anatomy test # 3 review sheet
False
Closure of the epiphyseal plate stops all bone growth.
yellow bone marrow contains a lot of - fat - blood-forming cells -elastic tissue -sharpeys fibres
Fat
what is the earliest event (of those listed) in endochondral ossification? -ossification of proximal epiphyseal plate -appearance of the secondary ossification center -a bone collar forms around the cartilage model -chondrocytes enlarge and die leaving cavities in cartilage -none of these
a bone collar forms around the cartilage model
True
an osteon contains osteocytes, lamellae and a central canal, and is found in compact bone only.
heel bone
calcaneus
which of the following is a thyroid gland hormone that encourages calcium deposition from blood into bone and inhibits osteoclasts? -growth hormone - somatomedin -calcitonin -thyroid hormone -none of these
calcitonin
by interconnecting the lacunae and the blood supply, ________________ allow osteocytes to transfer nutrients and wastes through an otherwise impenetrable solid matrix -perforating canals -canaliculi -central canals -lamellae -none of these
canaliculi
bones of the wrist.
carpals
transverse foramen distinguish ______________ vertebrae from all other types -lumbar -cervical -sacral -coccygeal -none of these
cervical
sternalend
clavicle
non-weight bearing bone of the leg
fibula
decreasing the angle of the joint
flexion
which hormone increases osteoclasts activity to release more calcium ions into the blood stream? -calitonin -thyroxine -parathyroid hormone -estrogen -all of these
parathyroid hormone
False
ribs numbered 11 and 12 are true ribs that have no anterior attachment.
major markings of the frontal bone include -supraorbital margins and anterior cranial fossa -posterior cranial fossa, foramen mangum, and hypoglossal canal -stylomastoid and jugular foramen -foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, foramen spinosum, and optic canals -none of these
supraorbital margins and anterior cranial fossa
which of the following joints allow the least amount of movement? -amphiarthroses -diarthroses -synarthroses -none of the above
synarthroses
which of the following includes only tarsal bones? -scaphoid pisiform capitate hammate talus - calcaneus navicular lunate capitate -talus calcaneus cuboid navicular cuneiforms
talus calcaneus cuboid navicular cuneiforms
the cuboid bone is a -metatarsal -metacarpal -tarsal -carpal -none of these
tarsal
the zygomatic arch is formed by the union of which 2 bones? -temporal and maxillae -frontal and temporal -temporal and zygomatic -zygomatic and maxilla -none of these
temporal and zygomatic
external auditory meatus
temporal bone
ribs
trunk
sternum
trunk
temporal process
zygomatic bone
most bones in the skeletal system are formed through -endochondral ossification -intramembranous ossification -chondroblast ossification -mesenchyme differentiation -none of these
endochondral ossification
which fractures are inherently more likely in children than in adults? -epiphyseal and greenstick -transverse and comminuted -colles and spiral -open and closed -none of these
epiphyseal and greenstick
which set includes only bones of the cranium? -parietal, mandible and ethmoid -frontal, sphenoid, lacrimal -vomer, inferior nasal concha, and zygomatic -ethmoid temporal, and occipital -all of these
ethmoid temporal and occipital
the mental foramen is located on the -zygomatic bone -mandible -maxilla -lacrimal bone -none of these
mandible
the unpaired facial bones are the -lacrimal and nasal -palatine and zygomatic -occipital and frontal -mandible and vomer -none of these are unpaired
mandible and vomer
the temporomandibular joint is the articulation between the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone and the ______________ of the mandible -mandibular condyle -coronoid process -alveolar process -ramus -none of these
mandibular condyle
the bony roof of the mouth is formed by -paltine and mandible -maxillae and palatine -vomer and palatine -maxillae and mandible -none of these
maxillae and palatine
cranial bones develop _______________ -from cartilage models -within fibrous membranes -from a tendon -within osseous membranes -none of these
within fibrous membranes
bones are constantly undergoing resorption for various reasons. which of the following cells accomplishes the process? -osteoclasts -osteocyte -osteoblast -stem cell -all of these
osteoclasts
crest
projection/process
spine
projection/process
trochanter
projection/process
tubercle
projection/process
tuberosity
projection/process
turning palm downward (posteriorly)
pronation
stimulated by sex hormones, bone growth accelerates dramatically at the time of -birth -puberty -primary ossification -secondary ossification -none of these
puberty
point where the coxal bones join anteriorly
pubic symphysis
ulnar notch
radius
costal grooves are located on? -cervical vertebrae -thoracic vertebrae -lumbar vertebrae -ribs -none of these
ribs
the inadequate mineral deposition in bone caused by vitamin D deficiency during childhood is called -scurvy -rickets -osteomyelitis -osteomalacia -none of these
rickets
True
Cartilage has a flexible matrix that can accommodate mitosis and chondrocytes.
The structure of bone tissue suits the function. which of the following bone tissues is adapted to support weight and withstand tension stress? - spongy bone -irregular bone -compact bone -trabecular bone
Compact bone
the glenoid cavity (fossa) is found on the __________________ and articulates with the _____________________. -mandible, temporal bone -clavicle, scapula -scapula, humerus -maxilla, zygomatic bone -none of these
scapula humerus
bony landmarks of the sphenoid bone are the -cribriform plate, cristi galli and perpendicular plate -coronoid process, mandibular condyle, and areolar margin -sella turcia, hypophyseal fossa, and pterygoid processes -palatine, frontal and zygomatic processes
sella turcia, hypophyseal fossa, and pterygoid processes
the bony enclosures that houses the pituitary gland is the? -crista galli -sella turica -cribriform plate -greater wing -none of these
sella turica
mastoid process
temporal bone
styloid process
temporal bone
bony landmarks such as the zygomatic process, styloid &mastoid process and mandibular and middle cranial fossae are found on the -temporal bones -zygomtaic bones -mandible -frontal bone -all of these
temporal bones
epiphyseal line
the appearance of this structure signals the end of bone growth.
epiphyseal plate
the are of long bones where cartilage cells are replaced by bone cells.
chondrocyte
the cells responsible for the early stages of endochondral ossification.
True
the gripping of the trochlea by the trochlear notch constitutes the hinge for the elbow joint.
appositional growth
the growth pattern of bone in matrix is laid down on the surface.
False
the largest and strongest bone of the face is the maxilla.
osteons are to dense bone as __________________ are to cancellous bone. -trabecluae -interstitial lamellae -parellel lamelle -canaliculi -all of these
trabecular
from lateral to medial the distal carpal bones include? -trapezium lunate triquetrum hamate -scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum pisiform -trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate -scaphoid, prisiform, capitate, hamate -none of these
trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate
True
a long bone forms by a process known as endochondral ossification.
medial bone of the forearm
ulna
radial notch
ulna
carpals
upper extremity
clavicle
upper extremity
humerus
upper extremity
ulna
upper extremity
scapula
upper extrimity
the vitamins essential for normal adult bone maintenance and repair are? -A and E - B complex and K -B and E -C and D -none of these
vitamin C and D
the radius exhibits which of the following? - a coronoid process -a styloid process -a radial notch -a distal head -all of these
a styloid process
shaking ones head from side to side (as in no) is the primary action failitated by the articulation of which bones? -occipital and atlas -atlas and axis -vertebrae c2 and c3 -vertebrae c7 and t1 -none of these
atlas and axis
hematopoiesis is the process of -bone formation -cartilage formation -blood cell production -entrapment of blood vessels by developing bone
blood cell production
the canal that runs through the core of each osteon (the haversion canal) is the site of? -cartilage and interstitial lamellae -osteoclast and osteoblasts -yellow marrow and spicules -blood vessels and nerve fibers -all of the above
blood vessels and nerve fibers
osteogenesis is the process of _________________ - making a cartilage model of the fetal bone - bone destruction to liberate calcium -bone formation -making collagen fibers for calcified cartilage -all of these
bone formation
ben, age 16 was skating on roller blades, when he was accidentally hit by an automobile. his injury was splinted, and he was transported immediately by the emergency medical services to the nearest hospital emergency department. after an x-ray examination, emergency department personnel determine that Ben has had a complete compound fracture of his femur. which one of the following best describes his fracture? -shattered bone into multiple pieces -fracture of axial skeletal bone across the entire surface of the bone -bone fracture projecting outside the skin and across the entire bone. -closed fracture across the entire surface of bone -none of these
bone of fracture projecting outside the skin and across the entire bone.
False
bones are classified by wether they are weight bearing or protective in its function
which of the following make up the leg in anatomical terms? -femur -tibia -fibula -both b and c -all of these
both B and C
in the epiphyseal plate cartilage grows __________ -by pulling the diaphysis toward the epiphysis -by pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis -from the edges inward -in a circular fashion -all of these
by pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis
normal bone formation and growth are dependent on the adequate intake of __________________. -calcium, phosphate and vitamin D -potassium, phosphate and vitamin D -sodium , calcium and vitamin D -vitamin D, phosphate, and chloride
calcium, Phosphate and vitamin D
major openings in the temporal bones -supraorbital margins and anterior cranial fossa -posterior cranial fossa, foramen mangum, and hypoglossal canal -stylomastoid and jugular foramen -foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, foramen spinosum, and optic canals -none of these
-stylomastoid and jugular foramen
how many bones makeup the hand and the wrist in a normal person -18 -25 -26 -27 -none of these
27
the vertebrae that articulates with the skull is the -axis -vertebrae prominens -atlas -dens -none of these
atlas
the only direct connection between the pectoral girdle and the axial skeleton is where the -clavicle articulates with the manubrium of the sternum -clavicle articulates with the humerus -coxal bones articulate with the femur -coxal bones articulate with the sacrum -none of these
clavicle articulates with the manubrium of the sternum
The only direct connection between the pelvic girdle and the axial skeleton is where the -clavicle articulates with the manubrium of the sternum -clavicle articulates with the sternum -coxal bones articulate with the femur -coxal bones articulate with the sacrum -none of these
coal bones articulate with the sacrum
which of the following is not a function of the skeletal system? -support -storage of minerals -production of blood cells (Hematopoiesis) - communication - all of these functions are of the skeletal system
communication
False
compact bone is replaced more often than spongey bone.
True
costal cartilage join most ribs to the sternum.
The presence of an epiphyseal line indicates -epiphyseal growth has ended -epiphyseal growth is just beginning -growth of bone diameter is just beginning -the bone is fractured at that location -none of the above
epiphyseal growth has ended
cribriform plate
ethmoid bone
turning sole of foot laterally
eversion
increasing the angle of a joint
extension
the paranasal sinuses are located in which bones? -nasal sphenoid and frontal bones -maxilla temporal and zygomatic -frontal sphenoid maxilla and ethmoid bone -ethmoid zygomatic frontal and lacrimal bones -none of these
frontal sphenoid maxilla and ethmoid
True
hematopoiesis refers to the formation of blood cells within the red marrow cavities of certain bones.
What can a deficiency of growth hormone during bone formation cause? -inadequate calcification of bone -decreased osteoclasts activity - decreased proliferation of the epiphyseal plate cartilage. -increased osteoclasts activity
inadequate calcification of bone
True
infants have more bones than adults.
the ethmoid bone is composed of all of the following except? -superior nasal conchae -christa galli -inferior nasal conchae -cribriform plate -all of these
inferior nasal conchae
The term dipole refers to the _________________ -double - layered nature of the connective tissue covering the bone. -fact that most bones are formed of two types of bone tissue. -internal layer of spongy bone in flat bones -two types of marrow found within most bones
internal layer of spongy bone in flat bones
movement where the sole of the foot turns medially
inversion
femur
lower extremity
fibula
lower extremity
the parietal bones have which of the following? -supraorbital margins and anterior cranial fossa -posterior cranial fossa, foramen mangum, and hypoglossal canal -stylomastoid and jugular foramen -foramen rotundum, foramen ovale, foramen spinosum, and optic canals -none of these
none of these
the zygomatic bones have which of the following bony landmarks? -cribriform plate, cristi galli, and perpendicular plate -coronoid process, mandibular condylar and alveolar margin -sella turcia, hypophyseal fossa, and petrygoid processes -palatine, frontal, and zygomatic process -none of these
none of these
the mandible articulates with the ____________ bone? -occipital -frontal -maxilla -zygomatic -none of these
none of these (temporal bone)
which vertebrae articulates with the ribs? -lumbar -cervical -sacral - coccygeal -none of these
none of these (thoracic)
osteocytes are ___________________ where as osteoclasts are ________________. -bone-forming cells, bone - destroying cells -mature bone cells, bone forming cells -bone forming cells, mature bone cells -bone-destroying cells, bone forming cells -none of these are correct
none of these are correct
foramen
opening passage
the two hormones that have opposite effects on the rate of osteolysis (breakdown) are -sematotropin and somatotomedin -growth hormone and thyroid hormone -parathyroid hormone and calcitonin -estrogen and testosterone -none of these
parathyroid hormone and calcitonin
the axial skeleton includes all but which of the following components -skull -vertebral column -pelvic girdle -thoracic cage -all of these
pelvic girdle
condyle
projection/process
from lateral to medial, the proximal carpal bones include? -trapezium, lunate, triquertrum, hamate -scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform -scaphoid, pisiform, capitate, hamate -trapezium, trapezoid, capitate,hamate -none of these
scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, prisiform
articulates with the humerus and clavicle
scapula
superior, inferior, lateral borders
scapula
the three components of the sternum, listed from superior to inferior positions are? -the xiphoid process, manubrium, and sternal body -the manubrium, sternal body, and xiphoid process -the sternal body, xiphoid process, and manubrium -the xiphoid process, sternal body, and manubrium -none of those
the manubrium, sternal body, xiphoid process.
False
the periosteum is a tissue that serves only to protect the bone because it is not supplied with nerves or blood vessels.
the ankle contains __________ bones -2 -6 -5 -7 -none of these
7
How many bones make up the cranium? -6 -8 -14 -22 -none of these
8
there are ____________ cranial bones and __________ facial bones -6,14 -8,14 -7,14 -7,12
8, 14
True
All the bones of the skull except the mandible are united by sutures and are therefore immovable.
while playing softball, Cathy is struck in the frontal squama by a wild pitch. Which of the following complaints would you expect her to have? -a black eye -sore chest -headache -broken jaw -all of these
Headache
the ante brachium is composed of which of the following bone(s)? -Humerus -scapula and clavicle -humerus and clavicle -radius and ulna -none of these
Radius and ulna
what is the structural unit of compact bone? -osseous matrix - spongy bone -lamellar bone -the osteon -all of the above
The osteon
movement away from the midline or median axis along the frontal plane
abduction
what is moving a limb away from the median plane of the body along the frontal plane -abduction -adduction -inversion -dorsiflexion -none of these
abduction
deep socket in coal bone that receives the head of the femur
acetabulum
movement toward the median axis or midline along the frontal plane
adduction
False
all bones formed by intramembranous ossification are irregular bones.
an osteon has -a central canal carrying blood vessels -concentric lamellae -osteocytes in lacunae -canaliculi that connect lacunae to the central canal -all of those
all of these
the ulna exhibits which of the following - a coronoid process -a styloid process -a radial notch -a distal head -all of these
all of these
False
all vertebrae possess a body, a spine and a traverse foramina.
for intramembranous ossification to take place, which of the following is necessary? -a bone collar around the cartilage model. -an ossification center forms in the fibrous connective tissue. -the cartilage matrix begins to deteriorate. - a medullary cavity forms. - none of these
an ossification center forms in the fibrous connective tissue.
True
appositional growth is growth in the diameter of long bones
all of the following are characteristics of the maxillae except -compose the upper jaw -palatine process form most of the hard plate -articulate with all other facial bones -aveolar processes contain the upper teeth all of these
articulates tih all other facial bones
which sequence proceeds down the vertebral column from the skull? -thoracic cervical lumbar sacral coccygeal -coccygeal sacral lumbar thoracic cervical -cervical thoracic lumbar sacral coccygeal -thoracic lumbar cervical coccygeal sacral
cervical thoracic lumbar sacral coccygeal
the mandible exhibits which of the following? -cribriform plate, cristi galli, and perpendicular plate -coronoid process, mandibular condylar and alveolar margin -sella turcia, hypophyseal fossa, and petrygoid processes -palatine, frontal, and zygomatic process -none of these
coronoid process, mandibular condylar and alveolar margin
fossa
depression
a fracture in the shaft of a bone would be a break in the __________? -epiphysis -metaphysis -diaphysis - articular cartilage
diaphysis
movement created by standing on the heels of your feet
dorsiflexion
In some cases the epiphyseal plate of the long bones of children closes too early. what might be the cause? -overproduction of thyroid hormones -elevated levels of sex hormones -too much vitamin D in the diet -osteoblasts activity exceeds osteoclasts activity -none of these
elevated levels of sex hormones
when Julius ceasar gave the thumbs down signal to fighting gladiators the actions involved were -extension and pronation -depression and disappointment -extension and supination -flexion and inversion -none of these
extension and pronation
when Joe student puts out his hand to ask for money from his dad, the actions involved are -extension and pronation -depression and disappointment -extension and supination -flexion and inversion -none of these
extension and supination
greater trochanter
femur
largest, strongest bone in the body
femur
markings such as the fovea capitis, lines aspera and intercondylar notch are found on the -fibuula -femur -tibia -radius -ulna
femur
lateral bone of the leg
fibula
lateral mellalous
fibula
which of the following bones is not weight bearing? -femur -tibia -fibula -talus -all of these are weight bearing
fibula
which of the following exhibits a lateral mellalous -fibula -radius -femur -tibia -ulna
fibula
what is the last event (of those listed) in endochondral ossification -cells of the perichondral convert into osteoblasts -appearance of the secondary ossification center -formation of primary ossification center -formation of medullary cavity -none of the above
formation of primary ossification center
superior portion of eye orbit
frontal bone
the paranasal sinuses are located in which bones? -nasal, sphenoid and frontal -maxillae, temporal, and zygomatic -frontal, sphenoid,mxillae and ethmoid -ethmoid, zygomatic, frontal and lacrimal -all of these
frontal, sphenoid maxilla and ethmoid bones
growth of bones is controlled by a symphony of hormones. which hormone is important for long bone growth during infancy and childhood? -thyroid hormone -somatomedins -growth hormone -prolactin -none of these
growth hormone
ribs 11 and 12 are called floating ribs because they -do not articulate with the vertebrae -attach only indirectly to the sternum -have no connection to the sternum -have no connection to the sternum -do not articulate directly with any other bone -none of these
have no connection to the sternum
Jane has an upper respiratory infection and begins to feel pain above are eye. This is a good indication that the infection is located in - her frontal sinuses -her temporal bones -her maxillary sinuses -sphenoid bones -all of these
her frontal sinuses
articulates with the scapulae, the radius and the ulna
humerus
deltoid tuberosity
humerus
which bones make up the arm in anatomical terms -humerus -radius -ulna -b and c -all of these
humerus
which of the following exhibits a proximal head and greater and lesser trochanter -humerus -femur -tibia -radius -ulna
humerus
The most abundant skeletal cartilage type is ___________ -hyaline -elastic -fibrocartilage -epiphyseal
hyaline
What kind of tissue is the forerunner of long bones in in the embryo -elastic connective tissue -dense fibrous connective tissue -fibrocartilage -hyaline cartilage
hyaline cartilage
the cartilage found at the end of long bones to reduce friction at joint surfaces is -elastic cartilage -hyaline cartilage -fibrocartilage -synovial cartilage -none of these
hyaline cartilage
through the process of endochondral ossification a fetal _______________ model transformation into bone. -mesenchyme - elastic cartilage -fibrocartilage -hyaline cartilage -none of these
hyaline cartilage
which bine has no direct attachment with any other bone? -vomer -inferior nasal concha -hyoid -sternum -both b and c
hyoid
some muscles that control the tongue and the larynx are attached to the? -hyoid bone -maxillae -mandible -malleus bone -none of these
hyoid bone
upper margin of the illiac bones
iliac crest
greater sciatic notch
ilium
iliac crest
ilium
True
in the anatomical position the lateral forearm bone is the radius.
False
in the anatomical position, the medial leg bone is the fibula.
lengthwise, long bone growth during infancy and youth is exclusively through ________________ - interstitial growth of the epiphyseal plates -the secretion of bone matrix into the medullary cavity -differentiation of osteoclasts -calcification of the matrix -all of these
interstitial growth the epiphyseal plates
vertebrae are classified as -short bone -long bones -irregular bones -flat bones -none of these
irregular bones
the bone that supports your body weight when you are sitting down -acetebulum -pubis -ilium -coccyx -ishium
ischium
which of the statements regarding bone tissue is false? -it functions in mineral homeostasis -it functions in support and protection -it is the site of blood formation -it is one of the four main tissue types -all of these above are true
it is one of the four main tissue types
metatarsals
lower extremity
patella
lower extremity
tibia
lower extremity
mental foramen
mandible
sites of hematopoiesis include all but -red marrow cavities of the spongey bone -the dipole of flat bones -medullary cavities in bones of infants -medullary cavities in bones of healthy adults -all of these
medullary cavities in bones of healthy adults
bones of the hand (palm)
metacarpals
bones of the foot (sole)
metatarsals
articulates at its proximal end with the humerus and ulna
none
odontoid process
none of these
large opening formed by rami of pubis and ischium
obturator foramen
foramen mangum
occipital bone
the foramen mangum is located on the -frontal bone -temporal bone -occipital bone -parietal bone -none of these
occipital bone
fissure
opening/ passage
meatus
opening/passage
The cell responsible for secreting the matrix of bone is the? -osteocyte -osteoblasts -osteoclasts -chondrocyte
osteoblasts
the maxillae exhibit which of the following? -cribriform plate, cristi galli, and perpendicular plate -coronoid process, mandibular condylar and alveolar margin -sella turcia, hypophyseal fossa, and petrygoid processes -palatine, frontal, and zygomatic process -none of these
palatine, frontal, and zygomatic process
which of the following glands or organs produces hormones Tha tend to decrease blood calcium levels? -pineal gland -thyroid -parathyroid -spleen -none of these
parathyroid
the bony portion of the nasal septum is formed by the -perpindicular plate of the ethmoid bone and the vomer -perpindicular plate of the ethmoid bone only -perpindicular plate of the ethmoid bone and nasal bones -vomer and sphenoid bones -none of these
perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone and the vomer
ironically, high levels of ________________ at puberty not only accelerate lengthwise bone growth but also trigger its ultimate end. -sex hormones -thyroid gland hormones -anterior pituitary glands -parathyroid hormone and somatomedin
sex hormones
diaphysis
shaft of long bone.
mandible
skull
maxilla
skull
occipital bone
skull
zygomatic bone
skull
which cranial bone articulates with every other cranial bone? -sphenoid -frontal -occipital -ethmoid
sphenoid
sella turcica
sphenoid bone
suprasternalnotch
sternum
ligaments that support the hyoid bone are attached to the? -styloid process of the temporal bone -mastoid process of the temporal bone -articular surface of the temporal bone -middle conchae of the nasal cavity -none of these
styloid process of the temporal bone
turning palm upward (anteriorly)
supination
True
the term osteoid refers to the organic part of the matrix of compact bones.
Wolff's law is concerned with __________ -vertical growth of bones being dependent on age -the thickness and shape of a bone being dependent on stresses placed upon it. -the function of bone being dependent on shape -the diameter of the bone being dependent on the ratio of osteoblasts to osteoclasts -all of these
the thickness and shape of a bone being dependent on stresses placed upon it.
True
the trabecular of spongy bone are oriented towards lines of stress.
True
the vertebral column is held in place primarily by the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments.
True
the vomer forms part of the nasal septum.
True
there are 7 cervicle, 12 thoracic and 5 lumbar vertebrae.
the primary curves of the vertebral column are the ____________ curves -cervical and thoracic -lumbar and sacral -cervical and lumbar -thoracic and sacral -all of these
thoracic and sacral
costal facets are located on -cervical vertebrae -thoracic vertebrae -lumbar vertebrae -sacral vertebrae -all of these
thoracic vertebrae
location of the medial malleolus
tibia
markings such as the intercondylar eminence, fibular notch, and medial malleolus are found on the -fibuula -femur -tibia -radius -ulna
tibia
medial bone of the leg
tibia
tibial tuberosity
tibia
a blow to the cheek is most likely to break what superficial bone or bone part? -zygomatic process -styloid process -mandibular ramus -superciliary arch -none of these
zygomatic process
which set includes only bones of the face? -ethmoid bone, maxilla and inferior nasal concha ] -zygomatic bone mandible and parietal -palatine, maxilla and occipital -zygomatic vomer and palatine
zygomatic, vomer and palatine