Animal Biology - Uriel Buitrago

Types of Connective Tissue

- Loose Connective - Dense Connective - Cartilage - Bone - Blood - Lymph - Interstitial Fluid

Types of Simple Epithelium

- Simple Squamous - Simple Cuboidal - Simple Columnar - Pseudostratified Columnar

Striated Muscle Types

- skeletal - cardiac

Process of a developing sea urchin

1- zygote 2- two cell stage 3- eight cell stage 4- blastula 5- gastrulation 6- organ formation 7- larval body begins to form 8- free-swimming feeding larva 9- larva begins metamorphosis 10- crawling sea urchin

Protostomia

A clade in which cleavage is determinate, the mouth is derived at or near the blastopore, and a coelom (when present) is formed by proliferation of mesodermal bands that later split (schizocoel). Phyla within the clade are divided between two subgroups: lophotrochozoan and ectozoan. Lophotrochozoans, exemplified by annelids and mollusks, share spiral cleavage and derive the mesoderm from a particular blastomere (called 4d). Ectozoans (arthropods and related taxa) have a unique cleavage patterns and do not form mesoderm from the 4d cell. Contrasts with Deuterostomia

Trochophore

A free-swimming ciliated marine larva characteristic of most mollusks and certain ectoprocts, brachiopods, and marine worms; an ovoid or pyriform body with a preoral circlet of cilia and sometimes a secondary circlet behind the mouth

Tissue

An aggregation of cells and cell products organized to perform a common function

Primitive

Animal that originated many years ago

Coelomate

Animals that possess a coelom; also called eucoelomate

Derived

Came later through evolution

Blastocoel

Cavity of the blastula

Epithelium

Cellular tissue covering a free surface or lining a tube or cavity

Gastrocoel

Embryonic cavity forming in gastrulation that becomes the adult gut; also called an archenteron

Gastrula

Embryonic stage, usually cap- or sac-shaped, with walls of two layers of cells surrounding a cavity (archenteron) with one opening (blastopore)

Ectoderm

Outer layer of cells of an early embryo; one of the germ layers, also sometimes used to include tissues derived from ectoderm

Regulative Development

Progressive determination and restriction of initially totipotent embryonic material

Histology

Study of the microscopic anatomy of tissues

Lophophore

Tentacle-bearing ridge or arm within which is an extension of the coelomic cavity in lophophorate animals (ectoprocts, brachiopods, and phoronids)

Animal Architecture

The animals layout and structure of the body

Coelom

The body cavity in triploblastic animals, lived with mesodermal peritoneum

Matrix

The extracellular substance of a tissue, or that part of a tissue into which an organ or process is set

Lymph

The interstitial (intercellular) fluid in the body; also, the fluid in the lymphatic space

Ground Substance

The matrix in which connective tissue fibers are embedded

Collagen

Tough, fibrous protein occurring in vertebrates as the chief constituent of collagenous connective tissue; also occurs in invertebrates - for example, the cuticle of nematodes

Cartilage

Translucent elastic tissue that forms most of the skeleton of embryos, very young vertebrates, and adult cartilaginous fishes, such as sharks and rays; in adult amniotes, much of it is converted into bone

Spiral Cleavage

Type of early embryonic cleavage in which cleavage planes are diagonal to the polar axis, and unequal cells are produced by the alternate clockwise and counterclockwise cleavage bound the axis of polarity

Sarcoplasm

Unspecialized cytoplasm of muscle

Schizocoel

a coelom formed by the splitting embryonic mesoderm

Deuterostomia

a group of higher phyla in which cleavage is intermediate and ancestrally radial. The endomesoderm is enterocoelous, and the mouth is derived away from the blastopore. Includes Echinodermata, Chordata, and Hemichordate; contrasts with Protostomia

Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

a layer composed of proteoglycans, linking proteins, and fibrous proteins, such as collagen; the layer is secreted by cells and has structural and functional roles (eg. cell orientation, adhesion, communication, filtering of materials); the matrix is sometimes called a basal lamina or a basal membrane

Neurons

a nerve cell

Cleavage

an orderly sequence of cell divisions where the zygote divides into two cells, the two cells divide to make four cells, the four make eight cells, and so on until there are hundreds of cells in an embryo

What is the importance of the evolution of bilateral symmetry

animals have head, brain, and locomotion

Inter-

between cells *intercellular

3 types of symmetry

bilateral, radial, spherical

Meiosis

cell division followed by reproductive cells (reproduction)

Myofibrils

contractile filament within muscle or muscle fiber

Symmetry

correspondence of size and shape of parts on opposite sides of a median plane

Segmentation

division of the body into discrete segments or metameres; also called metamerism

Blastula

early embryological state of many animals; consists of a hollow mass of cells

Mosaic development

embryonic development characterized by independent differentiation of each part of the embryo; cytoplasmic specification

Radial Cleavage

embryotic development in which early cleavage planes are symmetrical to the polar axis, each blastomere of one tier lying directly above the corresponding blastomere of the next layer

Segment Specific genes equal

homeotic genes

Parenchyma

in simpler animals, a spongy mass of vacuolated mesenchyme cells filling spaces between viscera, muscles or epithelia; in some, the cells are cell bodies of muscle cells. Also, the specialized tissue of an organ as distinguished from the supporting connective tissue.

Endoderm

innermost germ layer of an embryo, forming the primitive gut; also may refer to tissues derived from endoderm

Asymmetrical

no plane through which they can be divided into symmetrical halves

Mitosis

one cell divides and produces two daughter cells (growth)

Extra-

outside of cells *extracellular

Induction

reasoning from the particular to the general; deriving a general statement (hypothesis) based on individual observations. In embryology, the alteration of cell fates caused by interaction with neighboring cells

Hox genes

specify each segment's identity *mammals have four clusters (each on different chromosomes) with 9-11 hox genes

Organization of life

subatomic particles, atoms, molecules, organelles, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere

Stroma

supporting connective tissue framework of an animal organ; filmy framework of red blood corpuscles and certain cells Supports the parenchyma

Mesoderm

the third germ layer, formed in the gastrula between the ectoderm and endoderm; gives rise to connective tissues, muscle, urinogenital and vascular systems and peritoneum

Neuroglia

tissue supporting and filling the spaces between the nerve cells of the central nervous system

Enterocoel

type of coelom formed by the outpouching of a mesodermal sac from endoderm of the primitive gut

Intra-

within cells *intracellular

Acoelomate

without a coelom, as in flatworms and proboscis worms