Anatomy

Digestion takes place in a long tube-like canal called the alimentary canal, or the digestive tract. Food travels through these organs in the following order:

Digestion takes place in a long tube-like canal called the alimentary canal, or the digestive tract. Food travels through these organs in the following order:

Fermentation and aerobic respiration break down glucose to make energy. Which statement correctly compares the two processes?

Fermentation produces less energy than aerobic respiration produces.

Which nephron process removes or filters substances from the bloodstream?

Filtration

The data table above provides an overview of the major enzymes involved chemical digestion. Based on the data table, which of the following statements is accurate?

Fried chicken wings require a basic environment for chemical digestion.

Which of the following best describes the basic function of the testes in males?

Generating sperm

Which of the following is an example of a nonspecific immune response? I. white cells that invade the area of a cut in the skin II. an enzyme in tears that prevents infections of the eye III. antibodies to a virus that prevent infection with that virus

I and II only

Below is a list of events that occur in carbohydrate digestion. I. Maltase, lactase, and sucrase break disaccharides into monosaccharides. II. Pancreatic amylase splits starch and glycogen into disaccharides. III. Salivary glands release salivary amylase. What is the proper order for these events, beginning with food entering the mouth?

III, II, and I

Which of the following would constitute a control in the experiment?

If the test included a third group that received 0 mg of the supplement.

The digestive system processes food into usable and unusable materials. The usable materials are sent to the body's cells as food. What happens to unusable materials?

It goes into the large intestine to await disposal.

Which statement best describes a scientific theory?

It is a general statement that is supported by many scientific observations.

Which of the following correctly describes how mechanical and chemical digestion in the mouth contribute to nutrient extraction?

Mastication increases surface area while amylase breaks down polysaccharides.

Michael is lifting weights at the gym. He is engaged in the lat pulldown. Which statement best describes the physiological processes that occurs with each repetition?

Michael's latissimus dorsi contracts, with the thin filament of actin and the thick filament of myosin sliding past each other within the sarcomeres of the muscle tissue.

Which of the following statements correctly describes why the cells of the small intestine have villi and the cells of the large intestine do not?

Most absorption of nutrients occurs in the small intestine.

Which of the following best describes what this story illustrates?

New findings in science often come from a number of contributors.

Patient A is a baseball player injured from staying in the game for too long. His shoulder bone has come out of the joint. Patient B is a high speed accident victim who is unable to walk. The doctor orders x-rays for each patient to help in the diagnosis. Which of the following correctly describes the location of each patient's x-ray?

Patient A - pectoral girdle Patient B - vertebral column

A man with indigestion learns from his physician that his digestive system is not adequately breaking down proteins. Which is the best explanation for why this is occuring?

Pepsin enzymes are not being produced correctly in the stomach.

The reproductive system contains all the organs and tissues required for the production of new individuals. Which of the following best describes the basic function of the ovaries in females?

Produce eggs for fertilization

Which nephron process involves returning water, nutrients, and electrolytes to the bloodstream?

Reabsorption

Which nephron process involves adding ammonia, uric acid, and other waste substances directly into the renal tubule?

Secretion

T cells and B cells are types of leukocytes in the immune system. Which of the following describes a difference between T cells and B cells?

T cells coordinate immunity, and B cells make antibodies

What is the main function of these organs?

filtering blood

Which of the following describes the path that light follows before becoming interpreted by the visual cortex in the brain?

from the cornea, through the pupil, through the lens, to the retina, then to the optic nerve

Which of the following muscles are responsible for pointing the toe?

gastrocnemius, plantaris, soleus

Which of these initiates the birthing process in humans?

hormones causing contractions of the uterus

Which bone of the appendicular division is labeled A in the diagram below?

humerus

Which action is controlled by the autonomic nervous system?

increase in heart rate in response to exercise

Urine production takes place in the:

kidney

The periosteum in bone tissue performs which of the following function(s)?" l. protection of the bone ll. repairs of bone fracture lll. produces red blood cells

l and ll only

Which list of bones does not include any of the three bones of the appendicular skeleton labeled in the picture above?

lacrimal, scapula, and sphenoid

Which is not a function of the integumentary system?

movement of limbs

Beatrice is making a 3D model of the kidney that she can use like a puzzle to study. Her model is completely to scale. If Beatrice were to break down the model, what would be the smallest unit capable of producing urine?

nephron

What process is pictured in the diagram?

ovulation

Which of the following groupings is most accurate regarding tissues?

1. Squamos - Secretion - Thyroid 2. Fibrous - Binding - Liver 3. Skeletal - Contraction - Heart 4. Axon - Regulation - Brain

Which structure from the diagram shows where a fertilized egg normally implants?

3

What is the function of Structure X?

produces and releases eggs

Which type of movement does osmosis represent?

simple diffusion

What is the independent (test) variable in Paul's experiment?

smoking cigarettes

Enzymes help living organisms metabolize food. Typically, an enzyme acts to

speed up a metabolic reaction, which allows the organism to get energy quickly.

Which division of the nervous system is responsible for the "fight or flight" response?

sympathetic nervous system

The muscular organ used to store urine until it can be eliminated from the body is:

the bladder

Pain impulses create an action potential in the synaptic knob which is then carried across the synapse to the next neuron. Which of the following could prevent the pain impulse from being transmitted?

the bonding of a chemical to the receptor site on the post-synaptic neuron

An error at which of the following checkpoints would be most likely to lead to uncontrolled cell division and cancer?

the checkpoint that prevents cells from leaving G1 phase until they are ready

Which of the following is not a function of the nephron in the kidney?

the dilution of urine

Which set of data would provide the best evidence that a certain food source is better for muscular development of frogs?

the distance the frog can jump once the frog reaches adult size

Amylase is an enzyme utilized to digest carbohydrates (starch) in:

the mouth and duodenum (small intestine)

The functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtering metabolic waste from the blood and maintaining homeostasis is:

the nephron

A neuron has received damage to the axon. Which of the following will occur?

the neuron will not be able to send impulses away from the cell body.

How are proteins essential for the survival of organisms?

they promote normal growth and perform repairs to the body

Which of the following reasons best explains why the student tested the acidic solution on a sample rather than on a living tooth?

to avoid possibly harming a person

During pregnancy, what is the primary function of the placenta?

to deliver blood to the fetus

Which reason is the best explanation for the increased blood flow?

to deliver more white blood cells to the injured cells

What is the function of structure A in the organism?

to detect changes in the external environment

What is the primary function of structure X?

to form gametes used in fertilization

There are three types of bone cells. 1. osteoblast 2. osteoclast 3. osteogenic Which sequence represents the correct order for bone development?

3-1-2

What is the correct organizational sequence for the transmission of nerve impulses to the muscle? Sarcolemma becomes permeable to sodium (Na+). Neurotransmitter attaches to receptors on the sarcolemma. Acetylcholine is released by nerve upon arrival of nerve impulse.

321

What is the correct organizational sequence of the functions of the uterus? development of fetus nourishes the fertilized egg receives a fertilized egg retains the fertilized egg

3421

Which labeled section of the human brain is the temporal lobe?

4

What is the name of the bone labeled A and to which division of the skeletal system does it belong?

A is the tibia, and it belongs to the appendicular division.

Which of the following most likely helped people to accept the Virtruvian theory?

A lot of scientific evidence was gathered that supported the Virtruvian theory.

Which of the following is true regarding the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction?

ATP is used by cross bridges to move thin and thick filaments, causing them to increase overlap during muscle contraction.

Which neurotransmitter is involved in initiating muscle contraction in the neuromuscular junction?

Acetylcholine

Which of the following sets correctly identifies bones of the axial and appendicular skeleton

Axial - Maxilla Appendicular - Navicular

Which answer choice below correctly identifies the name of the bone labeled B on the diagram and the division of the skeletal system to which it belongs?

B is the sternum and it belongs to the axial division.

Which major muscle is responsible for flexion of the arm?

Biceps brachii

Blood circulates throughout the entire human body. It is essential to life. Which of the following is true about blood as a tissue and its function?

Blood is connective tissue; it protects and supports the body.

What would occur if osteoclast cells were not functioning correctly in the development of a long bone?

Blood supply to the bone would be limited.

A particular medication works by blocking the receptor sites on the post-synaptic neuron. Which letter on the diagram below binds to the receptor on the post-synaptic neuron to transmit signals?

C - the neurotransmitter

Which of the following accurately describes the relationship between melanocytes and skin cancer?

The pigment produced by melanocytes absorbs UV light waves, protecting dividing basal cells in the epidermis from damage that may result in skin cancer.

Which statement explains how the small and large intestine work together to complete digestion?

The small intestine absorbs nutrients and the large intestine absorbs water.

Which of the following is a chemical change in matter that takes place in the digestive system?

The stomach creates a liquid by mixing food with acid.

What is the difference in function between triglycerides and phospholipids?

Triglycerides act as a source of energy, while phospholipids create a barrier for the plasma membrane.

What major proteins are involved in the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction?

actin and myosin

In animal cells, the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the plasma membranes of neuron and muscle cells creates the action potential. Which process is involved in transporting the ions across the plasma membrane?

active transport

Which animal cell process would stop working without adequate oxygen?

aerobic respiration

Which is an example of specific immunity?

antibodies are made after being exposed to the rhinovirus

What is the name of the muscle labeled A on the diagram?

biceps brachii

Which muscle is not involved with this movement?

biceps femoris

A student is looking at tissue sample slides in anatomy class and sketching each type of tissue. Which key features should they sketch for nervous tissue?

cell body with extensions

Which cells will most likely display mutations that could potentially result in cancer?

cells that lack contact inhibition

Which major region of the brain is responsible for speech, memory, emotional response, and consciousness?

cerebral hemispheres

Which tissue type would you expect to find between muscle fibers and bone?

connective tissue

Which muscles are participating in this action?

deltoid and pectoralis major

Which part of the long bone is identified by the letter A on the diagram above?

diaphysis

Based on the data chart, which liquid caused the most bone loss?

diet soda

Living organisms must be able to obtain materials and change the materials into new forms. What do these activities require?

energy released from ATP

Identify the following parts of the digestive system in the following order: 1, 3, 6, 9, 12

esophagus, stomach, small intestines, large intestines, rectum

Which of the following correctly identifies a function of carbohydrates in the body?

Carbohydrates provide energy.

The table shows some stages of development during each trimester of pregnancy. ? ? ? weight is gained rapidly (1/2 lb per week) eyes detect light and pupils constrict or dilate red blood cells formed in bone marrow brain, spinal cord, and heart begin to form neural tube closes genitals begin to develop urine begins to be released skeleton begins to form bones fat begins to accumulate What are the missing titles for each column, in order from left to right?

Trimester 3, Trimester 1, Trimester 2

Which of the following does the history of ulcers and their treatment best illustrate?

Unexpected findings can cause scientists to rethink earlier hypotheses.

lexis Woods is a high school athlete who practices at the track for at least an hour after school. One day Alexis was given an extensive additional assignment by her coach to complete 50 rounds of sprints in the track. The next day Alexis experienced severe muscle aches. Her biology teacher explained the physiology of her muscle pain. According to the teacher, which statement best explains the physiology of the pain?

When the muscle cells do not receive enough oxygen to generate energy (ATP) through aerobic respiration, they undergo anaerobic respiration which results in the production of lactic acid. Lactic acid accumulates in the muscle cells and causes pain.

Why is a hypothesis important to a scientific investigation?

Without a hypothesis, you have no statement to which you can compare your results to in order for you to determine what those results mean.

What is an example of a reaction to a stimulus?

a child's eyes blinking due to smoke in the air

During urine production, a number of waste products can be excreted. When comparing the following categories of waste products, which substance would be least likely to be reabsorbed by a normal, healthy patient?

urea

All of the following are examples of physical changes that take place in the mouth during digestion EXCEPT

when enzymes in saliva break down complex molecules into smaller ones.