACh at NMJ
Frontalis
Label # 1
rectus femoris
Label # 1
vastus medialis
Label # 2
Temporalis
Label #1
Trapezius
Label #1
pectoralis
Label #1
Deltoid
Label #2
Masseter
Label #2
Brachioradialis
Label #3
Tibialis
Label #3
orbicularis oris
Label #3
zygomaticus major
Label #4
Buccinator
Label #5
Rhomboid
Label #5
Risorius
Label #5
cardiac
Large T-Tubules and underdeveloped SR Ca2+ for contraction from the ECM Z-Discs (striated)
c
Leg muscles are predominantly composed of which type of muscle fiber? a. slow oxidative b. fast glycolytic c. fast oxidative-glycolytic d. slow glycolytic e. fast oxidative
b
Make a fist, then straighten your fingers. The muscles that performed the latter action have tendons that pass through A.the flexor retinaculum. B.the extensor retinaculum. C.the carpal tunnel. D.the rotator cuff. E.the plantar region of the wrist.
b
Mitochondrial activity in skeletal muscle cells are usually efficient, but can have limited ATP production if a. there is pyruvic acid accumulation. b. there is limited O2 availability. c. CO2 is produced as a waste product.
b
Most muscles cross at least one a. tendon b. joint c. bone d. ligament e. body plane
d
Motion will occur at a lever system when a. resistance at the insertion exceeds the load. b. the force of the contraction is not more than the load. c. effort at the origin exceeds the load. d. effort at the insertion exceeds the load.
A
Motor unit recruitment occurs when there is a(n) [increase] in the number of active motor units within a skeletal muscle. A.increase B.decrease D.no change
Isotonic
Muscle changes in length with no change in tension
myoglobin
Muscle contains an oxygen-binding pigment called
a
Muscle damage can be indicated by... a. myoglobin found in blood. b. few mitochondria located in muscle fibers. c. low concentration of creatine kinase in the sarcoplasm. d. slow myosin ATPase. e. high amount of glycogen in the sarcoplasm.
Isometric
Muscle produces internal tension but external resistance causes it to stay the same length
ATP
Muscle relaxation requires ___, and ____ production is no longer produced after death
blood
Muscles obtain glucose from _____ and their own stored glycogen
c
Myasthenia Gravis is an autoimmune disorder that targets the ACh receptors at the NMJ and ultimately reduces the number of available receptors. Predict what happens if you treat the patient with a drug that inhibits the activity of acetylcholinesterase? a. The drug will prevent contraction. b. The drug will cause a weak contraction. c. The drug will increase contraction. d. The drug will cause spasm.
smooth
No T-Tubules or SR Ca2+ for contraction from the ECM Dens bodies (not striated)
A
On the diagram, what structure is composed of the three connective tissue layers that extend past the muscle?
B
On the diagram, which layer is composed of dense irregular and surrounds a muscle?
greatest
Optimum resting length produces ____ force when muscle contracts
terminal cisterns
Parts of the sarcoplasmic reticulum called _____ lie on each side of a T tubule
B
Place the muscle tissue type in order from least to most ability to regenerate. A.smooth, skeletal, cardiac B.skeletal, cardiac, smooth C.cardiac, smooth, skeletal D.skeletal, smooth, cardiac E. cardiac, skeletal, smooth
a
Protrusion of an organ through a structure that normally contains it is referred to as a a. hernia. b. goiter. c. strain. d. sprain. e. hydrocele.
oxidative
Red muscles consist mainly of slow _____ or type I, muscle fibers
b
Robert is training for a track race. He slightly tears his calcaneal tendon. The doctors prescribe P.R.I.C.E and give him medicine for inflammation and pain. Robert most likely has a a. muscle sprain b. muscle strain c. repetitive strain injuries d. plantar fasciitis e. compartment syndrome
c
Single-unit smooth muscle cells can stimulate each other because they have A.a latch-bridge. B.diffuse junctions. C.gap junctions. D.tight junctions. E.cross-bridges
C
Skeletal muscle contraction is triggered to begin when calcium is released from A.myofibrils B.mitochondria C.terminal cisterns of sarcoplasmic reticulum D.T-tubules
b
Slow oxidative fibers have all of the following except A.an abundance of myoglobin. B.an abundance of glycogen. C.high fatigue resistance. D.a red color. E.a high capacity to synthesize ATP aerobically.
c
Smooth muscle cells have , whereas skeletal muscle fibers do not. A.sarcoplasmic reticulum B.tropomyosin C.calmodulin D.Z discs E.myosin ATPase
z disks
Smooth muscle lacks
B
Smooth muscle tone is maintained by the prolonged presence of [_____] in the muscle cell's cytosol? A.ATP B.calcium ions C.sodium ions D.acetylcholine E.oxygen
Dystrophin
Stabilize filament - Links thin filaments to proteins of sarcolemma
4
Step ____ - "Cross-bridge detachment" new ATP must bind to myosin head to release it
3
Step ____ - "Power Stroke" is the flexion of the myosin head to move actin toward M-Line ADP is released when this happens
1
Step ____ - ATP is hydrolyzed to ADP and inorganic phosphate ATP > ADP + Pi
2
Step ____ - inorganic phosphate is released w/ binding of myosin head to actin
B
Strength training would result in a. atrophy of fast oxidative-glycolytic fibers b. hypertrophy of fast oxidative-glycolytic fibers c. hyperplasia of fast oxidative-glycolytic fibers d. conversion of slow oxidative fibers to fast oxidative-glycolytic fibers
Sacromere
Striations are formed from the
T
T or F, Neither thick nor thin filaments change length during shortening, Only the amount of overlap changes
Skeletal
T-Tubules and well developed SR Ca2+ for contraction from internal SR stores in the sarcoplasm Z-Discs (striated)
T
T/F, not all muscles have mitochondria
t tubules
Terminal cisterns are found in
C
Thapsigargin is a potent calcium ATPase pump inhibitors. What state of the myogram would be affected immediately? a. Latent period b. Contraction period c. Relaxation period d. All myogram stages are affected
a
The ______ are the synergist muscles to the diaphragm during inspiration. a. external intercostals b. external obliques c. rectus abdominis d. internal intercostals e. internal obliques
plasma membrane
The ______ is electrically polarized (charged) with a negative resting membrane potential (RMP)
z disks
The ______ of skeletal muscle play the same role as dense bodies in smooth muscle
linea alba
The abdominal aponeuroses converge on a median fibrous band on the abdomen called the
urogenital triangle
The anterior half of the perineum is a region called the
c
The attachment of a muscle's tendon to the stationary bone is called the _____; the attachment of the muscle's other tendon to the movable bone is called the _____. a. origin, action b. insertion, action c. origin, insertion d. insertion, origin
agonist
The is the muscle that generates the most force in a given joint movement
threshold
The minimum stimulus intensity that will make a muscle contract is called
b
The muscle that serves as the "prime mover" during a movement is called the a. antagonist. b. agonist. c. synergist. d. asynergist. e. fixator.
Acetylcholine
The neurotransmitter that stimulates skeletal muscle is
E
The opening of ligand gates on the sarcolemma is directly caused by A.acetylcholine attachment. B.calcium influx into the motor neuron . C.sodium influx into the muscle fiber. D.acetylcholinesterase activity. E. all choices are correct.
D
The outermost layer of connective tissue surrounding a skeletal muscle is the A.tendon B.ligament C.endomysium D.epimysium E.perimysium
A band
The overlap - from overlap to over lap
d
The relaxation phase of a muscle contraction is often prolonged in a fatigued muscle, raising the likelihood of fused summation of action potentials causing painful disturbances to a skeletal muscle. What disturbance is being described? a. fasciculation b. tremor c. fibrillation d. cramp
f
The tendon of which muscle in this figure is the most commonly damaged in rotator cuff injuries?
hamstring
The three large muscles on the posterior side of the thigh are commonly known as the _____muscles
b
The zone of overlap increases during the a. latent period b. contraction period c. relaxation period d. absolute refractory period e. relative refractory period
a
This muscle, which is found in the neck, functions to elevate the hyoid bone and help press the tongue against the roof of the mouth during swallowing. a. mylohyoid b. sternothryroid c. sternocleidomastoid d. digastric e. masseter
d
This type of muscle works by stabilizing the origin of the agonist so that it can act more efficiently. a. synergist b. agonist c. antagonist d. fixator e. secondary mover
d
Tim ate something that is not agreeing with his digestive tract. He needs to go to the bathroom to defecate, but there is a line. What muscle helps keep the anal canal and anus closed? a. bulbospongious. b. ischiocavernosus c. obturator internus d. external anal sphincter e. sphincter urethrovaginalis
a
To make a muscle contract more strongly, the nervous system can activate more motor units. This process is called A.recruitment. B.summation. C.incomplete tetanus. D.twitch. E.concentric contraction.
D
What energizes the myosin head? A.acetylcholine B.calcium ions C.Phosphate release D.ATP hydrolysis reaction E.ADP synthesis
a
What is the action of the muscle labeled G? a. adducts and medially rotates arm at shoulder joint b. abducting arm at shoulder joint c. laterally rotates arm at shoulder joint d. laterally rotates and extends arm at shoulder joint e. extends forearm at elbow joint
b
What is the action of the muscle labeled I? a. extends the forearm at the elbow joint b. flexes the forearm at the elbow joint c. pronates the forearm at the radioulnar joints d. abduct arm at shoulder joint e. rotates arm at shoulder joint
c
What is the antagonist of the muscle labeled B? a. corrugator supericilii b. temporalis c. levator palpebrae superioris d. occipitofrontalis e. levator labii superioris
c
What is the insertion of the muscle labeled D? a. lateral and medial condyles of femur and capsule of knee b. head of fibula c. calcaneus by way of Achilles tendon d. anterior surface of fibula and interosseous membrane e. distal phalanx of great toe
d
What is the insertion of the muscle labeled G? a. greater tubercle of humerus b. spine of the scapula c. acromial extremity of the clavicle d. deltoid tuberosity of humerus
b
What is the insertion of the muscle labeled Q? a. iliac crest and linea alba b. cartilage of the fifth to seventh rib and xiphoid process c. ribs 5-12 d. central tendon
a
What is the result of acetylcholine attaching to the ligand gates of the motor end plate? a. the sarcolemma increases permeability to sodium b. the positive charge of the sarcolemma decreases c. calcium ions will be actively transported into the SR d. calcium voltage gates on the neurolemma are inactive
Buccinator
What muscle is the prime mover in sucking through a soda straw or spitting out a mouthful of liquid?
c
What terms can be used to describe forearm muscle movements at the wrist but NOT on the fingers at the interphalangeal joints? a. flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction b. extension and flexion c. abduction and adduction d. flexion and adduction e. pronation and supination
C
When an athlete is preparing to perform a pull up, they hang from the bar. At this point, they are performing what type of contractions? a. Concentric b. Eccentric c. Isometric
B
When an athlete performs a pull up (raising their chin to a bar while their body hangs), the process of lowering the body down is a. Concentric b. Eccentric c. Isometric
a
When an athlete performs a pull up (raising their chin to a bar while their body hangs), the process of pulling the body up so the chin can touch the bar is a. Concentric b. Eccentric c. Isometric
c
When the knee is being flexed, what is the fulcrum? a. femur b. weight of lower leg and foot c. knee joint d. tibia e. contraction of quadriceps femoris
e
Where is the abductor digiti minimi?
h
Where is the adductor longus?
L
Where is the depressor anguli oris?
I
Where is the gracilis?
a
Where is the iliacus?
D
Where is the orbicularis oculi?
c
Where is the sartorius?
L
Where is the semitendinosus?
B
Which ATP production would be sufficient to run in place for one minute? A.creatine phosphate B.anaerobic cellular respiration C.aerobic cellular respiration
d
Which age group would be most susceptible to an increase in slow oxidative muscle fibers? a. pre-teens (9-12 years old) b. teenagers (13-19 years old) c. 20-29 years old d. 30+ years
A
Which characteristics describe both skeletal and cardiac muscle? A.striations B.autorhymicity C.cell shape D.autonomic control
D
Which correctly lists the sequence of structures that action potentials must move through to excite skeletal muscle contraction? A.sarcolemma, axon of neuron, T tubules B.T tubules, sarcolemma, myofilament C.muscle fiber, axon of neuron, myofibrils D.axon of neuron, sarcolemma, T tubules E. myofibrils, myofilaments, mitochondria
E
Which disorder occurs when little to no proteins are produced to support the sarcolemma? a. muscular hypertrophy b. muscular atrophy c. fibromyalgia d. myasthenia gravis e. muscular dystrophy
c
Which fascicle arrangement, under voluntary or involuntary regulation of contraction, can control the opening or closing an orifice (opening)? a. pennate b. triangular c. circular d. parallel e. fusiform
A
Which function do all three muscles perform? A.moving and storing material throughout the body B. generating heat through contractions C. stabilizing the movement of joints D. promoting movement of body structures
B
Which functions as a motor protein in all three types of muscle tissue? A.actin B.myosin C.troponin D.titin E.tropomyosin
h
Which letter identifies the splenius capitis in this figure?
D
Which microscopic structure is found only in the cardiac muscle tissue? A.myosin B.tropomyosin C.sarcomeres D.intercalated discs E.striations
a
Which motions can be made by the upper limbs but NOT by the lower limbs? a. pronation and supination b. flexion and extension c. adduction and abduction d. lateral and medial rotation
E
Which muscle in this figure allows radial deviation at the wrist joint?
c
Which muscle in this figure can abduct, medially and laterally rotate, and extend the arm at the glenohumeral joint? a. C b. D c. F d. G e. I
I
Which muscle in this figure elevates and adducts the scapula?
b
Which muscle in this figure elevates the upper eye lid?
c
Which muscle in this figure is innervated by a cranial nerve and can flex the cervical portion of the vertebral column?
e
Which muscle in this figure is innervated by the trigeminal nerve? a. A b. B c. G d. I e. E
b
Which muscle in this figure produces the effort when you plantar flex to see over a taller person in front of your view? a. C b. D c. G d. H e. I
f
Which muscle originates at the anterior and lateral surfaces of the femoral body?
a
Which muscles help move the jaw during mastication? a. masseter, temporalis, pterygoid (medial and lateral) b. genioglossus, styloglossus, hyoglossus, palatoglossus c. omohyoid, sternohyoid, thyrohyoid d. sternocleidomastoid, longissimus capitis, splenius capitis e. orbicularis oris, levator labii superioris, depressor labii inferioris
a
Which of the following is a muscle whose insertion is found on the clavicle and acromion process of the scapula within the pectoral girdle? a. trapezius b. pectoralis major c. latissimus dorsi d. gracilus e. sartorius
c
Which of the following muscle proteins is not intracellular? A.actin B.myosin C.collagen D.troponin E.dystrophin
b
Which of the following muscles does not contribute to the rotator cuff? A.teres minor B.teres major C.subscapularis D.infraspinatus E.supraspinatus
a
Which of the following muscles does not extend the hip joint? A.quadriceps femoris B.gluteus maximus C.biceps femoris D.semitendinosus E.semimembranosus
c
Which of the following muscles raises the upper lip? A.levator palpebrae superioris B.orbicularis oris C.zygomaticus minor D.masseter E.mentalis
B
Which of the following structures are made of dense regular connective tissue? A. F B. A C. I D. Both F and I
D
Which of the regions of a sarcomere contain titin? A.the A band only B.the H zone only C.the zone of overlap only D.from M line to Z disc E. the I band only
e
Which of these actions is not performed by the trapezius? A.extension of the neck B.depression of the scapula C.elevation of the scapula D.rotation of the scapula E.adduction of the humerus
b
Which of these groups includes only muscles that move the humerus but do NOT originate on the axial skeleton? a. serratus anterior, latissimus dorsi, trapezius b. supraspinatus, teres major, teres minor, infraspinatus c. deltoid, brachioradialis, latissimus dorsi, pectoralis major d. trapezius, pectoralis minor, pectoralis major, triceps brachii e. triceps brachii, biceps brachii, brachioradialis
a
Which of these is not a suprahyoid muscle? A.genioglossus B.geniohyoid C.stylohyoid D.mylohyoid E.digastric
b
Which of these muscles flexes the thigh at the hip joint alone, but extends the knee working in a group? a. biceps femoris b. rectus femoris c. semitendinosus d. semimembranosus e. vastus lateralis
b
Which of these muscles has an insertion on the occipital bone and temporal bone?
c
Which of these muscles has fascicles parallel to the midline? a. external obliques b. transverse abdominis c. rectus femoris d. biceps femoris e. orbicularis oculi
c
Which of these muscles is an extensor of the neck? A.external oblique B.sternocleidomastoid C.splenius capitis D.iliocostalis E.latissimus dorsi
e
Which of these muscles of the pelvic floor is the deepest? A.superficial transverse perineal B.bulbospongiosus C.ischiocavernosus D.deep transverse perineal E.levator ani
A
Which portion of this myogram shows a single twitch of the muscle?
C
Which property of muscle gives it the ability to stretch without damage? A.electrical excitability B.contractility C.extensibility D.elasticity
E
Which protein is used to reinforce the sarcolemma and help transmit the tension generated by the sarcomeres to the tendons? A.troponin B.tropomyosin C.myosin D.actin E.dystrophin
D
Which region of a sarcomere contain thin filaments? A.I band B.A band C.H zone D.Both I band and A band.
a
Which statement explains the sarcomere appearance change during a muscle contraction? a. The light A bands remain at a constant length. b. The I bands lengthen. c. The I bands will only consist of thin filament. d. The h zone shortens as actin filaments slide towards the m-line.
B
Which term describes a somatic motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it stimulates? A.synapse B.motor unit C.neuromuscular junction E.motor end plate
L,M,N
Which three muscles make up the hamstring?
A
Which type of muscle tissue contracts when excited by their own autorhythmic muscle fibers? A.cardiac muscle B.slow twitch oxidative skeletal muscle C.multi-unit smooth muscle D.fast twitch glycolytic skeletal muscle
e
Which type of muscle tissue is capable of undergoing the stress-relaxation response when stretched? a. cardiac muscle fibers b. fast glycolytic fibers c. fast oxidative-glycolytic fibers d. multiunit smooth muscle fibers e. single-unit smooth muscle fibers
C
Why will and individual who lifts weights build larger muscles? a. skeletal muscles are hyperplasic and respond to stress b. skeletal muscle myofibrils and cells increase in number c. skeletal muscles increase number of myofibrils but not number of cells d. skeletal muscles signal satellite cells to increase number of cells
A
Why would cardiac muscles have longer refractory periods than skeletal muscles. Choose the best answer? A.to preserve the normal rhythm of the heart and prevent fatigue B.the muscle types contain different contractile proteins C.skeletal muscle is autorhythmic D.skeletal muscles have prolonged calcium influx E.cardiac muscle is not dependent on aerobic respiration to produce ATP
C
World class shot-putters will have a higher percentage of ______in their arm muscles. A.slow oxidative fibers B.fast oxidative fibers C.fast glycolytic fibers
b
Writer's cramp can occur in Anatomy and Physiology lecture class. What factor would most likely contribute to the muscles not being able to relax? a. oxygen being delivered by myoglobin and hemoglobin b. a deficit of ATP keeping myosin from detaching c. calcium being pumped into the sarcoplasmic reticulum d. ACh being degraded by AChE
a
Your friend nods "yes" to you, going through flexion, extension and hyperextension. This movement at the fulcrum represents a a. first- class lever system b. second- class lever system c. third-class lever system d. third-class lever system
c
Your friend nods back and forth to you, making the "yes" motion. What muscle actions on the head at the neck are involved in this 'yes' motion? a. rotation and circumduction b. lateral and medial rotation c. extension and flexion d. protraction and retraction e. elevation and depression
a
Your friend nods back and forth to you, making the yes motion. What lever system is being represented by this 'yes' motion? a. First-class lever b. Second-class lever c. Third-class lever
Sacromere
Z disk to Z disk
small, large
___ motor units are for a fine degree of control, while ___ motor units are for strength
Myosin
_____ head contracts and the actin filament slides toward the M line w/ contraction
Weakest
_____ motor units are recruited first, followed by stronger motor units
skeletal, cardiac
______ and _____ muscle have the sarcomeres. That is why there is striations present v. not
Thick, thin
______ filament is stationary, _____ filament is mobile
tetanus toxin
_______ blocks glycine release in the spinal cord and causes overstimulation and spastic paralysis of the muscles
Triad
a T tubule and two terminal cisterns associated with it
flaccid paralysis
a state in which the muscles are limp and cannot contract
spastic paralysis
a state of continual contraction of the muscles; possible suffocation
actin, myosin
act as the contractile proteins
Aeorbic
aeorobic or anaroebic? Requires a continual supply of oxygen Produces far more ATP
Cell respitation
aerobic, 32 net ATP
Length tension relationship
amount of tension generated by a muscle depends on how stretched or shortened it was before it was stimulated
tendons
attach muscle to a bone
curare
competes with ACh for receptor sites, but does not stimulate the muscles
Epimysium
connective tissue surrounding entire muscle
muscular dystrophy
group of hereditary diseases in which skeletal muscles degenerate and weaken, and are replaced with fat and fibrous scar tissue
rigor mortis
hardening of muscles and stiffening of body beginning 3 to 4 hours after death
isometric contraction
is an increase in muscle tension without a change in length.
Eccentric
muscle lengthens as it maintains tension (example: slowly lowering weight)
Concentric
muscle shortens as it maintains tension (example: lifting weight)
contraction phase
muscle twitch - time when muscle generates external tension
relaxation phase
muscle twitch - time when tension declines to baseline
latent period
muscle twitch - very brief delay between stimulus and contraction
Fermentation
net 2 ATP, lactate instead of acetyl CoA lactate sent to liver to be converted into pyruvate
H zone
only thick filament
I band
portion where there is only thin filament, no overlapping
Troponin
regulatory protein that binds to actin, tropomyosin, and calcium
denervation atrophy
shrinkage of paralyzed muscle when nerve remains disconnected
sarcoplasmic reticulum
smooth ER that forms a network around each myofibril, stores calcium
myoblasts
stem cells that fuse to form each muscle fiber
Myosin
thick filament
Actin
thin filaments
T tubules
tubular infoldings of the sarcolemma which penetrate through the cell and emerge on the other side
satellite cells
unspecialized myoblasts remaining between the muscle fiber and endomysium