Animal Sanitation and Disease Control: Final Review

passive

Colostrum provides _______ immunity to newborns

Phenols, Halogens, Quaternary Ammonium Compounds, Formols

4 Primary Chemical groups

Vinegar

5-6% acetic acid, commonly available at home

Bovine Tuberculosis

A common method of introduction of this disease is through the incorporation of infected animals into the herd, or exposure to this Mycobacterium from wildlife. This bacterium can be spread from airborne particles from the respiratory tract, contaminated feeding and watering sites or drinking raw of infected animals. In the early stages of the disease, clinical signs are not visible. In the more advanced stages, clinical signs may include: emaciation, lethargy, weakness. Fever, chronic-moist cough, and anorexia. All animals infected with this pathogen are compulsively slaughtered. This is a zoonotic disease.

Black Leg

A fatal disease of young cattle and sheep, caused by a bacterium known as Clostridium chauvoei, which typically enters the body by ingestion. It affects the muscles and also spreads a poison through the body, ultimately resulting in death. Young cattle are more susceptible. It usually occurs in summer and fall and is uncommon during winter. Symptoms are characteristic swelling usually develops in the hip, shoulder, chest, back, neck, or leg, The affected area will start out feeling hot to the touch and will cause a lot of pain for the animal, resulting in lameness of the infected limb. When the area is pressed down upon, crepitation can be noticed. The affected muscles are dark red to black, dry, and spongy, have a sweetish odor, and are typically covered with small bubbles or lesions. lameness, loss of appetite, rapid breathing, depression, high fever, onset of disease is sudden, animal will die between 12-48 hours. Treatment is basically useless, but there is a vaccine.

Equine Sarcoids

A form of skin cancer, most commonly diagnosed tumor of equids. Rarely life threatening, can compromise function of a horse. It's not clear how they are transmitted. Symptoms include lesions/tumors most commonly in areas with thin skin, limited or no hair cover and have a tendency to sweat. Diagnosis by appearance or biopsy. Radiation therapy, topicals, intra-tumoral beads/emulsion.

Gastric Dilatation Volvulus

A spontaneous issue that typically occurs in animals with a thoracic height to width ratio. Occurs when the stomach fills with gas/food, expands and rotates. Rotation has the potential to cut off circulation to the stomach and spleen. Symptoms include distended abdomen, unproductive gagging, excessive salivation, restlessness, and shock.

Canine Distemper

A virus that affects the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and central nervous systems, as well as the conjunctival membranes of the eye. It's caused by a single-stranded RNA virus. It's contagious and life threatening with no know cure. Direct contact with infected urine, blood or saliva, sharing food and water bowls with an infected animal. Puppies are most susceptible and have the highest mortality rate. Infection can spread 6-22 days after exposure. It doesnt survive in the environment for more than a few hours at room temperature, but can survive for a few weeks in shady environments at temperatures slightly above freezing. CSF tests or blood test to diagnose. Symptoms are sneezing, coughing, thick mucus from eyes and nose, fever, lethargy, vomiting, diarrhea, depression, loss of appetite. Prevention includes vaccinations, keep apart from possibly infected dogs or environments, routinely clean and disinfect home. No treatment, just alleviating symptoms, discharge must be cleaned regularly, antibiotics may control symptoms. If they survive, they may have permanent brain and CNS damage

Acids

Function to destroy the bonds of nucleic acids and precipitating proteins. Change the pH of the envirnoment.

Snuffles

Group of upper respiratory symptoms that are common in rabbits. Infection with the bacteria Pasteurella multocida. Direct transmission. Symptoms depend of strength of specific strain, which body organs are involved and how long it has been present. Most common symptom is nasal discharge which changes from watery to thick and yellowish in color, front paws may become matted. Treatment with antibiotics. Prevention includes minimizing stress, proper diet, clean environment, fresh drinking water, early neutering. It is zoonotic.

increase; iodine

Halogen Iodophors have _____ solubility and sustained releases of ________

Foot and Mouth Disease

Highly contagious viral disease. Virus is a member of the genus Aphthovirus in the family Picornaviridae. There are 7 known types and 60 subtypes. Typically have fever and blisters on tongue and lips, in and around the mouth, on the mammary glands, and around the hooves. Most animals won't die, but it leaves them unable to produce milk or meat the way they want to. Signs appear within 2-14 days. Virus survives in living tissue, breath, saliva, urine, and other excretions, can survive in environment for several months under the right conditions. Time, extreme temperatures, and pH changes will kill the virus. Spreads through inhalation, ingestion, skin abrasions. Symptoms include fever/weight loss, blisters on nose, tongue, lips, between toes, and mammary glands, blisters rupture and discharge clear or cloudy fluid, hyper salivation, lameness, low milk production in dairy cows, heart disease and death in newborns, vesicles. Prevention includes disinfecting, vaccines, slaughter of infected animals.

Assessment

Identify and evaluate infectious agent, mode of transmission, potential areas infected, if its isolated or porous, selection of proper chemical disinfectant, know etiology of agent

EHV-1

In recent years, there has been an increase in the prevalence of this disease. Researchers have discovered a genetic mutation in a single gene of this virus which increases its affinity for nerve tissue. This virus causes an acute paralytic syndrome where the animal is weak and ataxic in the hind limbs. Exposure generally occurs via respiratory shedding. This virus can be found in a latent form in carrier animals. There is not effective strain of vaccine for this strain of the virus.

Not effective

Iodine is ranked "________" against vegetative bacteria

cleaning

It is estimated that _____ alone can remove over 90% of bacteria from surfaces

West Nile Virus

Mosquito-borne zoonotic virus. Common signs are stumbling, incoordination, weak limbs, partial paralysis, muscle twitching, death, fever. Symptoms are muzzle tremors/twitching, behavioral change: depression, hyper-responsiveness, anxiety, seating, head pressing, aimless wandering, facial paralysis, vertigo-balance problems. Prevention is to remove mosquito breeding grounds, vaccinate. Treatment is supportive therapy.

mechanical and natural

Non-chemical disinfectants are categorized as ______ and ________

non-living agents

Non-infectious diseases are transmitted by ________

Canine Lyme Disease

One of the most common tick-transmitted diseases in the world. Caused by a spirochete. Dominant clinical feature is recurrent lameness due to inflammation of the joints, may also be a lack of appetite and depression. May cause arthritis or kidney, heart and neurological failure. Symptoms include stiff walk with an arched back, sensitive to touch, difficulty breathing, fever, loss of appetite, lethargy, skin irritation. Diagnosis would be done by a complete blood profile and urinalysis to check the presence of bacteria, parasites, and fungi in the bloodstream. It's commonly treated with antibiotics which are fast acting. Sometimes the symptoms don't go away. Prevention includes avoiding tick infested environments, groom your dog daily, sprays, collars, topical products, vaccines.

variable

Oxidizing agents effectiveness in the organic matter is considered "________"

endotoxins; exotoxins.

Phagocytes combat ________ best, and antibodies combat ________ best.

not effective

Quaternary Ammoniums are ______ in soaps

Equine Influenza

RNA influenza virus. It's one of the most common infectious diseases of the respiratory tract in all equine. Highly contagious and easily transmitted. Incubation period is 1-3 days, morbidity is 60-90% and mortality is less than 1%. Symptoms are fever, nasal discharge, cough, loss of appetite, depression, weakness, muscle pain. Can lead to pneumonia. Transmission is through cough droplets, nasal discharge and nose to nose contact. The virus can be spread by people, equipment, tack, buckets, and by horses in close proximity to each other. Treatment is to rest for 1 week for every day of fever, minimun 3 weeks, restrict exercise, control dust, ventilate, NSAIDs, and antibiotics when fever persists beyond 3-4 days. Prevention includes vaccines, don't share equipment, isolate infected animals.

Zoonoses

capable of being spread from one species to humans

Sanitizer

causes a 99.9% reduction of vegetative bacteria

organic material

chlorine's effectiveness rapidly reduces in the presence of ______

Killed vaccines

contains inert material

Bacteriolysis

dissolves bacteria

Carbohydrate

energy source

Formols

gas that is soluble in water

remove as much organic material as possible

goal of cleaning

Adjuvant

increases favorable immunity by slowing down absorption of and vaccine

Halogens

iodine, chlorine, bromine, and fluorine

Disinfectant

kills 100% of the vegetative bacteria

inactivated

many disinfectants may be ______ in presence of organic debris or waste

non-chemical disinfectants

mechanical, natural agencies

washing/sanitizing

most crucial step in the disinfection process

Vaccine

preparation of killed, living, or attenuated microorganism introduced into the body, to produce immunity to a disease

cleaning

prepping a surface for disinfection/sanitization

Acquired Immunity

presence of antibodies from another animal or from exposure to the disease

Phytotoxins

produced by plants

Opsonins

renders microorganisms more susceptible to phagocytes

Protein

responsible for growth, reproduction, and repair of body tissue

washing procedure

soak area with hot water and cleaning agent, then wipe, spray, scrub, etc.

Natural Immunity

species resistance, individual resistance, breed resistance

Quaternaries

surface active cationic germicide, inactivates enzymes

Bacterins

suspensions of killed pathogenic bacteria used to stimulate immunity

acetic acid

the active ingredient in vinegar is ______

impaired

the efficacy of most disinfectants is ______ in the presence of organic material

Vector

transmitting agent

low

when washing, rinse thoroughly with ____ pressure water

they harbor microorganisms for long periods of time

why we need to get rid of organic material

alkalis

work by saponifying lipids within the envelopes of microorganisms

Trauma

wounds or injuries that damage body tissue

Phenols

Contains many derivatives of coal tar oil

10 minutes

According to your disinfectant chart, _______ is the typical recommended contact time for most disinfectants

Active immunity

Acquired through direct contact with specific disease - causing the body to develop specific antibodies to counteract the disease.

EHV-4

An acute viral infection that manifests into two forms: respiratory and abortive. Symptoms of the respiratory form may include; fever, nasal discharge, swelling of the eyes, congestion, coughing and anorexia. Abortive form typically causes late term abortion. No treatment can alter the primary infection, but antibiotics are often used to prevent secondary infection. Vaccination is available and commonly used.

decrease

An adjuvant is added to a bacterin to _________ it's absorption rate, which will elicit a greater immunological response from the body.

Erysipelas

An infectious disease from the bacteria. E. rhusiopathiae, may be clinically unapparent, may cause acute illness involving many animals, or be a chronic disease characterized by enlarged joints, lameness and endocarditis. Rhomboid skin or diamond skin, lesions are an inconsistent feature only associated with acute cases. It may be transmitted by feed, water, feces, soil, bedding, oronasal secretion, wild animals/other infected animals. Can be acute, sub acute, and chronic. "diamond" forms are acute, fever, stilly gait, anorexia, thirst, depression, sleepiness, swollen snood, diarrhea, respiratory signs, perineal congestion, chronic scabby skin, sudden death, lymph nodes enlarged, spleen is swollen. Sub acute form shows skin lesions, inappetance, fever, like acute form, but milder. Chronic forms arthritis and vegetative endocarditis, sloughing of tail or tips of the ears, heart problems. Use of cortisone or NSAIDs reduce pain and relieve inflammation, or slaughter or euthanasia. Antimicrobial therapy, penicillin, tetracycline.

passive

Anti-toxins provide what form of immunity?

secondary

Antibodies are components of the ______ defense system

low

Apply disinfectant with a ____ pressure sprayer

Equine Strangles

Caused by strptococcus equi, lives in moist mucous membranes, especially in the upper respiratory system spread through the shedding of mucous membranes, particularly in the nose. Symptoms include fever, anorexia, purulent abscesses, depression, dyspnea and coughing, nasal discharge. Diagnosis is a bacterial culture and sensitivity - nasal or abscess swab, endoscopy, serology. Treatment is lancing and flushing abscesses, isolation, soft feeds low to the ground, antibiotics. Prevention is to vaccinate, heat disinfectant, isolate,.

Enterotoxemia

Common but fatal disease of sheep and goats caused by types C&D strains of Clostridium Perfringens, normally found in the lower GI tract in low numbers. It's triggered by a change in diet - an increase in grains, protein, milk replacers, or grass. Signs are stopping consuming feed and become lethargic. Some show signs of stomach pain or discomfort, diarrhea, head/neck extended over withers, animal can be found dead with no previous signs of disease. Treatment is not commonly successful in severe cases, most treat mild cases with anaglesics, probiotics, electrolytes, or antisera, most severe cases mat require IV fluids, antibiotic therapy, and other supportive care. Vaccines for Clostridium perfringens type C&D are the best prevention. Feeding strategies to avoid infection.

Mastitis

Common symptoms of this disease may include: reduced milk production, flaky or clotted milk, swelling, redness of the gland, increase in body temperature and pain. Sub-clinical infections are commonly detected via increased somatic cell counts. Treatment with antibiotics is common. Prevention is dependent on good hygiene, such as; clean and dry bedding, proper washing of gland, and fly control.

Brucellosis

Contagious parasite that has propensity to grow in lymphatic, placental, and male genital tissues. Characterized by abortion and infertility in females, and epididymitis and testicular atrophy in males. Infection can be spread through vaginal discharges and semen. Canines can contract it through oronasal contact with aborted animals that contain the organism. Signs include lethargy, loss of libido, back pain, fever, enlarged superficial lymph nodes, abortion, swollen scrotal sacs. Diagnosis is done by lab tests RSTAT, AGID tests, Radiographs to show enlarged prostate or diskospondylitis, semen examination for abnormalities. Treatment is extremely expensive and time consuming, includes antibiotics, follow up blood work. It is never fully cured. Most infected animals are euthanized. No vaccine for canines, testing breeding animals is key, bleach, spay or neutering. Humans can be infected.

Canine Adenovirus

DNA non-enveloped virus. Withstands chemical exposure, survives days at room temperature. Causes infectious canine hepatitis, affects liver, kidenys, spleen, eyes, endothelial cells. Death as quick as 2 hours after signs appear, despite treatment. Transmission is commonly through oral/nasal contact with infected dogs and urine, saliva, discharge, contaminated environments. Infected tonsils use macrophages to replicate, spread to lymph nodes, enter bloodstream, cause endothelial hemorrhages. Diagnosis is phsyical exam and lab tests. CBC, urinalysis, electrolyte panel, coagulation tests. Clinical signs include low WBC count, anorexia, lethargy, vomiting, diarrhea, enlarge liver, abdominal pain, pyrexia. Acute: abdominal fluid, vasculitis, lymphadenopathy, encephalitis. Subclinical: tonsillitis, hepatitis blue eye. Jaundice, light colored stools, pale gums, tongue and nose. Treatment includes IV fluids, plasma/blood transfusion. They should recover within 10-14 days. Prevention: vaccinate, avoid contact with dogs, clean and disinfect.

low cost, easily and economically transported, doesn't have a pungent smell, remains active when diluted with water

Desirable characteristics of disinfectants

Feline Leukemia

Disease is a retrovirus, inhibit's animal's immune system. Contracted through direct contact in saliva and nasal secretions, urine, feces, and milk, bite wound, mutual grooming, shared use of litter. Can be asymptomatic. Loss of appetite and weight loss, pale or inflamed gums, poor coat, anemia, fever, upper respiratory infections, diarrhea, vomiting, seizures, changes in behavior, vision or other eye problems, enlarged lymph nodes, reproductive problems in females. No cure, but does have vaccine. A vet can conduct an ELISA or IFA. 30% of infected develop cancer.

99%

Efficient cleaning can remove up to _____% of bacteria present

Bovine Leukosis

Retrovirus that has 3 stages of effects. It is blood born and most likely contaminated by contact with insect vectors, ear taggers, dehorners, and rectal palpitation. Likely to occur in newborns, but most dont show clinical signs. 2nd stage is lymphosarcoma has low grade fever, rapid heart rate, loss of appetite, weak legs, and lumps in the lymph nodes, uterus, abomasum, and heart. 3rd stage is leukemia, having a high number of WBCs among latent staged symptoms like weak body condition, separation from the herd. Serologic tests for diagnosis to test for proteins made in the immune system. Prevention includes quarantining new herds, avoid overcrowding, use single use needles and rectal sleeves, disinfect. No treatment.

Post Parturient Paresis AKA milk fever

Severe muscle weakness in dairy cows, resulting from hypocalcemia, occurs in older, 3rd to 6th lactation, high-producing dairy cows. Most commonly occurs within 3 days of parturition. Signs are excitability, loss of appetite, hypersensitivity, restlessness, tetany, recumbency, weak pulses, poor pupillary light response, flaccid paralysis, bloat, coma, circulatory collapse, death. Symptoms are weak, trembling cow, mild increase in body temperature, elevated heart rate, head turned into its flank, lying on stomach and stretching out, progressively depressed, dilated unresponsive pupils. Treatment is an IV injection of calcium gluconate or subQ, interperitoneal and/or calcium injections/supplements, generally rise within one hour. Prevention includes appropriate feeding during the weeks leading to parturition, Vitamin D supplementation before calving is sometimes recommended.

Foot Rot

Sudden lameness and foul odor are commonly seen with this disease. Caused by Fusobacterium necrophorum or Dichelobacter Nodosus, this disease can be prevented with proper hygiene which should minimize the exposure to these bacteria. Isolate infected animals and treat with antibiotics. Vaccination is available.

route

The _____ by which a microorganism enters the body often determines whether or not a disease will occur.

Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis

The brain and spinal cord are most often affected by this disease caused by the protozoa Sarcocytis neurona. Animals will appear to have ataxia, asymmetry, and muscle atrophy. Antiprotozoal medications such as ponazuril and sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine can be administered. Keeping feed storage areas clean, keeping feed covered, cleaning water sources regularly, and eliminating possums from the property are all ways to prevent this disease.

Laminitis

The most common cause of this disease can be categorized as either mechanical or metabolic. Metabolic is the most common and is typically characterized as a sudden and excessive consumption of highly digestible carbohydrates. Occurs when the connective tissue becomes inflamed and blood flow is disrupted. The hoof wall will separate to varying degrees causing symptoms such as: reluctance to move or turn, warm hooves, bounding digital pulses, pain response to pressure.

passive, active

The two types of acquired immunity are ______ and ______

Canine Parvovirus

There are 2 forms of this disease. Symptoms include vomiting, bloody diarrhea, weight loss, fever, lack of appetite, and in some cases, death. ELISA and SNAP tests are available to diagnose this disease. Vaccination is available and should be started when animals are young. The virus that causes this disease can live in the environment for months, so it is best to effectively disinfect any toys, bowls, equipment, facilities, etc. that an infected animal has come into contact with. This virus is spread through fecal/oral contact.

Equine Colic

There are multiple types of this condition, including gas and spasmodic, obstruction, strangulation, torsion, and intussusceptions. Increased respiratory and heart rates and abdominal pain - pawing, excessive sweating, stretching, rolling, and some clinical signs. Prevention methods vary, as do treatment options - which include laxatives, pain killers, and surgery

White Muscle Disease

This degenerative, non-infectious disease involving the cardiac and skeletal muscle. Caused by a dietary deficiency, can cause animals to preset with difficulty breathing, arched back, stiff gait, lameness, weakness, rapid breathing, and/or cardiac complications. Providing animals with a high quality diet is one way to prevent this disease. Treatment options include supplementatio with selenium and Vitamin E.

Chlamydophila Felis

This form f parasitic bacterium attaches to the mucosal cells of the conjunctiva, gastrointestinal, and genital tracts. This pathogen is typically spread through direct contact, because it does not live very log in the environment. Most commonly seen in young animals and animals in dense population and stressful environments. Symptoms include: coughing, watery eyes, difficulty breathing, runny nose, fever, and anorexia. Vaccination is available.

BSE

This is a fatal disease that slowly destroys the brain and spinal cord. Typically transmitted when an animal has consumed tissue that is infected with this prion. Commonly the animal will be infected with this disease for years without showing clinical symptoms. Clinical symptoms include: trouble standing, aggressive behavior, lack of coordination, hyper responsiveness, tremors, and decrease milk production. Testing of live animals is done by analyzing the animals' reaction to a physical exam.

K-9 Infectious Tracheobronchitis aka kennel cough

This is an upper respiratory infection that is caused by both viral and bacterial pathogens. Infection can occur through direct or indirect routes, but typically when the animal is in a high population environment. Symptoms vary in severity, but often include loud cough, runny nose and eyes. Often, treatment is not required.

Equine Infectious Anemia

This virus is transmitted by mosquitoes, other blood sucking s=insects, contaminated surgical equipment, and from mare to foal. The virus attacks and destroys the RBCs of the animal. The acute episode last 1-3 days and is characterized by fever, depression, jaundice, ventral edema, enlarged spleen, pale gums. The chronically infected animal can vacillate back and forth from the acute,, chronic forms. Clinical signs vary from animal to animal, but fever, anemia, emaciation, enlarged spleen, depression, and lethargy are common. The asymptomatic show no signs, but will test positive with a Coggins exam. Animals that test positive can either be euthanized or be placed under lifetime quarantine.

Newcastle Disease

This zoonotic, paramyoxvirus stereotypically presents as an acute respiratory disease. Clinical signs may include, rapid/labored breathing, respiratory discharge, swelling of the head and neck, tremors, paralyzed wings and legs, twisted neck, circling. Eggs may appear discolored, misshaped with rough shells. Vaccination is available and should be used in high risk areas.

living organisms

Viruses must be grown in _________

natural, artificial

What are the two forms of active immunity?

Active

What type of immunity are we trying to elicit by giving a toxoid vaccine?

toxins

When giving an animal a toxiod vaccine, we are providing protection from ________

microorganisms; environmental factors such as pH and temperature

When looking at what disinfectant to use, look at _______ we're trying to kill and _________

Bacteria

_____ can be easily propagated for the manufacturing of vaccines, but they produce a weak antigen

Biguanides

______ react with the negatively charged groups o the cell membrane which alters its permeability

thoroughly; foamer

______ wet surface with disinfectant, a _____ works well on walls, to keep the disinfectant in place for a long time

Phenols

_______ are broad spectrum and maintain their activity in hard water and organic material

Aldehydes

________ are effective broad spectrum disinfectants, but they are irritating, toxic, and carcinogenic to humans and animals.

Passive Immunity

________ occurs when a susceptible animal is given antibodies from an immunized animal that they can use to combat antigens, this type of immunity is short term.

Detergent soaps

__________ are designed to physically remove dirt and contaminating agents

Toxoid

a physically or chemically inactivated toxin

Congenital

abnormality that existed at or before birth

Immunizing agent

antigens or antibodies of diseases who's causative organisms have been identified