Animal Nutrition: Feed Analysis

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How is fatty acids content estimated?

%EE - 1=Fatty acid %

What are the limitations of proximate analysis?

1) Crude fiber underestimates fiber because some hemicellulose and lignin are removed 2) Ether extract measures non-nutritive components (wax, pigment) and overestimates fat and energy 3) Crude protein measures components not all animals can utilize 4) No specific vitamins or minerals

In what two ways are animal diets described?

1) Feed ingredients 2) Nutrient composition

Why is it better to compare feed on a "dry-matter basis"?

1) water content varies dramatically 2) Allows nutrient comparison amongst feeds

What is near infrared analysis?

A machine that calculates components of feed based on light absorbed, must be calibrated

What is ADL?

Acid detergent lignin, calculated by treating ADF with sulfuric acid

Why would buffers be added to a diet?

Be fed with a high grain diet to prevent acidosis

How is organic material calculated? And why is it important to know?

By difference, organic material is where energy comes from

How can loss of volatile compounds be reduced?

By frying samples at a lower temperature or by freeze drying

What does crude fiber measure?

Cell wall components, inaccurate because some hemicellulose and lignin removed in process

What is proximate analysis important for?

Diet formulation

What has ether extract been replaced by? Why is it not widely used?

Direct analysis of fatty acid composition, but it is expensive

What are the categories feed is broken into?

Dry matter and moisture content

What is silage?

Feed that is stored with a high moisture content and no air which allows feed to ferment and preserves it

What does 'as fed' mean?

Feed with moisture content

What feeds is ether extract not suitable for?

Forages, IS suitable for cereal grains

What is an ideal way to measure lipids?

Gas chromatography (too expensive, involves mobile and stationary phase)

What is hay?

Hay has reduced moisture which prevents fermentation and food does not spoil

What are cereal grains?

High in starch, low in fiber ex: corn, barley wheat

What is proximate analysis? What does it describe?

It describes 6 components of feed 1) Water (nutrient) 2) Ether extract (EE) (fat) 3) Crude fiber (CF) 4) Nitrogen free extract (NFE)(digestible carbs) 5) Crude protein (CP) 6) Ash (minerals)

How do you calculate how much to feed an animal?

It is the animals requirement divided by the percentage of the component in question

What is ash?

It is what is left after being burnt, it is inorganic minerals

What is ether extract and what are its downsides?

It is whatever is soluble in ether, used to calculate fat, but pigments and wax are ether soluble which overestimates energy

What is the biggest downfall of crude protein?

It only measures nitrogen, and not all animals can utilize all forms

What is the energy like found in roughages? What is the exception?

Low to moderate energy and protein, exception is legumes

What is Kjeldahl's method?

Measures nitrogen 1) Digest sample with sulfuric acid and ammonium sulfate 2) Distil sample, converts ammonium sulfate to ammonia 3) Titrate with boric acid

What replaced crude fiber and is more accurate? What needs to be further done to it?

Neutral detergent fiber Needs to be corrected for minerals and Nitrogen

What is NFE? How is it calculated? And what are sources of error??

Nitrogen free extract, digestible carbs, calculated by difference so if an error is made in another component it will greatly affect NFE

What is NFC? How is calculated and why is it more accurate?

Non-fiber carbs, measured by difference but using NDF not CF so there is no lining contamination

What is NSC?

Non-structural carbs, calculated chemically

What is a concentrate?

Nutrient dense mixture consisting of anything non forage

What is gluten?

Protein in corn, corn gluten meal is only protein

How are minerals and vitamins calculated?

Table values of averages, people usually just add more to feed

Why is ash somewhat irrelevant?

There are no requirements for ash, but there are for minerals

What are high fiber byproducts?

They are wastes from human food and cheap, low in energy high in fiber

What are protein supplements?

They contain at least 20% crude protein and have moderate to high energy ex. soybeans, canola, cotton seeds ex. meals (fish, blood, chicken)

What are pre-biotics?

They increase the quality of the food

Why are anitbiotics added to feed?

To keep the feed from spoiling and killing bacteria that may develop in it

Why aren't vitamins, minerals, and amino acids calculated??

Too expensive

What is citrus pulp?

Waste from citrus fruits, high energy byproduct because still contains some carbs

What is the only homogenous component of feed?

Water

How do you calculate moisture content? How is the process inaccurate?

Weigh sample and heat in oven and then weigh again, difference is moisture and what is left is DM Volatile compounds are lost in the process


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