Anesthesia And Surgical Assisting

After what length of time are skin sutures typically removed?

10-14 days

Autoclaved instruments that have been placed in paper or plastic peel-back pouches and heatsealed can be stored for ___________.

12 months

Standard practice is to withhold food for ___________ to ___________ hours and water for ___________ to ___________ hours before anesthetic induction.

8 to 12; 2 to 4

Seroma

A collection of fluid that builds up under the surface of your skin.

Infection

A condition caused by microorganisms that invade tissue.

Wound Dehiscence

A condition where a cut made during a surgical procedure separates or ruptures after it has been stitched back together.

Describe how to monitor respiration during an anesthetic procedure.

A patient should have a respiratory monitor placed on the endotracheal tube in order to check for breathing; however, manual respiratory rate checks are absolutely a must to confirm the information.

A chemical substance that can combine with a cell receptor and cause a reaction or create an active site.

Agonist

Choose the best description of the characteristics and an overview of an esophageal stethoscope.

Amplifies heartbeat for audibility from a distance; can alert to possible arrhythmias.

Hemorrhage

An escape of blood from a ruptured blood vessel, especially when profuse.

The inability to feel pain while still conscious.

Analgesia

Loss of feeling or awareness.

Anesthesia

Large crushing instruments used to clamp blood vessels.

Angiotribes / Forceps

A drug or other chemical substance capable of reducing the physiologic activity of another chemical substance.

Antagonist

The action of certain medications that inhibits the transmission of parasympathetic nerve impulses and thereby reduces spasms of smooth muscle (such as that, for example, in the bladder).

Anticholinergic

Destruction of most living pathogenic microorganisms on animate (living) objects.

Antisepsis

Transient cessation of respiration.

Apnea

Hematoma

As blood vessels under your skin are damaged and leak, the blood pools and clots, resulting in swelling and pain.

___________ is the term used to describe all precautions taken to prevent contamination or infection of a surgical wound.

Aseptic Technique

Identify the three basic components / parts of a suture needle:

Attachment End, Body , Point

A sterilization unit that creates high-temperature pressurized steam.

Autoclave

The unit used to create an environment of high-temperature, pressurized steam for sterilization of surgical instruments is called an ___________.

Autoclave

Self-retaining retractor with a set screw to maintain tension on tissues, commonly used to retract abdominal wall.

Balfour Retractor

Any disturbance of the heart's rhythm resulting in fewer-than-normal heart beats.

Bradyarrhythmia

Excessive slowness in the action of the heart.

Bradycardia

An instrument used to measure the carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration in an air sample.

Capnograph

List six of the physical signs of pain:

Changes in Behavior / Temperment, Protection of the Affected Area, Vocalization, Licking or Biting the Affected Area, Scratching or Shaking the Affected Area, Restlessness, Pacing, Sweating ,Tachycardia, Hyperpnea, Hypertension, Muscle Tension

Instrument used to shape bone and cartilage.

Chisel

Tissue forcep

Clamp and hold tissue and blood vessels

The presence of microorganisms within or on an object or wound.

Contamination

Differentiate between contamination and infection of a wound.

Contamination is the initial prescence of microorganisms in a wound and infection is the multiplication of those microorganisms causing harmful effects.

Hemostatic forceps

Crushing instrument used to clamp blood vessels

Instruments used to scrape surfaces of dense tissue.

Curettes

Choose the best description of the characteristics and an overview of an pulse oximeter.

Detects changes in oxygen saturation and hemglobin by calculating the difference between levels of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. Also determines heart rate.

Choose the best description of the characteristics and an overview of a capnometer.

Determines respiratory rate and the end tidal co2.

Pressure of blood in the artery when the heart relaxes between beats.

Diastolic

Destruction of most pathogenic microorganisms on inanimate objects.

Disinfection

Surgical instrument manufacturers may recommend rinsing, cleaning, and sterilizing instruments in ___________, because tap water contains minerals that cause discoloration and staining.

Distilled or Deionized

Type of ultrasound device that a technician may use to sense the presence or absence of flow in blood vessels.

Doppler

Use of a cauterizing needle tip or scalpel generating heat in tissue with a high-frequency current, to provide hemostasis in vessels less than 2 mm.

Electrocoagulation

Incision into the intestine.

Enterotomy

Kind of stethoscope placed during anesthesia at the level of the heart to amplify the heart beat so that it is audible from a distance.

Esophogeal

What is the most common form of gas sterilization found in the veterinary hospital, and for which equipment is it typically used?

Ethylene Oxide Gas; It is used for instruments that cannot withstand the extreme termperature and pressure of steam sterilization in the steam autoclave.

Choose the best description of the characteristics and an overview of a stethoscope.

Evaluates heart rate, rhythm, beat quality; and respiratory rate and sounds.

Protrude; refers to protrusion of an organ (viscera) through an incision ____________________

Eviscerate

Incision oriented perpendicular to the long axis of the body, caudal to the last rib.

Flank Incision

Part of the anesthetic machine that receives medical gases from the pressure regulator.

Flowmeter

Incision into the stomach.

Gastrotomy

Self-retaining retractor with a box lock to maintain tension on tissues, commonly used in orthopedic surgeries.

Gelpi Retractor

Needle holders

Grasp and manipulate curved needles

Select the pieces of specific surgical attire:

Hair Coverings / Caps, Masks, Shoe Covers, Gowns, Gloves

Too much carbon dioxide in the blood is known as hypercarbia or ____________________.

Hypercapnia

List and order the steps in performing skin scrub on a patient:

Ideally, sterile gauze should be placed in sterile bowls and then the germicide and rinse can be aseptically poured onto the gauze, You should apply sterile gloves and the sterile gauze scrub is handled only with gloved hands, The scrub begins at the intended incision site and continue out in concentric circles to an area at least 2 inches larger then the expected sterile field, The scrub should be completed three times and a rinse with sterile saline or sterile water may be used between scrubs.

Gastrotomy

Incision into a simple stomach

Laparotomy

Incision into the abdominal cavity

Enterotomy

Incision into the intestine

Urethrotomy

Incision into the urethra

Cystotomy

Incision into the urinary bladder

Thoracotomy

Incision into thoracic cavity

Choose the best description of the characteristics and an overview of a central venous pressure monitor.

Indicates hydration and efficacy of fluid therapy via catheter inserted into anterior vena cava. The catheter is connected to a water monometer for measurement of the mean arterial pressure.

Condition in which microorganisms in the body or a wound multiply and cause harmful effects.

Infection

Delicate scissors designed for fine, precise cuts, often used in ophthalmic procedures.

Iris

Explain the major function of surgical masks.

It helps filter and contain respiratory secretions, droplets and aerosolized particles from the surgeon's or surgical assistant's mouth and nose from entering the patient's sterile field or incision.

What is the purpose of daily monitoring of body weight of a surgical patient?

It helps measure a patient's general body condition and nutritional status pre and post surgical procedures. It is especially important in patients with extensive surgeries or underlying health conditions.

Choose the best definition for pain.

It is physical suffering or discomfort caused by illness or injury; an unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage.

Incision into the abdominal cavity; also called celiotomy.

Laparotomy

A medical instrument that is used to obtain a view of the vocal folds and the glottis, which is the space between the cords.

Laryngoscope

Surgical removal of the lateral wall of the vertical portion of the external ear canal.

Lateral Ear Resection

Paramedian incision

Lateral and parallel to the ventral midline

___________ scissors have a blunt tip that, when introduced under the bandage edge, reduces the risk of cutting the underlying skin.

Lister Bandage

Why should an endotracheal tube be lubricated before insertion?

Lubrication of the cuff with sterile water-soluble lubricant facilitates intubation and protects the tracheal mucosa from drying where the inflated cuff is pressed against the tissue.

A pressure gauge for comparing pressures of a gas.

Manometer

Surgical removal of part or all of one or more mammary glands.

Mastectomy

Tissue scissors designed for cutting heavy tissue such as fascia.

Mayo Scissors

Other than sutures, what might be used for vessel ligation during surgery?

Metal Clips or Staples

Delicate scissors designed for cutting fine, thin tissue.

Metzenbaum

Choose the best description of the characteristics and an overview of a doppler.

Monitors hear rate and rhythm by detecting blood flow through small arteries.

Choose the best description of the characteristics and an overview of a oscillometric method.

Monitors heart rate and indirect blood pressure through a computerized base to measure systolic, diastolic and MAP.

Choose the best description of the characteristics and an overview of a electrocardiogram.

Monitors heart rate, rhythm and electrical activity of the heart.

A drug that produces numbness or stupor.

Narcotic

The neural processes of encoding and processing noxious stimuli.

Nociception

Hospital-acquired infections are called ___________.

Nosocomial Infections

Ventral midline incision

Offers excellent exposure of entire abdominal cavity

List the four main sources of potential contamination during surgery:

Operative Personnel, Surgical Instruments and Equipment, Patient Itself, Surgical Environment

The four groups of non-absorbable suture materials are:

Organic, Braided Synthetic, Monofilament Synthetic, Metallic

Instrument designed to cut or shape bone and cartilage.

Osteotome

A measuring instrument that measures the oxygen in arterial blood.

Oximeter

An unpleasant sensory or emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage.

Pain

Paracostal incision

Parallel to the last rib

List at three reasons why it is so important to use a monitoring chart and to be diligent in monitoring a patient that is currently anesthetized.

Patient Safety, Legal Documentation, Course Correction

Infection in the abdominal cavity.

Peritonitis

Flank incision

Perpendicular to the long axis of body, caudal to last rib

Name four indicators of infection after surgery:

Persistent / Drastic Elevation in Rectal Temp, Depressed Attitude, Poor Appetite, Swollen or Inflammed Incision

The rate at which the heart beats.

Pulse / Heart Rate

A ___________ is a monitoring device used to detect changes in oxygen saturation.

Pulse Oximeter

Mastectomy

Removal of part or all of one or more mammary glands

Instruments designed to cut and remove bone pieces.

Ronguers

Incision into the rumen.

Rumenotomy

A mild to profound degree of CNS depression in which the patient is drowsy but may be aroused by painful stimuli.

Sedation

Choose the best description of the characteristics and an overview of an apnea monitor.

Sensor placed between the endotracheal tube and anesthesia breathing circuit in order to determine respiratory rate.

Organic non-absorbable suture is available made of ___________ or ___________.

Silk, Cotton

A device used to measure blood pressure.

Sphygmomanometer

Destruction of all microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, spores) on a surface or object.

Sterilization

___________ refers to the destruction of all microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, spores) on a surface or object.

Sterilization

Suture needles used in accessible places where the needle can be manipulated directly with the fingers.

Straight Needles

The ___________ area is used for storage of surgical supplies.

Surgical Preparation

Onychectomy

Surgical removal of a claw

Orchiectomy

Surgical removal of testes

Herniorrhaphy

Surgical repair of abnormal opening

Any strand of material that is used to approximate tissues or ligate blood vessels.

Suture

What are five possible causes of wound dehiscence?

Suture Failure, Infection,Tissue Weakness, Mechanical Stress, Poor Nutrition

The pressure of blood in the artery when the heart contracts.

Systolic

Abnormally rapid beating of the heart.

Tachycardia

___________ needles have a sharp tip that pierces and spreads tissues without cutting them.

Tapered

Describe the proper method of folding a surgical gown.

The gown is held by the neck to see the shoulder seams on the inside of the gown, The gown is initially folded so that the two outer seams of one shoulder are touching. The same is done with the opposite shoulder, The shoulders are held in one hand while the other hand aligns the armpit seams, The shoulders and armpit seams are held in place while the other hand aligns the gown hem and the gown is then laid flat on the table, Only the inside surface of the gown is now exposed. The gown is folded in half lengthwise, The gown is folded accordian style with the neck ties neatly piled on the finished product.

List the procedure for assisted gloving in chronological order. drag_handle

The surgical assistant must aseptically glove in order to have sterile gloves in place to help the surgeon glove aseptically, The assistant holds the glove open for a sterile team member to slip their hand inside. Note: the hand must remain in the sterile gown cuff until it is within the sterile glove cuff, The assistant then brings the cuff of the glove up and over the cuff of the gown, The team member may then adjust the cuffs for comfort once they are fully in place.

The transport of oxygen from the outside air to the cells within tissues, and the transport of carbon dioxide in the opposite direction.

The transport of oxygen from the outside air to the cells within tissues, and the transport of carbon dioxide in the opposite direction.

Choose ALL of the ways to monitor the cardiovascular function during an anesthetic procedure.

The use of an electrocardiogram for electrical activity of the heart, The use of a doppler or another blood pressure device to monitor blood pressure, The use of stethoscope to manually count a heart rate, The use of your hand to manually count a pulse rate, The use of an SPO2 reader because it provides not only an oxygenation level, but also counts a heart rate as well, The manual check of the mucous membrane color and capillary refill time to check perfusion of tissues.

Incision into the chest or thorax.

Thoracotomy

The lung volume representing the normal volume of air displaced between normal inspiration and expiration when extra effort is not applied.

Tidal Volume

Select the factors that influence the effectiveness of all microbial control methods:

Time, Temperature, Concentration, Preparation, Organisms, Surface, Organic Debris, Method of Application

A common laboratory method of quantitative chemical analysis.

Titration

Why should hair be clipped liberally around the proposed surgical incision?

To prevent contamination of the sterile field and surgical incision from any excess hair and in the event that the incision must be extended during surgery due to unforseen complications.

A state of relaxation and calmness characterized by a lack of anxiety or concern without significant drowsiness.

Tranquilization

Procedures classified as "dirty" or nonsterile are usually performed in the ___________ area.

Treatment and/or Preparation

Instrument designed to bore holes into bone.

Trephine

Surgical procedures are described using anatomic terms combined with root words.

True

Incision into the urethra.

Urethrotomy

Scissors

Used for cutting tissue

Scalpels and blades

Used to incise tissue

Retractors

Used to retract tissue and improve exposure

Median sternotomy

Used when all lung fields need to be visualized

The narrowing of the blood vessels resulting from contraction of the muscular wall of the vessels, particularly the large arteries, small arterioles, and veins.

Vasoconstriction

Frequency of breathing multiplied by the volume of each breath; it maintains normal concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the alveolar gas and, through the process of diffusion, also maintains normal partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood flowing from the capillaries.

Ventilation

Subcutaneous infections frequently progress to ___________.

abscess formation

A ___________ should be available to place needed supplies and equipment on the instrument table or Mayo stand in an operating room.

circulating or non-sterile assistant

Pick the appropriate terminology for the following sentence: Before sterilization, surgical drapes are folded so that the ___________ can be properly positioned over the surgical site without contaminating the drape.

fenestration

It is very helpful to know the normal behavior of the ___________ when assessing for pain.

individual patient

Pain results from the stimulation of nerve endings called ___________.

nociceptors

When the sterility of an item is in question, always consider it ___________.

non-sterile or contaminated

Sterile preparation of the surgical site begins after transportation and ___________ of the animal on the operating table.

positioning

In high-volume clinics, when several people are involved in patient evaluation and preparation, ___________ should be completed before any anesthetic procedure is done to ensure that appropriate items are available, important health issues have been addressed, and all involved persons have been informed.

preanesthetic checklists

It has been demonstrated that pain is more easily managed if analgesics are given ___________.

preemptively (before a patient experiences pain)

Choose the BEST answer to fill in the blank. Surgical mesh may be used to ___________ or reinforce traumatized or devitalized tissues.

repair hernias

Before they are autoclaved, instruments with box locks and hinges should be lubricated with ___________.

surgical instrument lubricants (sometimes called instrument "milk") 30

The correct relationship among ___________, ___________, and ___________ is critical to destroy all living microorganisms.

temperature, pressure and exposure time

The recommended method for verification of proper autoclave operation in veterinary clinics is ___________.

testing of the autoclave (biologic testing)

The surgical scrub should begin at the intended incision and continue out in concentric circles to an area at least ___________ inches larger than the expected size of the sterile field needed.

two

The term ___________ refers to the ability of an organism to cause disease.

virulence

Surgical packs may not be completely sterilized if they are ___________ or improperly loaded in the autoclave or gas sterilizer container.

wrapped too tightly, the rachets are closed