Ancient Philosophy Final: Dr. Sickler

7. According to Aristotle, wisdom involves

A) understanding one's own culture. B) restricting one's beliefs to what the senses can tell us. **C) knowing the causes of things. D) repudiating past claims to knowledge.

10. Augustine would tell Socrates that piety is

A) useful for attaining the highest happiness. B) a trading skill that only the true Christian knows. **C) loving all things in accord with their value. D) enjoying the good things in life for their own sake.

12. Montaigne says that

A) we cannot rely on ancient authorities, such as Aristotle, but science shows us truth. B) animal senses are inferior to ours, and cannot show the world as it really is (the way ours do). **C) man, who could not make a mite, is crazy, making gods by the dozen. D) we can reach truth only by correcting appearances with a judicatory instrument.

12. The new science

**A) seems to require a distinction between primary and secondary qualities. B) shows how final causes actually work. C) puts the sun in the center of the universe. D) finally solves the old philosophical problems about knowledge.

12. Martin Luther

A) speaks of man as "maker and molder" of himself. B) upholds the Church as the legitimate interpreter of Scripture, lest chaos result from individual opinions. C) leaves the Church, resigning his priesthood in disgust over the selling of indulgences. **D) stresses the grace of God and the inability of human beings to save themselves.

7. Categories are

A) statements true of everything. **B) indicators of the different ways things can be. C) categorically true or false. D) ways of doing something.

7. Soul, according to Aristotle, is

A) the unique possession of rational creatures such as humans. B) a primary substance. C) common to all nature-facts. **D) the form of a living body.

11. Though the existence of God is self-evident in itself, we must reason from

A) things that are known to us via the senses. B) Holy Scripture. **C) things that are not self-evident. D) those things that have been passed down from of old.

8. Epicurus believes we should restrict our desires to those that are

A) necessary for life. B) necessary for ease. C) necessary for happiness. **D) all of the above.

8. A skeptic will

A) assert that nothing can be known. B) assert that we can know only the contents of our own minds. **C) suspend judgment about what reality is like. D) refuse to ask why.

7. Aristotle defines happiness (eudaemonia) as

A) harmony in the soul. B) a feeling of excellence (arete) pervading the soul. **C) activity of the soul in accord with reason. D) whatever makes you feel good about yourself.

9. Jesus says,

**A) "There will be more joy in heaven over one sinner who repents than over ninety-nine righteous persons who need no repentance." B) "An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth." C) "Resist those who are evil; be not contaminated by association with sinners." D) "Be not angry with your brother, lest he bring you into judgment."

7. Suppose I do something wrong, but offer an excuse. Which of these excuses, if true, would be acceptable, according to Aristotle?

**A) I didn't know that was wrong. B) My parents mistreated me when I was young. C) I did it to Jones because Jones did it to me. D) I was forced to do it.

12. In Dante's Divine Comedy,

**A) Virgil leads Dante through hell, through purgatory, to heaven. B) spiritual sins (such as pride and envy) are judged to be worse than bodily sins (such as lust and gluttony). C) hell is portrayed as a state of mind. D) Homer and Aristotle, as virtuous pagans, are located in purgatory.

10. Augustine

**A) agrees with Socrates that virtue is knowledge. B) agrees with Socrates that the explanation for wrongdoing is ignorance. C) agrees with St. Paul that our wills are divided and that we cannot heal ourselves. D) agrees that the self-reliance of the Stoics is the key to happiness.

10. Evil is

A) a positive reality, as every toothache proves. B) a thing not easily endured. **C) the privation of good. D) ultimately due to the devil, who invented it by rebelling against God.

7. As Aristotle understands nature, it is

A) a set of things within the broader category of artifacts. **B) what has within it principles of motion and rest. C) created by God to be a dwelling place for rational animals. D) composed of everything that touches our senses.

7. If all A is B and all B is C, then

A) all C is B. B) all C is A. **C) all A is C. D) none of the above.

11. Reason and revelation, Aquinas holds,

A) are irreconcilably in conflict. **B) are two compatible sources of truth. C) cannot deal with the same topics. D) both depend on faith for their validation.

11. Existence, Aquinas tells us,

A) is included in form, the principle of actuality in things. B) is something we can take for granted. **C) is something added to the essence of finite things. D) derives from essence, and from essence alone.

11. What we know first and most easily, according to Aquinas,

A) is the soul. B) are the contents of our own minds. **C) are things like carrots and clouds. D) are ideas of things such as carrots and clouds.

8. Happiness, says the skeptic,

A) is unavailable to humans, since knowledge is unavailable. B) must be founded on sure and certain understanding of the true nature of reality. C) is available only to those who have gone through the pangs of skeptical doubt and come out into the clear light of knowledge on the other side. **D) is a by-product of giving up the demand to know.

9. St Paul taught that

A) the soul is essentially good, and salvation consists in becoming aware of who you are. B) Jesus and Socrates are much alike: Men of virtue whom it would be wise to imitate. **C) the will is in conflict with itself and we cannot save ourselves. D) unless we live good lives, we cannot inherit the kingdom of Heaven.

10. Pride, Augustine says, is

A) the very root of sin. B) comparable to the Greek hubris. C) trying to make the rules for life for ourselves. **D) all of the above.

10. Augustine holds that unless you understand, you will not believe.

False

10. No one still living belongs to the heavenly city, but those whose loves are rightly ordered can look forward to living there after their earthly life is over.

False

10. Original sin is a matter of one's loves being disordered from the very beginning.

False

10. To say that God is eternal is to say that God's time has neither beginning nor end.

False

11. The essence of a thing is that which most people take it to be.

True

7. A mean in Aristotle's ethics is the mathematical average that lies between too little and too much.

True

7. A virtue is a habit that makes it easy to do the right thing in the appropriate circumstances.

True

7. An essence is the set of characteristics that make a certain thing the kind of thing it is.

True

8. An infinite regress can only be stopped by a first principle.

True

8. Epicurus holds that reality is simply atoms and the void. (Reality IS atom and void, or they are IN reality?)

True

8. Pantheism is the view that God is all and all is God.

True

8. Stoics hold that the only true good is virtue.

True

8. The key to Stoicism is the distinction between what is in our power and what is not

True

8. The problem of the criterion can only be solved in a skeptical way.

True

9. Christians believe that

A) humans can only be justified by observing all the precepts of the Law. *B) the very wisdom through which the world was made can be found in the life and character of Jesus. C) our salvation will be accomplished through knowledge and education. D) the Jewish Old Testament must be repudiated by believers in Jesus.

11. The fool who "says in his heart" that there is no God

**A) believes that God doesn't exist and also that God does exist. B) is an impossibility, since being such a fool is self-contradictory. C) is obviously not thinking of God at all. D) could be correct, but is mistaken according to Anselm.

12. In the Aristotle-Ptolemy-Dante picture of the world,

**A) heaven is understood to be quite literally up above us. B) space is thought to be infinite. C) the sun is located in the very center of the created universe. D) human beings are thought to be insignificant in comparison with the glories of the celestial bodies.

11. Aquinas says that a human soul

**A) is the form of a human body. B) inhabits the body like a sailor his ship. C) is potentially a human being. D) is the substance of a human being, which in turn is a composite of form and matter.

9. Jesus says,

A) "Take care for your soul, which is your pure and noble essence, that it remain undefiled." B) "How hard it will be for those who are poor to enter into the kingdom of God." **C) "As you wish that men would do to you, do so to them." D) "No one can serve two masters; indeed, serve no master at all if you would be free."

12. Erasmus, "prince of humanists," does not say that

A) "none are more truly Epicurean than the righteous and godly." B) "whatever is devout and contributes to good morals should not be called profane." C) "sacred Scripture is of course the basic authority in everything." **D) Christ, unfortunately, was "sad and gloomy in character."

9. "In the beginning," the Bible tells us,

A) "time and chaos formed all things." B) "day and night, evening and morning, summer and winter manifest the turning of the great wheel of the eternal All." C) "nothing was, nor could be." **D) "God created the heavens and the earth."

11. Aquinas agrees with Aristotle that

A) Ideas (Forms) are realities independent of our minds. **B) all finite beings are a composite of matter and form. C) change is explained as a shift from potentiality to actuality. D) some properties can float free of substances.

11. To have a will, Aquinas says, is

A) to possess a faculty distinct from desire. **B) to be able to choose actions in the light of a goal. C) to violate what is natural and right according to our nature. D) to obey the commandments of God.

10. Why do we sin? Augustine answers that

A) we were created with a flaw that tends toward evil. B) we are made to sin by the Evil One, who tempts us and leads us into evil. **C) there is no cause for it. D) it is because we have a body dragging us down from the spiritual plane.

9. Human Beings

A) were created sinful, as is shown by the story of Cain killing Abel. **B) fell away from their original goodness because they wanted to be like God, making their own rules to live by. C) are destined to live in the "kingdom of God" because of their original goodness. D) help each other according to the Golden Rule.

9. "In the beginning was the Word . . . and the Word became flesh and dwelt among us." This means that

A) words are more powerful even than swords. **B) the logos according to which the world was created manifests itself in Jesus of Nazareth. C) we all, being flesh, have God within us. D) as it was in the beginning, so shall it be even among fleshly men.

12. Whereas in the older science the earth was at the center of the universe, in the new science the sun is at the center.

False

FYI

The numbers before the question correspond to which chapter they belong to. I posted all of the possible answers, the correct answer is labeled with asterisks. *****

11. Hylomorphism is the theory that every material object is a composite of matter and form.

True

11. Universals are general features of things, abstracted from particulars by the intellect.

True

12. Corpuscularism is the view that material bodies are made up of smaller entities that obey the laws of motion.

True

12. In the new science, final causes are banished in favor of mathematical formulas describing how things occur.

True

12. In the science of Dante's time, heaven was thought to be outside the sphere of the fixed stars.

True

12. Kepler held that mathematics was the key to understanding the universe.

True

12. Warmth, pain, and green are examples of secondary qualities.

True

9. The Good Samaritan is called "good" because he had compassion on someone in need.

True

9. Torah is the law given by God and recorded in the first five books of the Bible.

True

12. In defending the theology of Raymond Sebond, Montaigne

A) shows that Sebond's arguments are superior to the arguments of those who criticized him. B) makes use of Plato's Forms to show that God is knowable to us. C) relies on Aristotle as the authority who showed us how to avoid infinite regress problems. **D) says only that Sebond's arguments are as solid and firm as any.

8. Epicurus thinks an important key to happiness lies in natural science because

A) it leads to technological breakthroughs that enhance the quality of life. **B) it can show us that some of our fears are unfounded. C) knowledge is something good in itself. D) we should aim to keep our wills in harmony with nature.

7. A statement, according to Aristotle, is

A) like a prayer. B) composed of three or more terms. C) like knowledge, always true. **D) either true or false.

11. Virtues, Aquinas says, are

A) merely splendid vices. **B) habits that order emotions and desires toward the good. C) constraints that make true happiness impossible. D) divided into the cardinal and the earthly virtues.

11. Anselm's argument

A) moves from existence to essence. B) presupposes that God exists. **C) starts from essence and ends with existence. D) begins with premises derived from Christian faith.

7. Pleasure, for Aristotle, is

A) never to be sought as an end. B) the end that humans are naturally motivated by. **C) unsuitable as the principal end for rational creatures. D) the reason we should be virtuous.

11. If Anselm's argument is correct, then it is as foolish to say that God does not exist as to say that

A) pigs can fly. **B) five plus seven equals eleven. C) the sun will not rise tomorrow. D) John F. Kennedy was not assassinated.

10. Happiness, Augustine holds, consists in

A) pleasures of the mind rather than pleasures of the body. B) the approval of others. C) the love of a good woman or man. **D) having what you desire, provided that wisdom approves.

9. The story of the Good Samaritan teaches that

A) priests and Levites are not to be trusted. B) the road between Jerusalem and Jericho is a dangerous one. C) Samaritans are kindly people. **D) love means having compassion on those who need help.

10. The problem of evil

A) proves that God does not care about us. B) demonstrates the power of evil in human lives. C) dissolves any puzzle about the existence of evil in the world. **D) seems to show that evil and God cannot both exist.

8. A Stoic thinks we should

A) seek virtue more than happiness. **B) never seek pleasure as an end. C) always be virtuous, because virtue produces the greatest pleasure. D) be skeptical of all claims to know what virtue is.

Indulgences were

A) signs of the free grace of God, manifesting the love of the creator. B) a matter of simply overlooking various sins. **C) sold to ensure salvation or a reduction of time spent in purgatory. D) praised by Luther as a way of making the forgiveness of God available to all, rather than only to those who belonged to the Church.

11. In the argument from possibility and necessity, Aquinas reasons that

A) since at one time nothing existed, something must have come from nothing. **B) not every being could be a merely possible being. C) every being is a necessary being, otherwise there would be an infinite regress. D) some necessary beings have their being caused by merely possible beings.

11. When we say that God is good, according to Aquinas, we mean

A) that God is not bad. B) to use the word "good" in an equivocal sense. C) exactly what we mean when we use the word "good" in regard to created things; otherwise we wouldn't know what we do mean. **D) to apply the word "good" by analogy or proportion.

10. Augustine, in a sermon, advises

A) that we must understand in order to believe. B) that we must judge purported authorities for ourselves. C) that we must exert our wills to the uttermost to discover the truth. **D) that in order to understand, we must first believe.

7. In a syllogism,

A) the conclusion follows from the premises. B) there are always exactly three terms. C) the premises must be true if the conclusion is true. **D) if the premises are true, the conclusion must be true.

7. In Aristotle's account of the four causes,

A) the efficient cause of the world is God. B) a final cause is pure potentiality. C) the formal cause is the three-dimensional shape (or form) that a material object has. **D) the material cause is the one that explains the individuality of things.

7. Nature is purposive, Aristotle says, in virtue of

A) the plan God had in mind when he created nature. **B) intentions resident in every nature-fact. C) the entelechy resident in things. D) our using nature for our own purposes.

10. A good and happy life, Augustine thinks, is

A) the result of an act of free will that straightens out our disordered loves. B) one of those things that are in our power, as opposed to things not in our power. **C) the result of God's grace. D) reached by identifying yourself with the pure, unsullied soul within.

9. According to Jewish and Christian tradition,

A) the world is just a shadowy image of true reality. B) humans were from the very first sinful and disobedient. C) God helps those who help themselves. **D) God established a covenant with Abraham.

11. Arguing from efficient causality, Aquinas says that

A) there must be something that is the efficient cause of itself. B) the eternity of the world proves that God is not an efficient cause. C) a series of causes going on forever proves that God is eternal. **D) a series of causes cannot go on forever.

11. We see the behavior of animals "practically always turning out well," so Aquinas concludes that

A) they are more intelligent than we usually suppose. **B) there must be an intelligence guiding them. C) a lucky chance rules the world. D) what "turning out well" means depends on your point of view.

10. In meditating on the puzzling nature of time, Augustine concludes that

A) time is an illusion and only God's eternity exists. B) neither the past nor the future nor the present can have any reality at all. **C) time came into being with the creation. D) God endures through all past and future time, as well as in the present.

7. A final cause is the last cause before the effect occurs.

False

7. Nous, for Aristotle, is a part of the rational soul that is eternal.

False

8. Circular reasoning is arguing about circles.

False

10. The root of sin, according to Augustine, is acting contrary to God's law.

True

10. To create ex nihilo is to make something from nothing.

True

9. The attitude most at variance with life in the kingdom of God is pride.

True

11. Anselm holds that if we keep the proper conception of God in mind, we cannot coherently deny that God exists.

True

8. Death, according to Epicurus, is not to be feared because the gods will provide pleasures enough in the afterlife.

False

8. Epicurus holds that because unhappiness is caused by desire, we need to attain a state beyond desiring.

False

8. Keeping one's will in harmony with nature means never desiring anything.

False

8. The Stoic equanimity is a state of being undisturbed, no matter what happens

False

8. To suspend judgment in the Skeptic's sense simply means that you do not judge other people to be good or bad.

False

9. According to the Gospel of John, Jesus says, "I am not that Word by which the world was made; worship God alone."

False

9. Jesus is quoting the Jewish scriptures when he says, "Love your neighbor even more than you love yourself."

False

9. Jesus says, "Follow me and you will prosper both in this world and the next."

False

9. Paul says that to be justified before God, we must obey every letter of the law.

False

10. Citizens of the heavenly city

**A) have a dual citizenship. B) live lives of quiet perfection, in contrast to the citizens of the earthly city. C) pursue peace, in contrast with the citizens of the earthly city. D) are those who have died and gone to heaven.

9. The Exodus is a Jewish ceremonial in which the participants "empty out" all the sin that is in them.

False

10. Sin, according to Augustine, is

**A) having a disordered love life. B) not to be attributed to babies, who are truly innocent. C) something that just happens to us—a fate we cannot help. D) a mistake we make when we don't know better.

8. A Stoic

**A) believes that our happiness or unhappiness is entirely within our own control. B) says "Grin and bear it," no matter how unhappy something makes you. C) cares for no one and nothing but his own freedom and happiness. D) prefers nothing, shuns nothing, and is indifferent to everything.

7. Aristotle differs from Plato in

**A) believing knowledge is different from opinion. B) holding that something like a puppy is as real as anything can be. C) loving wisdom less. D) being more otherworldly than Plato.

8. How does a skeptic live?

**A) by conforming to appearances. B) by pursuing the infinite regress to the very end. C) by using circular reasoning. D) according to the law of nature.

7. Validity is logical goodness in deductive arguments.

True

12. Copernicus was an astrologer who predicted future events with remarkable accuracy.

False

12. Primary qualities are those qualities that bodies actually have—primarily color, texture, and size.

False

11. Natural law, according to Aquinas, is a matter of what feels natural to agents when they face a choice.

False

11. Ockham understands omnipotence to be the ability to do anything at all, even the self-contradictory.

False

11. Prudence is one of the four cardinal virtues, the one that keeps us from being distracted by immediate pleasures or pains.

False

7. An unmoved mover is the ultimate efficient cause that makes things happen.

False

7. First principles are deduced from examples.

False

10. Cupidity is a love that seeks to enjoy earthly things according to our own estimate of their value, perhaps trying to use God to gain them.

True

10. Disordered love is not having the intensity of our loves mirror the intrinsic value in things.

True

10. Neoplatonism, as exemplified by Plotinus, holds that all reality is an emanation from the One.

True

11. Aquinas agrees with Aristotle that virtues are habits that guide choices, but habits developed in the light of blessedness as the end.

True

9. The idea of the kingdom of God is that of an ideal realm where humans obey God's commands and live righteously and harmoniously.

True

11. Universals

**A) are abstracted from things by the intellect. B) are eternally existing substances, residing in the mind of God. C) enable us to know particular things, in abstraction from imagination. D) are the primary objects of human knowledge.

7. Most basic among realities is

**A) form. B) matter. C) substance. D) time.

10. With respect to intellect and will, Augustine holds,

**A) inform the intellect and the will is sure to conform. B) unless the intellect sees clearly, the will is blind. C) desire and love, matters of the will, are more basic than intellect. D) education must precede conversion.

10. The Great Chain of Being

**A) locates all humans on the same level. B) stretches at its extremes from rocks to angels. C) is made of such strong material that no force can break it. D) shows that all living things (in contrast with nonliving things) have the same value.

12. Pico della Mirandola held that

**A) man is "maker and molder" of himself. B) God created man with a "fixed abode" and a determinate nature. C) human beings are restless until they find their rest in God. D) while lacking free will, humans nonetheless can reach perfection.

8. When Stoics advise us to keep our wills in harmony with nature, they

**A) mean that if something feels natural to us, we should "go with the flow" and "just do it!" B) deny God, the author of nature. C) contradict Plato and Aristotle, who emphasize living in accord with reason. D) are in effect advising us to do our duty.

8. Hedonism

**A) recommends pursuing every pleasure, so as to maximize happiness in life. B) is a doctrine that disparages pleasure and recommends virtue as the key to happiness. C) is compatible with denying oneself many pleasures. D) has nothing to say about pain, fear, or sorrow.

10. Augustine was attracted to the Manicheans because they

**A) seemed to deal with the problem of evil rationally. B) held that there is one God, omnipotent, omniscient, and perfectly good. C) took the Scriptures literally. D) thought, as Augustine himself did, that will was more fundamental than intellect.

7. The first principles of a science are

**A) the clearest and most certain things we know. B) arrived at by demonstration. C) proved to be true through syllogistic reasoning. D) unknowable.

7. Substances are

**A) the most fundamental of realities. B) the basic parts of statements. C) always represented in the predicates of statements. D) fancy and poetic ways of referring to things.

10. Part of the image of God in humans consists in

**A) their souls, like God, being beyond time altogether. B) their not being limited to a consciousness of the present moment. C) the fact that they can look each other in the eye. D) the fact that the Bible says we were created in the image of God.

8. We do not need to fear the gods, Epicurus says, because

**A) they are uninterested in us. B) gods are by nature loving and kind. C) there are no gods. D) when we are, death is not; and when death is, we are not.

11. If God is omnipotent, claims Ockham, then

**A) what we seem to see and what is really there may be two different things. B) an "intuitive cognition" is guaranteed to be true. C) even contradictions may be made true, since nothing is impossible for omnipotence. D) it is not possible for the conclusions of reason to conflict with revealed truth.

10. Augustine solves the problem of natural evil by

A) feeding the hungry and providing for the poor. B) accepting that there is, always has been, and always will be an evil power in conflict with the good. C) arguing that without evil there couldn't be any good. **D) denying that evil is a positive reality.

12. Renaissance humanists

A) intensify the otherworldliness embedded in medieval culture by emphasizing that human perfection is possible only in the life to come. B) see clearly that a good human life, as represented in the classics, is incompatible with Christianity. **C) celebrate the human being as the central fact in all the created world. D) tend to be pessimistic about humanity's prospects.

10. Relativism, according to Augustine,

A) is always a deadly mistake, making our own wants and wishes the criterion of goodness. **B) is partly true (of motivations) and partly false (of behaviors). C) does not undermine the absolute command to love. D) is a rationalization for things such as having more than one wife.

11. The argument for God's existence from change

A) claims that every change is a transition from actuality to potentiality. B) assumes that something can be simultaneously both potentially hot and actually hot. C) assumes that changes can be traced back to infinity. **D) argues that without a first cause of change there would be no intermediate causers of change.

11. Thomas Aquinas

A) depends on Anselm's ontological argument to buttress faith with reason. B) rejects Anselm's argument as invalid. C) thinks that God's existence cannot be proved, but must be accepted on faith. **D) holds that we are not in the right epistemological position to use Anselm's argument.

12. The new science contrasts with the older medieval view by holding that

A) everything has its place. B) celestial matter is quite different from terrestrial matter. **C) the universe is infinite in extent. D) the center of the universe is elsewhere than on the earth.

7. Truth, according to Aristotle,

A) is apparent to the senses, rather than to mystical vision. B) is what all sentences have in common. **C) represents things as they are. D) is what logic alone can reveal.

7. Virtue, Aristotle says, is defined by a mean relative to us. He means that

A) facts about an individual and her circumstances are relevant to what should be done. **B) we all have different values. C) if you think x is the right thing to do, who's to say you are wrong? D) there are no virtues common to all.

8. For a Stoic, the intention with which an action is done is more important than the result of that action because

A) God will judge the intention, not the result. B) intentions are in our power, but results are not. **C) other people judge us by our intentions. D) intentions are what create the results.

10. One crucial step in Augustine's argument that God must exist is this:

A) Truth exists and is superior to all. **B) Whatever is superior to us is God. C) Either nothing is superior to truth or there is something superior to truth. D) As the measure of all that is and of all that is not, there is nothing superior to us.

10. Unlike Plotinus, Augustine holds that

A) all of being streams incessantly in an eternal emanation from the One. **B) the created world is not continuous with the being of God. C) worldly things differ from each other in both being and goodness. D) all that is arises mysteriously out of the primal nothingness.

11. We cannot know, Aquinas says,

A) anything about God's nature, because all our knowledge begins in sense experience. **B) that God's very substance is being itself. C) that God is the cause of the world. D) what the nature of God is through direct acquaintance.

7. Universal negative statements

A) are never true. B) are completely opposite to universal affirmative statements. **C) are true when the corresponding particular affirmative statements are false. D) are correlated negatively with wisdom.

10. Augustine claims to be able to refute skepticism by

A) arguing that God would not deceive us. **B) showing that it is absurd to think we could be mistaken about everything. C) pursuing that skeptical infinite regress right to its end. D) a direct appeal to Christ, the Interior Teacher.

8. With respect to the question, "Does a criterion of truth exist?" the skeptic

A) asserts with Xenophanes of Colophon that it does not. B) claims that an infinite regress is the only criterion available. C) engages in circular reasoning to prove the existence of a criterion. **D) suspends judgment.

7. Aristotle explains change in terms of

A) atoms and the void. B) flux and opposition. C) the vortex motion of the universe. **D) actuality and potentiality.

8. According to Epicurus, someone who thinks happiness is pleasure and the absence of pain will

A) be unjust to others, if it will increase pleasure for herself. B) indulge her every desire. C) be an untrustworthy friend. **D) be content with having little.

9. Jesus was executed

A) because he set himself up as king of the Jews. B) by the Jewish leaders, after a trial in their courts. **C) by order of Pilate, the Roman governor. D) by beheading, after the custom in those times.

11. Anselm's "ontological" argument for the existence of God

A) begins with easily observed facts about the world. B) moves from the premise that I exist to the conclusion that God exists. **C) purports to establish that "There is no God" is self-contradictory. D) begins from the idea of God as the greatest thing I can conceive.

11. What is right for us to do, according to natural law,

A) can be known only through careful attention to what is described as natural in the Scriptures. B) is whatever naturally feels right. C) is whatever God, the author of nature, arbitrarily legislates as right. **D) expresses our nature as rational human beings.

7. Induction

A) can get us only a probability of truth, never certainty. B) begins from first principles. **C) leads from many individual perceptions to universal concepts. D) is a matter of direct intuition of truths.

7. God, Aristotle says,

A) cares for his creatures as a father cares for his child. **B) functions as the final cause for the world. C) knows the number of hairs on each person's head. D) is a moved unmover.

11. Temperance, Aquinas says, requires abstaining from alcoholic drink.

False

11. The theological virtues are faith, hope, and fortitude.

False

12. Beatrice was Dante's guide to hell, purgatory, and heaven.

False