Ancient India QC Final

Babuji Vishwanath

The sixth Peshwa and the first of a series of hereditary Peshwas (Marathi for Prime Minister) hailing from the Chitpavan Kokanastha Brahmin Hindu family who gained effective control of the Maratha Empire during the 18th century.

Banda

This city (located in Uttar Pradesh) forms one of the districts included under the general name of Bundelkhand, has formed an arena of contention for the successive races who have struggled for the sovereignty of India. (This place is also a site for Shamsher Bahadur I)

Pune

This place changed hands several times between the Mughals and the Marathas in the period between 1660 and 1705. When Chhatrapati Shahu succeeded to the Maratha throne in 1707, he wanted to declare Satara the capital but his chief administrators, the Peshwa who was the real power behind the throne, decided this will be their headquarters.

Durbar

Used for the place where Indian Kings and other rulers had their formal and informal meetings, i.e. in European context, equivalent to a Kings Court.

First Battle of Panipat

Was fought on 21 April 1526 between the invading forces of Babur and the Lodi Kingdom. It took place in north India and marked the beginning of the Mughal Empire. This was one of the earliest battles involving gunpowder firearms and field artillery in the Indian subcontinent which were introduced by Mughals in this battle.

Second Battle of Panipat

Was fought on November 5, 1556, between the forces of Hemu, the Hindu general and Chief Minister of Adil Shah Suri, and the army of the Mughal emperor, Akbar. Hemu had conquered Delhi a month earlier by defeating the Mughals led by Tardi Beg Khan at the Battle of Delhi and proclaimed himself Raja Vikramaditya. Akbar and his guardian, Bairam Khan, had immediately marched to Delhi to reclaim the city. (This was occurred on November 5th 1556)

Ahmadnagar , Golchanda , Bijapur , Berar , Bidar

What 5 states Brahmani Sultanate split into in 16th century?

1498

What year did Vasco De Gama explore India after reaching the tip of Kerela?

Farghana

Zoroastrian literature identifies the area as the Zoroastrian homeland. It was known as "Özkent" during Karakhanid rule. Fergana also played a central role in the history of the Mughal dynasty of South Asia in that Omar Sheikh Mirza, chieftain of Farghana, was the father of Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur (1483-1530), founder of the Mughal dynasty in India. At Mirza's death in 1498, Babur became chief, although he was still a minor.

Ibrahim Lodi

________________ Sultan of Delhi in 1517 after the death of his father Sikandar Lodi. He was the last ruler of the Lodi dynasty, reigning for nine years between 1517 until being defeated and killed at the battle of Panipat by Babur's invading army in 1526, giving way to the emergence of the Mughal Empire in India. He made deals with the Delhi Sultanate.

Moinuddin Chishti

a Persian Muslim preacher, ascetic, religious scholar, philosopher, and mystic from Sistan, who eventually ended up settling in the Indian subcontinent in the early 13th-century, where he promulgated the famous Chishtiyya order of Sunni mysticism.

Mughal Empire

an empire in the Indian subcontinent, founded in 1526 and ended in 1857. It was the second largest empire to have existed in the Indian subcontinent, spanning four million square kilometers at its zenith, after only the Maurya Empire, which spanned five million square kilometers.

Zenana

"Of the women" or "Pertaining to women". It contextually refers to the part of a house belonging to a Hindu or Muslim family in South Asia which is reserved for the women of the household. The ________ are the inner apartments of a house in which the women of the family live. The outer apartments for guests and men are called the Mardana. Conceptually in those that practice purdah it is the South Asian equivalent of the harem.

Bhakti

'Devotion' in Hindi; Three paths are intellectual, actual, & devotion.

Lal Shabaz Qalandar

(1177-19 February 1275) a Sufi philosopher-poet of present-day Afghanistan and Pakistan.

Harihara I

(1336-1356 CE) He was Bhavana Sangama's eldest son and was founder of the Sangama dynasty, the first among the four dynasties that ruled Vijayanagara.

Bukka Raya I

(1356-1377 CE) An emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire from the Sangama Dynasty.

Babur

(14 February 1483-26 December 1530) (reigned 20 April 1526 - 26 December 1530) A conqueror from Central Asia who, following a series of setbacks, finally succeeded in laying the base for the Mughal dynasty in the Indian subcontinent and became the first Mughal emperor. He was a direct descendant of Turco-Mongol conqueror Timur (Tamerlane) from the Barlas clan, through his father, and also a descendant of Genghis Khan through his mother. He was also influenced by the Persian culture and this affected both his own actions and those of his successors, giving rise to a significant expansion of the Persianate ethos in the Indian subcontinent.

Abul Fazl

(14 January 1551 - 12 August 1602) was the Grand vizier of the Mughal emperor Akbar, and author of the Akbarnama, the official history of Akbar's reign in three volumes, (the third volume is known as the Ain-i-Akbari) and a Persian translation of the Bible. He was also one of the Nine Jewels (Hindi: Navaratnas) of Akbar's royal court and the brother of Faizi, the poet laureate of emperor Akbar.

Bahadur Shah

(14 October 1643 - 27 February 1712) The 7th Mughal Emperor. He tried to overthrow Aurangzeb ruling-wise. During 1696-1707, he became a governor of Agra, Kabul, and Lahore.

Salim Chisti

(1478-1572) A Sufi saint of the Chishti Order during the Mughal Empire in India.

Sher Shahsuri

(1486-22 May 1545) _____________ is the founder of the Sur Empire in North India, with its capital at Delhi. An ethnic Pashtun, he took control of the Mughal Empire in 1540. After his accidental death in 1545, his son Islam Shah became his successor. He first served as a private before rising to become a commander in the Mughal army under Babur and then the governor of Bihar. In 1537, when Babur's son Humayun was elsewhere on an expedition, he overran the state of Bengal and established the Sur dynasty.

Jalaluddin Akbar

(15 October 1542- 27 October 1605)The third Mughal emperor, who reigned from 1556 to 1605. He succeeded his father, Humayun, under a regent, Bairam Khan, who helped the young emperor expand and consolidate Mughal domains in India. A strong personality and a successful general, he gradually enlarged the Mughal Empire to include nearly all of the Indian Subcontinent north of the Godavari river. His power and influence, however, extended over the entire country because of Mughal military, political, cultural, and economic dominance.

Bairam Khan

(1501 - c. 31 January 1561) An important military commander, later commander-in-chief of the Mughal army, a powerful statesman and regent at the court of the Mughal emperors Humayun and Akbar.

Safavid Empire

(1501-1736) One of the most significant ruling dynasties of Iran often considered the beginning of modern Iranian history. They ruled one of the greatest Iranian empires after the 7th-century Muslim conquest of Iran, and established the Twelver school of Shia Islam as the official religion of the empire, marking one of the most important turning points in Muslim history.

Adham Khan

(1531 - 16 May 1562) He was a general of Akbar. He was the younger son of Maham Anga, he thus became the foster brother of Akbar. In his fourth regnal year, Akbar married him to Javeda Begum, the daughter of Baqi Khan Baqlani.

Malik Ambar

(1548 - 13 May 1626) was a Siddhi military leader in the Deccan region of India. Sold as a child by his parents, Malik was brought to India as a slave. In time he created an independent army, a mercenary force numbering up to 1500 men. It was based in the Deccan region and was hired by local kings.

Maloji

(1552-1620) A Maratha sardar (general) who served the Ahmadnagar Sultanate in Malik Ambar's army. He was the father of Shahaji and the grandfather of Shivaji, the founder of the Maratha Empire.

Shivaji

(1627/1630 - 3 April 1680), also known as Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, was an Indian warrior king and a member of the Bhonsle Maratha clan. In 1674, he was formally crowned as the Chhatrapati (Monarch) of his realm at Raigad.

Tarabai

(1675-9 December 1761 at Satara) was the regent of the Maratha empire of India from 1700 until 1708. She was the queen of Chhatrapati Rajaram Bhosale, daughter-in-law of the empire's founder Shivaji and mother of Shivaji II. She is acclaimed for her role in keeping alive the resistance against Mughal occupation of Maratha territories after the death of her spouse and acted as regent during the minority of her son.

Shahuji

(1682-1749 CE) was the fifth Chhatrapati of the Maratha Empire created by his grandfather, Shivaji. He was the son of Sambhaji, Shivaji's eldest son and successor. Shahu as a child was taken prisoner along with his mother in 1689 by Mughal General, Nusrat Jang

Bajirao I

(18 August 1700 - 28 April 1740) was a general of the Maratha Empire in India. He served as Peshwa (Prime Minister) to the fifth Maratha Chhatrapati (Emperor) Shahu from 1720 until his death. He is credited with expanding the Maratha Empire in India which contributed to its reaching a zenith during his son's reign twenty years after his death. In his military career spanning 20 years, he never lost a battle. According to the British Army officer Bernard Montgomery, this general was possibly the finest cavalry general ever produced by India.

Rajaram

(24 February 1670 - 3 March 1700 Sinhagad) was the younger son of Maratha ruler Chhatrapati Shivaji, and half-brother of Sambhaji. He took over the Maratha Empire as its third Chhatrapati after his brother's death at the hands of the Mughal emperor, Aurangzeb in 1689. He had a very short reign, during which he was engaged in a struggle with the Mughals.

Bahadur Shah Zafar

(24 October 1775 - 7 November 1862) was the last Mughal emperor. He was the second son of and became the successor to his father, Akbar II, upon his death on 28 September 1837. He was a nominal Emperor, as the Mughal Empire existed in name only and his authority was limited only to the city of Delhi (Shahjahanabad). Following his involvement in the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the British exiled him to Rangoon in British-controlled Burma, after convicting him on conspiracy charges.

Mumtaz Mahal

(27 April 1593 - 17 June 1631) (aka Arjumand Banu) was Empress consort of the Mughal Empire from 19 January 1628 to 17 June 1631 as the chief consort of the Mughal emperor Shah Jahan. She died after giving birth to the 14th child.

Aurangzeb

(3 November 1618 - 3 March 1707) the sixth, and widely considered the last effective Mughal emperor. His reign lasted for 49 years from 1658 until his death in 1707. He was a notable expansionist and during his reign, the Mughal Empire reached its greatest extent, ruling over nearly all of the Indian subcontinent.[7] During his lifetime, victories in the south expanded the Mughal Empire to 4 million square kilometres

Jai Singh

(3 November 1688 - 21 September 1743) was the Hindu Rajput ruler of the kingdom of Amber (later called Jaipur). He was born in Amber, the capital of the Kachwahas. He became ruler of Amber at the age of 11 after his father Maharaja Bishan Singh died on 31 December 1699. He was given a title of Sawai by the Mughal Emperor, farrukhsiar in the year 1699, who had summoned him to Delhi, impressed by his wit. Later he proved to be Sawai also in warfare. On 21 April 1721, the Mughal emperor Muhammad Shah bestowed upon him the title of Saramad-i-Rajaha-i-Hind and on 2 June 1723, the emperor further bestowed him the titles of Raj Rajeshvar, Shri Shantanu Ji, and Maharaja Sawai.

Jahangir

(31 August 1569 - 28 October 1627) The fourth Mughal Emperor who ruled from 1605 until his death in 1627. He was the eldest surviving son of Mughal Emperor Akbar. Impatient for power, he revolted in 1599 while Akbar was engaged in the Deccan.

Nur Jahan

(31 May 1577 - 17 December 1645) Eighteenth (and last) wife of the Mughal emperor Jahangir. She was the only Mughal empress to have coinage struck in her name. She was often present when the Emperor held court, and even held court independently when the Emperor was unwell. She was given charge of his imperial seal, implying that her perusal and consent were necessary before any document or order received legal validity. The Emperor sought her views on most matters before issuing orders.

Shaista Khan

(?-1694) a subahdar and a general in the Mughal army. A maternal uncle to Emperor Aurangzeb, he served as the Mughal governor of Bengal from 1664 to 1688 and was a key figure during the rule of his nephew.

Nadir Shah

(August 1688- 19 June 1747) was one of the most powerful Iranian rulers in the history of that nation, ruling as Shah of Persia from 1736 to 1747 when he was assassinated during a rebellion. Because of his military genius as evidenced in numerous martial encounters throughout his campaigns, such as the battles of Herat, Mihmandust, Murche-Khort, Kirkuk, Yeghevard, Khyber Pass, Karnal and Kars, some historians have described him as the Napoleon of Persia or the Second Alexander.

Shah Jahan

(January 5, 1592-January 22, 1666) The fifth Mughal emperor, who reigned from 1628 to 1658. He was widely considered to be the most competent of Emperor Jahangir's four sons and after Jahangir's death in late 1627, when a war of succession ensued. The period of his reign is widely considered to be the golden age of Mughal architecture. he commissioned many monuments, the best known of which is the Taj Mahal in Agra, which entombs his beloved wife Mumtaz Mahal.

Humayun

(March 17, 1508-January 27, 1556) The second emperor of the Mughal Empire, who ruled over territory in what is now Afghanistan, Pakistan, and parts of northern India from 1531-1540 and again from 1555-1556.

Shahji

(March 18, 1594/1602 - January 23, 1664) was a Maratha general from the 17th century. During the Mughal invasion of Deccan, he joined the Mughal forces and served Emperor Shah Jahan for a brief period. After being deprived of his jagirs, he defected to the Bijapur Sultanate in 1632 and regained control over Pune and Supe. In 1638, he also received the jagir of Bangalore, after Bijapur's invasion of Kempe Gowda III's territories. He eventually became the chief general of Bijapur and oversaw its expansion.

Shambhuji

(May 14, 1657 - March 11, 1689) was the second ruler of the Maratha Kingdom. He was the eldest son of Shivaji, the founder of Maratha Empire and his first wife Saibai. He was successor of the realm after his father's death and ruled it for 9 years. Sambhaji's rule was largely shaped by the ongoing wars between the Maratha kingdom and Mughal Empire as well as other neighboring powers such as the Siddis, Mysore and the Portuguese in Goa. In 1689, ___________ was captured, tortured and executed by the Mughals, and succeeded by his brother Rajaram I.

Siege of Jinjii

(September 1690-January 8, 1698), began when the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb appointed Zulfiqar Ali Khan as the Nawab of the Carnatic and dispatched him to besiege and capture ______ Fort, which had been sacked and captured by Maratha Empire troops led by Rajaram, they had also ambushed and killed about 300 Mughal Sowars in the Carnatic. The Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb then ordered Ghazi Ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung I to protect the supply routes leading to ______ Fort and to support and provide reinforcements to Zulfiqar Ali Khan when needed.

Nana Sahib

(born 19 May 1824 - disappeared 1857) an Indian Peshwa of Maratha empire, aristocrat and fighter, who led the rebellion in Cawnpore (Kanpur) during the 1857 uprising. As the adopted son of the exiled Maratha Peshwa Baji Rao II, he believed that he was entitled to a pension from the English East India Company, but the underlying contractual issues are rather murky. The Company's refusal to continue the pension after his father's death, as well as what he perceived as high-handed policies, compelled him to revolt and seek independence from company rule in India. He forced the British garrison in Kanpur to surrender, then executed the survivors, gaining control of Cawnpore for a few days. He later disappeared, after his forces were defeated by a British force that recaptured Cawnpore. He was led to the Nepal Hills in 1859, where he is thought to have died.

Ahmad Shah Abdali

(c. 1722 - 16 October 1772) The founder of the Durrani Empire and is regarded as the founder of the modern state of Afghanistan. He began his career by enlisting as a young soldier in the military of the Afsharid kingdom and quickly rose to become a commander of the Abdali Regiment, a cavalry of four thousand Abdali Pashtun soldiers.

Afzal Khan

(died 10 November 1659, according to the Julian Calendar) was a medieval Indian commander who served the Adil Shahi dynasty of Bijapur, and fought against Shivaji. He was killed at a meeting with Shivaji by Shivaji's lieutenant Sambhaji Kavji, and his army were defeated on the Battle of Pratapgad.

Hemu

(died 5 November 1556) A Hindu general and Chief Minister of Adil Shah Suri of the Suri Dynasty during a period in Indian history when the Mughals and Afghans were vying for power across North India. He fought Afghan rebels across North India from the Punjab to Bengal and the Mughal forces of Humayun and Akbar in Agra and Delhi, winning 22 battles for Adil Shah

Gaekwar

A Hindu Kunbi Maratha clan. A dynasty belonging to this clan ruled the princely state of Baroda in western India from the early 18th century until 1947. With the city of Baroda (Vadodara) as its capital, during the British Raj its relations with the British were managed by the Baroda Residency. It was one of the largest and wealthiest princely states existing alongside British India, with wealth coming from the lucrative cotton business as well as rice, wheat and sugar production.

Scindia

A Hindu Maratha dynasty that ruled the Gwalior State. The Gwalior state was a part of the Maratha Confederacy in the 18th and 19th centuries, and a princely state of the colonial British government during the 19th and the 20th centuries. After India's independence in 1947, the members of the _________ family became politicians.

Holkars

A Hindu Maratha royal house in India. They ruled as Maratha Rajas, and later as Maharajas of Indore in Central India as an independent member of the Maratha Empire until 1818. Later, their kingdom became a princely state under the protectorate of British India.

Chisti Order

A Sunni Sufi order within the mystic Sufi tradition of Islam. It began in Chisht, a small town near Herat, Afghanistan about 930 CE. It is known for its emphasis on love, tolerance, and openness.

Khanqah

A building designed specifically for gatherings of a Sufi Brotherhood.

Red Fort

A historic fort in the city of Delhi in India. It was the main residence of the emperors of the Mughal dynasty for nearly 200 years, until 1857. It is located in the center of Delhi and houses a number of museums. In addition to accommodating the emperors and their households, it was the ceremonial and political center of the Mughal state and the setting for events critically impacting the region. This was constructed in 1639 by Shah Jahan.

Diwan

A powerful official / government in Islamic state

Deshmukh

A quasi-official recognized as the headman of a paragana by the imperial authorities in Deccan.

Nazr

A small gift that shows something a family has achieved

Din Ilahi

A syncretic religion propounded by the Mughal emperor Akbar in 1582 AD, intending to merge the best elements of the religions of his empire, and thereby reconcile the differences that divided his subjects.

Balkh

A town in the Balkh Province of Afghanistan, about 20 kilometers northwest of the provincial capital, Mazar-e Sharif, and some 74 km (46 mi) south of the Amu Darya river. It was historically an ancient centre of Buddhism, Islam, and Zoroastrianism and one of the major cities of Khorasan, since the latter's earliest history.

Peshkash

A valuable gift nobles get from emperor

Khazanad

A well situated in the south of Ahmednagar. It was constructed in 1583.

Mamluk

An Arabic designation for slaves. Refers to Muslim Slave Soldiers or Muslim rulers of slave origin.

Maratha

An Indian power that dominated much of the Indian subcontinent in the 18th century. The empire formally existed from 1674 with the coronation of Chhatrapati Shivaji and ended in 1818 with the defeat of Peshwa Bajirao II. They were a Hindu warrior group from the western Deccan Plateau (present day Maharashtra) that rose to prominence by establishing a Hindavi Swarajya.

Krishna Deva Raya

An emperor of the Vijayanagara Empire who reigned from 1509-1529. He is the third ruler of the Tuluva Dynasty. (26 July 1509-1529)

Taj Mahal

An ivory-white marble mausoleum on the south bank of the Yamuna river in the Indian city of Agra. It was commissioned in 1632 by the Mughal emperor, Shah Jahan (reigned from 1628 to 1658), to house the tomb of his favourite wife, Mumtaz Mahal. The tomb is the centrepiece of a 17-hectare (42-acre) complex, which includes a mosque and a guest house, and is set in formal gardens bounded on three sides by a crenellated wall.

Beshara

Anti-Religion

Mansab

Arabic origin meaning rank or position.

Vedar

Bandits for Sangam Poetry

Vijayanagar

Based in the Deccan Plateau region in South India. It was established in 1336 by Harihara I and his brother Bukka Raya I of Sangama Dynasty.

Jumma Masjid

Built by Mughal emperor Shah Jahan between 1644 and 1656 at a cost of 1 million rupees, and was inaugurated by an imam from Bukhara, present-day Uzbekistan. The mosque was completed in 1656 AD with three great gates, four towers and two 40 m high minarets constructed of strips of red sandstone and white marble. The courtyard can accommodate more than 25,000 persons. There are three domes on the terrace which are flanked by the two minarets.

Sawar

Cavalry Rank

Poligar

Feudal title for a class of territorial administrative & military governors appointed by Nayakas in 16-18th century

Rana Sanga

He was the Rana (king) of Mewar and head of a powerful Hindu Rajput confederacy in Rajputana during the 16th century. He belonged to Sisodiya clan of Rajput.

Kabul

In the 14th century, ________ became a major trading center under the kingdom of Timur (Tamerlane). In 1504, the city fell to Babur from the north and made into his headquarters, which became one of the principal cities of his later Mughal Empire.

12-13th century

In what period of time the Ulemas existed?

Zamindars

Landowners

Kamavisdar

Main revenue official

Nayaka

Military governors under the supervision of the Vijayanagara Empire.

Cartaze

Naval Trade license issued by the Portuguese during the 1700s

Jinji

Originally the site of a small fort built by the Chola dynasty in 9th century AD, it was later modified by the Vijayanagar empire in the 13th century to elevate it to the status of an unbreachable citadel to protect the small town of Gingee. It was also the headquarters of the Gingee Nayaks, during the Nayak domination in Tamil Nadu. The fort was built as a strategic place of fending off any invading armies. As per one account, the fort was built during the 15-16th century by the Nayaks of Gingee, the lieutenants of the Vijayanagara Empire and who later became independent kings (Nayaks of Gingee ). The fort passed to the Marathas under the leadership of Shivaji in 1677 AD, Bijapur sultans, the Moghuls, Carnatic Nawabs, French and the British in 1761. The fort is closely associated with Raja Tej Singh, who unsuccessfully revolted against the Nawab of Arcot and eventually lost his life in a battle.

Zat

Personal Rank

Tax Farming

Principle of assigning the responsibility for tax revenue collection to private citizens.

Bashara

Pro religion

Cities that Bajirao I conquered

Rajasthan, Malwa, Orissa, Gujrat, Mysore

Pir

Saints or Holy Family

Ulemas

Scholar of all disciplines in the Arab region.

Kutbah

Serves as the primary formal occasion for public preaching in the Islamic tradition. Such sermons occur regularly, as prescribed by the teachings of all legal schools. The Islamic tradition can be formally at the dhuhr (noon) congregation prayer on Friday. In addition, similar sermons are called for on the two festival days.

Shahjahanabad

Shah Jahan decided to stay here in 1638 when he decided to shift the Mughal capital from Agra. The construction of the city was completed in 1648, and it remained the capital of the Mughal Empire until its fall in 1857 when the British Raj took over a paramount power in India. It was once filled with mansions of nobles and members of the royal court, along with elegant mosques and gardens. Today, despite having become extremely crowded and dilapidated, it still serves as the symbolic heart of metropolitan Delhi.

Mansabdar

The administrative system of the Mughal Empire introduced by Akbar in 1572 A.D. There are 33 ranks in this case.

Surat

The area was initially called Surajpur or Suryapur. In 1512 and again in 1530 Surat was ravaged by the Portuguese Empire. In 1514, the Portuguese traveler Duarte Barbosa described Surat as an important seaport, frequented by many ships from Malabar and various parts of the world. By 1520, the name of the city was __________. In 1612 England established its first Indian trading factory here. It was sacked by Shivaji twice but remained prosperous until the rise of Mumbai

Caliph

The chief Muslim civil and religious ruler, regarded as the successor of Muhammad. The caliph ruled in Baghdad until 1258 and then in Egypt until the Ottoman conquest of 1517; the title was then held by the Ottoman sultans until it was abolished in 1924 by Atatürk.

Maham Anga

The chief nurse of the Mughal emperor Akbar. A highly shrewd and ambitious woman, she was the political adviser of the teenage emperor and the de facto regent of the Mughal Empire from 1560 to 1562. She died on 24 June 1562 in Agra.

Fatehpur Sikri

The city was founded in the year 1569 by the Mughal Emperor Akbar the Great, and served as the capital of the Mughal Empire from 1571 to 1585, when it was abandoned. After his military victories over Chittor and Ranthambore, Akbar decided to shift his capital from Agra to a new location 23 miles (37 km) south-west, to honour the Sufi saint and Salim Chishti.

Peshwa

The equivalent of a modern Prime Minister in the Maratha Empire.

Agra

The golden age of the city began with the Mughals. It was known then as Akbarabād and remained the capital of the Mughal Empire under the Badshahs (emperors) Akbar, Jahangir, and Shāh Jahān. Akbar made it the eponymous seat of one of his original twelve subahs (imperial top-level provinces), bordering (Old) Delhi, Awadh (Oudh), Allahabad, Malwa and Ajmer subahs. Shāh Jahān later shifted his capital to Shāhjahānabād in the year 1649.

Wali

The governor of a province in an Arab Country.