Animal Science Exam 2

What is enterotoxemia or over-eating disease caused by?

A clostridial organism found in the intestine of sheep

What is a dry cow? What does this have to do with rainfall? How long is she typically this way?

A dry cow is one which is not lactating. Nothing to do with rain. She is usually about 2 months in dry cow phase

What is a filly?

A female under 4 years

When are sheep castrated?

A few days after birth

Where is the blaze marking located on a horse?

A line from forehead to nose

What is a colt?

A male under 4 years

What is a hen?

A mature female chicken

What is a bantam?

A minature breed

When someone refers to an industry as vertically integrated what does that mean?

A person or company that owns the whole life cycle of the industry

At what point is the calf separated from its dam? Why then?

At birth. Prevent bonding (also cut disease transmission). Could also mention since we harvest milk for us we don't want calf to have it.

When does basic handling begin for a horse?

At weaning and throughout llife

Which country is a major exporter of sheep?

Austrailia

What factors can come into play to affect grain formulas?

Age, performance level, and dietary restrictions

What factors are considered in observing the interior of eggs in candling?

Air cell, white, yolk, and spots

Where did turkeys come from?

America

What are the four major classes of poultry?

American, Asiatic, English, and Mediterranean

What is as Iowa "green tag" calf?

An Iowa Vet certified preconditioning program

What is mastitis?

An infection of the udder

What are the fourteen common breeds used for beef cattle?

Angus, Hereford, Charolais, Limousin, Maine Anjou, Shorthorn, Brahman, Brangus, Beef master, Long horn, Simmental, Belgian Blue, Gelbvieh, and Chianina

What is colostrum?

Antibodies and disease protection, split sucking

What country is the top world consumer of broilers?

Antigua

What is the bit?

Any of a variety of a metal piece inserted in the mouth and connected to the reins of a bridle to control the movement of the horse

What is AI?

Artificial Insemination

What is "AI"? To what extent is it used in dairy production?

Artificial insemination. Exclusively

How are the poults sold?

As all male or all female

When does heavy training start?

As early as three years old

In what way are turkeys primarily sold?

As processed products

Where were sheep first domesticated?

Asia

Which continent were sheep domesticated?

Asia

When does saddle breaking begin?

At 2 years old

When are pigs breed?

At 7-8 months

Mares come into estrus every...

Average every 21 days during the season, but can range from 19-26 days

Estrous cycle is described as A. polyestrous B. seasonally polyestrous C. anestrous D. estrogen E. None of these

B. Seasonally polyestrous

What is cribbing?

Bad habits of sucking air

What is the name for a castrated male pig?

Barrow

What is the characteristics of maternal cattle breeds?

Basis of the cow herd Cost effective, forage efficient Sensibly sized, low input, easy fleshing

What are the three common hatchery practices?

Beak trimming Desnooding Toe clipping

What preventative measures are taken to prevent cannibalism?

Beak trimming and dubbing

What features are provided/constructed to provide comfort to a cow?

Bedding and fans

What are the two types of cows in the industry?

Beef and dairy

What USDA cutability grades are used for Bovine, Ovine, and Swine?

Beef- 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 Pork- 1, 2, 3, and 4 Lamb- 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5

What are the disadvantages to working with sheep?

Better fencing; internal parasite issues; die quickly if ill; and predators

What are the genetic base colors for a horse?

Black, chestnut, and bay

What are the three methods in which wool is graded?

Blood grade, numerical count system, and micron diameter

What inclusions are looked for during candling?

Blood spot, pieces of tissue from the hen's reproductive tract, blood, and a developing embryo

What is the name for an intact male?

Boar

What does fat cover estimate in a sheep?

Body energy reserves

What is the goal to have a horse born and weaned?

Born- spring, January 1st Weaned- Fall

What are the aspects of a purebred sheep?

Breeding stock Genetic change Substantial marketing costs Show versus commercial focus is much different. "Frame" sheep

Which is known to be heavier boned, larger bodied and have some ancestral roots to other Swiss beef cattle breeds?

Brown Swiss

True/False In the transition phase, the cow is adapted to being a bred cow rather than an open cow?

False

True/False Lactating cows are most often cared for individually in individual tie stalls in our industry.

False

True/False Like most all ag industries, the US sheep industry is among the largest in the world.

False

True/False because lambs are very sensitive to environmental stress, they must always be lambed indoors to prevent death loss.

False

True/False it is impossible to breed a sheep 3 times within a two year period.

False

True/False in USDA cutability grades the higher the number the better it becomes?

False, lower

True/False USDA quality grade system is always used in the industry of pork?

False; little to never

True/False the beef cattle industry is the largest supplier worldwide?

False; second

How has dairy production changed today?

Farm numbers have decreased and milk production has increased; the number of cows have decreased and production per cow has increased

What bedding materials are used for dairy cattle?

Mattresses, wood shavings, sand, straw, and recycled manure

During what months does this production cycle occur typically in Iowa?

May, June, and July

What is a hand?

Measurement of height

What is the scientific name for turkey?

Meleagris gallopavo

What are the signs for ewes lambing?

Nervousness Leaving the flock Udders will fill Vulva will become lax

Who are the world's biggest egg consumers?

Netherlands

Which country consumes the most butter?

New Zealand

What are some examples of dilution gene colors of horses?

Palomino, Gruella, Buckskin, Cremello

When a cow is nursing the calf, what is the predominate feed used for the cow?

Pasture grass

In what ways can housing systems and conditions affect poultry?

Production rates and efficiencies; Disease rates; worker health; bird needs; management

What are the six enterprises for sheep?

Purebred, commercial, feedlot, club lambs, dairy, and wool

USDA ____ grades are applied to palatability and USDA ______ grades are applied to cutability?

Quality, Yield

What has the focus on consumer interest been in the 2000s?

Quality, convenience, welfare, and biosecurity

What are the priorities, tools, products, and challenges of packers production?

Quality, yield; assembly-line efficiency; wholesale, retail product; tight margins, consistent quality, safety

How is manure handled at a typical swine operation?

Shallow pit, flushed, stored in underground pit and injected into crop ground

How is vaccination accomplished?

SubQ injection or a mist or by wing/skin scratch

What does an angus cow look like?

*Black *Moderate to small size *Moderate muscle

What is pregnancy toxemia?

A build up of ketone bodies

What does a Brahman look like?

*Colors from very dark to light grey/almost white with black points. *Moderate to large framed cattle. *Moderately thick at best and often fairly narrow based and topped.

What does a shorthorn look like?

*Deep mahogany red, roan or white colors. *Historically small to moderate sized, but American influence and Maine Anjou input brings larger framed Shorthorn lines. *Can range from flat, dairy type muscle to very high volume (thick, but not rounded) muscle expression.

What does a Maine anjou look like?

*Is traditionally red and white spotted, and with strong American Shorthorn influence, can see roan. US lines are mostly solid black or with some white (called "chrome). *Usually very large framed if direct lines from France. Otherwise, short appearance in US show lines. *generally always thick muscled, but not rounded at all in shape given dairy selection ancestry.

What does a beefmaster look like?

*No particular required color or look though red is predominate. **Moderate to large framed cattle. *Moderately thick is usual.

What does a Gelbvieh look like?

*Red color with strong skin pigmentation. US Black lines developed. *More moderate size than other European imports to the US. *average beef thickness with some variation in expression but higher volume.

What does a hereford cow look like?

*Red with White face and points. Can be dark red to almost yellow. *Moderate sized. *light to moderate muscle

What does a belgian blue look like?

*Spotted to white with usual roan pigment. *Large size of frame *Double muscled is the norm

What does a simmental cow look like?

*Traditionally yellow or red spotted, German lines solid red. American lines can be black or grey. *Usually very large, level made cattle. Usually high volume thick cattle but rarely rounded in appearance.

What does a longhorn look like?

*Various levels of white, red and black mixing. * Moderate to small size *Narrow, light muscled throughout

What does a charolais cow look like?

*White but with reddish pigment in skin. Unlike other breeds, white is co-dominate to other color genes, giving a diluted color in crosses. *Large framed *Heavy muscled.

What does a Chianina cow look like?

*White with black eyes and switch. American lines black to suit youth show industry. Crosses of Brahman lines tend to have a striped or brindle pattern *Typically the world's largest breed, but American show lines have made very small and early maturing. *Muscle in all cases is thick but never bulky.

What does a limousin look like?

*solid red or black, *heavy muscled, rounded quarter. *large size

What is a capon?

A castrated male

What are the requirements for a female horse to breed?

-At least 3 years old -Gestation length 340 days (11 months)

What are the disadvantages of outdoor production systems?

-Less control over environment. Affects animal performance and health.  -Higher labor requirements for farrowing. -Less profitable because less efficient

What are the advantages of outdoor production systems?

-Low input costs -No way to regulate manure handling -More consumer friendly

What are the disadvantages of indoor confinement systems?

-Very expensive initial cost -Hard to change size of production -High energy requirements -Requires large amount of land to dispose of manure

What are the two most common dairy sheep breeds?

East Friesian and Awassi

How many pounds does a seep need to gain each day to be t the market weight of 130 pounds?

.5 to .7 pounds

What are the two factors considered to predict the measurement of cutability of beef?

1) Physiological maturity, primarily degree of spinal bone ossification 2) degree of intramuscular fat - called "marbling" in the rib eye.

What are the two factors considered to predict the measurement of cutability of lamb?

1) The physiological maturity of the carcass, evidence by the degree to which the growth plates of the fore leg break apart 2) degree of fat streaks on the inside flank of the carcass

How much does a typical market steer weigh at harvest?

1200 to 1400 pounds

What are the two layer housing types?

94% conventional cages 6% alternative housing

What is the typical "lambs per ewe"?

1.5 to 2 lambs per ewe

What are the six blood grades?

1/2 blood = fine; 3/8 blood; 1/4 blood; -1/4 blood = low; common; and braid

How long does a hen remain in production per year?

10 months

What is the minimum and the common size for horse stalls?

10 x 10 minimum 12 x 12 common

How many turkeys can be housed in each housing facility?

10-15,000 birds

How long is a pig typically at the finishing stage?

100-120 days

How long do pigs gestate altogether?

114 days

How tall ad useful are light horses?

14.2 + hands and as riding and work horses

How tall and useful are ponies?

14.2 hands and Good therapy horses

How many days or months do sheeps gestate?

144-151 days or 5 months

At what age is a heifer bred for the first time on average?

15 months of age

How tall and useful are draft horses?

16+ hands and largest/used for heavy work

When do pigs reach the age of puberty?

160-190 days

How long is a sheeps estrous cycle?

17 days

When do layers begin laying eggs?

18 weeks of age

What are the two types of pigs and what were there purpose during the 1930s and 1950s and 60s?

1930s- Lard type-meeting consumer demand during war 1950s, 60s- Lean meat type-Led to PSE, longevity concerns

How many broilers are housed typically in each house?

20-30,000

How long are chicks incubated to be hatched?

21 days

How long is the estrous cycle of a beef cow?

21 days

How heavy should a hog be when sent to market?

240 to 280 pounds

How long are pigs typically in the gestation room?

28 days rotation cycle

How long does a cow gestate?

285 days

What is the typical average daily gain of a feedlot steer in Iowa?

3 pounds per day

When are the transitions preformed for dairy cows?

3 weeks before and 3 weeks after calving

When is the earliest male broilers can be harvested?

3-4 weeks old

Where is the stocking marking located on a horse?

3/4 of the way up the hind leg

What does the following mean? 305d 2x ME

305 day lactation cycle Two times per day milking Mature equivalent

How long in a year is a cow milked?

305 days

When is the earliest horses can be weaned, but when are they typically weaned?

4-5 months; 6-7 months

When is puberty reached at in a lamb?

5 months

How much does a cow typically weigh at weaning?

500 pounds

How hot and humid does an incubation chamber need to be for a chick to survive?

99.5 to 100 degrees Fareheit 60-65% humid

What is the rest period for cows?

6-8 weeks

When are lambs weaned or how many pounds are lambs weaned at?

60-90 days 40-45 pounds

When are broilers harvested and what is their typical market weight?

7-9 weks; 5-6 pounds

When Henry de Soto died he left ___ behind?

700 feral pigs

How many pigs does a sow have per litter?

8 to 14

What is the average weight for a newborn calf?

80 to 100 pounds

What does the content in the average cow look like?

88% water, 5% carbohydrate, 3.3% protein, and 3.5% fat

How long is the gestation of a cow?

9 months or 285 days

What is the life expectancy of chicks in a hatchery?

90%

What is spider lamb syndrome?

A recessive genetic disorder causing skeletal deformities

What is the box stall?

A smaller area within the barn that provides bedding and a protected environment for the horse

What is body condition scoring?

A subjective scoring system based on external body fat has been developed.

Where is the bald marking located on a horse?

A thicker version of the blaze

What is a hatchery?

A unit responsible for running the incubators

What is a pea comb?

A weird ball

Sheep only have ___ teeth? A. Lower B. None C. Upper D. Both

A. Lower

In what way are most commercial hens bred?

AI

Pigs are bred 90% of the time by AI or natural mating?

AI

What occurs in the breeding stage of swine?

AI and use of dummy pipette and extender

What are several methods of breeding?

AI, Live cover, and embryo transfer

Mares gestate for how long?

About 11 months

Is there a social hierarchy in dairy heifers?

Absolutely, and that is why they need to be introduced to a small group and worked up to the herd

Three courtship activities include...

Actively seek out and stay in the vicinity of a stallion. May sniff, lick, or nuzzle the stallion. Urinate frequently, particularly if a stallion is teasing her to test her receptiveness. She is also likely to raise her tail and assume a breeding stance. Vocalization is common. The stallion will nudge the mare to signal readiness. Some may smell and bite over the mare's body.

What occurs in the finishing stage of swine?

Ad libitum feeding to maximize growth rate, slotted or expanded metal floors, and pigs are give supplemental iron

How do you cure urinary calculi aka water belly?

Adding ammonium chloride to a ration at the rate of .5%

When does halter breaking begin?

After birth

What are the three ways i which breeds are classified?

By class, breed, and variety

How does a producer induce molting?

By limiting feed and gradually reducing light

How does the USDA classify eggs?

By size

How does one determine the frequency of lay in the hen?

By spread of the pubic bones

What is dystocia?

Calving difficulty

How does one examine the inside of the fresh egg without destroying the egg in the process?

Candling

How do you calculate societal impact?

Carcass weight times retail yield divided by US annual per captia consumption

What is a gelding?

Castrated male

What is the estrous synchronization?

Causing all cows to come into heat at the same time

What is beak trimming?

Cauterize the shell tooth off the beak ( the sharp and hard tip of the beak) so that chicken is less likely to peck and injure a pen mate or floor mate

When and where were pigs thought to be domesticated?

Central Asia/Turkey- 9,000 yrs ago Italy/Germany- 3,500 yrs ago

What are the priorities, tools, products, and challenges of seedstock production?

Change agent; EPDs; Seedstock, Gametes; Trends, Target, Merchandising

What three breeds are from France?

Charolais, Limousin, and Maine Anjou

What is a layer?

Chicken raised for purposes of egg production. Only slaughtered after productive egg laying ability has been reduced below profitable levels

What is a broiler chicken?

Chicken raised to slaughter weight for meat production (usually ~ 4 tp 6 pounds

Match the incubation period with the poultry. Chicken-------------28 days Duck-------------28-34 days Goose---------------28 days Turkey---------------21 days

Chicken-21 days Turkey-28 days Duck-28 days Goose-28-34 days

Which country is a major sheep producing country?

China

Which country is the biggest producers of pork?

China

Where was the first packing plant for pork built?

Cincinnati

What management practices (name 3) are employed on the piglets within days after they are born (be sure that you can explain why they are done)?

Clip needle teeth, iron shots, ear notch, tail dock

Name the cycle for the chicken supply chain?

Cobb-Vantress, Pullet Farm, Breeder Farm, Hatchery, Broiler Frm, Processing/ Further processing plant, to distridution

When a consumer considers buying pork what two factors do they consider?

Color and marbling in the loin eye

Which types of sheep are used as dual purpose breeds?

Columbia, Targhee, and cooridale

What are the four methods of identification?

Combination tattoo and ear tag Hot or fire branding Freeze branding Electronic ear tags

What is a brooder unit?

Confined area for new hatched chicks to find water, feed and get supplemental heat. Is cardboard of other ring that is expanded or lifted as chkcks become acclimated to new environment of open floor raising.

What are the two places in which turkeys are raised?

Confinements and ranges

What are the advantages of indoor confinement systems?

Constant, controlled systems; less labor; constant flows of pigs; and more specialized labor

What feeds are typically presented the feedlot steer?

Corn, silage, and distillers byproducts

True/False A calf is separated from its dam after the calf has nursed colostrum from her.

False

In modern, large scale parlors such as ISU's, you will note key pads above the stalls, electronic tags around their necks. Why are these important?

Data entry to record individual performance data. Also enable control on research for individual feed consumption data collection in the lactation barn. Any of these are fine answers for today.

Quantity is primarily influenced by what factors?

Degree of dirt and vegetable matter, second cuts, belly wool, and density of fleece

What is the benefit of "all-in, all-out" management such as exhibited by the ISU farm?

Disease transmission is broken, also cash flow and animal flow enhancement.

What occurs in a blood system?

Divides wool from the finest to coarsest

Removal of the sheeps tail is called ____?

Docking

In which phase do dairy cows transition between?

Dry cow to lactating cow

What are some examples of dilution genes that are not white hair pattern genes?

Dun and grey

What are disorders of concern during transition?

Dystocia, DA, and Milk Fever

Which countries are the top milk producing countries?

EU, United States, and India

Which country consumes the most cheese?

EU-27

What are the four characteristics of poultry factored in for production purposes?

Ear lobe; comb type; feather type; and color

How are sheep individually identified?

Ear tag

Which ways can cows be individually identified?

Ear tag, neck tag, leg band, and tattoo

What are the advantages to working with sheep?

Easy to handle; requires little for facilities, equipment; Roughage is primarily feed; and physical labor requirements are limited

Why do people choose to raise pigs?

Easy to raise; easily cured, stored before refrigeration; fats, high -energy diets for laborers

Why are hens raised in small cages?

Efficiency of space

What changes are made in energy level of the diet during transition of a dairy cow?

Energy is increased by the addition of grain, silage over the 2 or maybe 3 week period on each side of calving.

What is the difference between english vs western tack?

English- Has a smaller lighter saddle and a briddle with noseband Western- Heavier saddle and briddle w/o noseband

What are the five stages through the history of horses?

Eohippus- 60m years ago, no hoof, and size of a cat w/ 4 toes Haplohippus, Mesohippus, and Miohippus- 37m years ago Merychippus- 17m years ago, hoof, walks on one toe, large resembling a horse

What is the tack?

Equipment used to control a horse

What is tack?

Equipment used to control the horse when riding or driving

What is the scientific name for a horse?

Equus caballus

What are the stages of swine production?

Estrus, breeding, gestation, lactation/nursing. recovery, nursery, and grow--finish

What is cross fostering?

Even litter weights out, teat count to piglets

What is a mature female sheep called?

Ewe

What is a young female lamb called?

Ewe lamb

What is lunging?

Exercising and training the horse on the end of a long lead rope in as it travels in a circle around the trainer

Teasing is...

Exposing the mare to a stallion so that she is stimulated to express estrus

What occurs in the harvest stage of swine?

Exsanguination and cutability measures

What is the term for a birthing pig?

Farrowing

What is used to control the sow and protect baby pigs in this stage of production?

Farrowing crate

What are the measures taken on a beef carcass to predict cutability?

Fat depth, rib eye area, carcass weight, and kidney, pelvic, and heart fat

What are the characteristics of meat that is cutable?

Fat trim, size of cut, weight

What are the priorities, tools, products, and challenges of feedlot production?

Feed efficiency, growth rate, carcass merit; concentrates, growth promotants; finished market calf; market volatility, feed costs, "hitting the grid"

What does one call the weaned steer that enters the feedlot?

Feeder calf

What is the pig called that leaves the nursery (ie. it was a "piglet" and is now often called a what as it enters the finisher unit)?

Feeder pig

What is a mare?

Female over 4 years

What is meant by an "all-in, all-'out system" of raising swine?

Fill a room and once that production period is complete, empty it completely, clean it and bring in then another group of pigs

Wool quality is determined by what criteria?

Fineness of the fiber, bright color, soft handle, and tight crimp

Where is the US ranked in the number of horses?

First

When is "colostrum" first delivered? Why (other than for "food" or "energy" ) does the calf need colostrum?

First excretion of the mammary gland produced. It is antibody rich and provides passive immunity to calf.

What are lambing jugs used for?

For bonding and individual care

Why is this method of raising newborn calves at the ISU farm preferable to group penning strategies?

For today in lab, it was simply the only way to care for calves until the barn is completed. So hard to grade this question this time. Normally it is for disease transmission control.

What are the two types of housing for dairy cattle?

Free stalls and tie stalls

What is the name for a young female pig?

Gilt

What is the difference between Grade A and Grade B milk?

Grade B is produced under less sanitary conditions at the farm level

In sheep grading measures ____ and classes measure _____?

Grading-fineness Classes-Staple length

Cribbing is a stable vice, and it is described as...

Grasping a surface (often wood) with the teeth and swallowing air. Will cause horses to lose weight, wear down their top incisors, and be more prone to colic.

What is the most popular cut of beef?

Ground beef

Describe the feed provided (grains involved), and how it is provided (processed and presented) to the pig.

Ground corn/soybean mixture and it is provided to the pig ad libitum with a self feeder in each pen.

What do broiler eat?

Ground, extruded combination of corn, soybeans with minerals, vitamins added to balance

Which breed is best known for its relative inability to convert carotene (a pigment in forage) to the vitamin A molecules of which it is comprised, causing a more golden color to the milk it produces?

Guernsey

What is meant by "stripping out a quarter"?

Hand squirt a little milk out or to finish milking by hand

What are the four types of uses for a breed type?

Maternal, Paternal (Meat), Wool, and Dual

What happens to a pig after the finishing stage?

Harvest

What does a gestating ewe eat?

Hay w/ pelleted feed supplement

What type of HQ RH source do horses feed on?

Hay,Grass, or Alfalfa

What is the bridle?

Head gear that the rider uses to control the movement of the horse

The piglet's need for warmer temperature (than that needed for the sow) is met in what way?

Heating mat or also a heat lamp was provided too

What is the difference between a cornish game hen and a roaster?

Hen harvested at 5 weeks and a roaster harvested at 12 weeks

How long and how may pounds do hens and toms weigh when fed high protein rations?

Hen-14 to 16 weeks-20 pounds Toms-19 to 20 weeks-30 pounds

What is Marek's disease caused by?

Herpes virus; characterized by abnormal cell growth in peripheral nerves and central nervous system

What are the aspects of commercial operations for farm flocks?

Higher input Smaller flock size Midwest and east focus Meat breed base

Which breed dominates the US dairy industry?

Holstein

What are the six types of dairy cows?

Holstein, Guernsey, Brown Swiss, Jersey, Shorthorn, and Ayrshire

What is meant by the expression "in heat"?

Horny

What are two equestrian disciplines or "events" that use English tack?

Hunter/jumper and dressage

What is the carrying capacity of a typical beef pasture in Iowa?

ISU is about 0.6 ac. per pair, but typical Iowa is about 2 acres per pair

What are wing bands?

Identification method in chickens and turkeys where the ID tag is attached to the bow tendon

What is a pullet?

Immature female

What is a cockerel?

Immature intact male

Most vaccinations are presented at the "heifer development" stage of the production cycle. This occurs at no earlier than 4 months of age. Usually why not sooner?

Immune system is not fully functional and does not respond well to the vaccinations if given any earlier than this

Where is a majority of the almost a fourth of the US economy for horses?

In apparel/ motion picture industry

What is the general term for young sheep?

Lamb

What are corn stalks important to cow/calf enterprise profit in Iowa?

Inexpensive and plentiful feed

What is a stallion?

Intact male over 4 years

This state has the largest pig inventory holding 6.4 pigs per person.

Iowa

What is the purpose of calf hutches?

Isolation Easy to manage Washable Durable expensive

What are the advantages of calf condos?

Isolation No nose to nose contact Permanent (pathogen load) Inexpensive

How do loose air cells affect hatchability?

It decreases and the inner shell membrane is broken

When pork is deemed exudative what does that mean?

It is pale, soft, and watery

What makes ringworm or club lamb fungus an annoyance if not caught early?

It's contagious and transmits from lamb to lamb; lamb to human; or infected equipment to lamb

Which breed has the largest average milk fat % in its daily lactation?

Jersey

What are the characteristics for meat that is palatable?

Juiciness, flavor, and color

What are the grades that classify eggs?

Jumbo, extra large, large, medium, small, and peewee

Where is the sock marking located on a horse?

Just above the ankle

Where is the half pastern marking located on a horse?

Just below the ankle

Where is the half cannon marking located on a horse?

Just below the stocking, but above the sock

What is the act of parturition?

Lambing

What are the characteristics of paternal cattle breeds?

Larger, later maturing, faster growing, Leaner at typical slaughter weights, and produce great carcass characteristics. More expensive to maintain or not as functional in the environment in which the cow herd must produce

The extension of the inside foreleg as a horse moves in a circle is called the horse's ______

Lead

Which breeds of sheep are long wool breeds?

Lincoln and romney

How do you calculate carcass weight?

Live weight times dressing percent

What does a rose comb look like?

Looks as a misshapen single comb

What are the two physical signs of a layer hen in production?

Lose color pigment in her body Pubic bones separate to facilitate lay

The biggest advantage of pigs finished in the hoop barn as opposed to the confined, indoor finisher unit is what?

Low cost of building and improved perception of animal welfare also less energy cost

What are the aspects of commercial operations for range band flocks?

Low input Large flock size White face (wool breed) breed base Western environments 80% or more of US sheep

What are the broad poultry housing classifications?

Manure handling, ventilation, and bird housing

What measures are used to predict palatability?

Marbling and maturity

What are three major health concerns or instances (of the cow that is) that impedes her productivity?

Mastitis, footrot, leg soundncess, and displaced abomasum

Which country is the top exporter of milk powder?

Mexico

Which time periods are sheeps seasonally polyestrous?

Mid to late summer until mid-winter

If milk fever is not a deep craving for a glass of 2%, then what is it?

Milk fever is a calcium deficiency brought on in early lactation usually in high producing cows

Which states do turkeys primarily lye in?

Minnesota, North Carolina, and Arkansas

What is it called when birds lose their feathers?

Molting

What does rational grazing mean in a cow herd?

Moving cows between paddocks to allow grass rest

Shoes are applied by....

Nailing to hoof

When it comes to breeding it is more common that the producer will do ____ _____ instead of ____ _____.

Natural mating; Artificial insemination

In the 14 and 15 hundreds what two types of sheep were brought over to the new world?

Navajo Churros and Florida natives

What is a dry cow? What does this have to do with rainfall? How long is she typically this way?

Non-lactating . . . nothing . . . about 2 or so months per year

Where is the cornet marking located on a horse?

On the cusp of the hoof

How are horses "wormed"?

Oral paste injection

Why is it rare to find a white horse?

Overo Lethal White Syndrome, which kills foals due to a non-functioning colon

What is the scientific name for a sheep?

Ovis aries

What are two examples of trained gates of a horse?

Pace and running walk

What types of colors on a horse are white hair pattern genes?

Paint, Appaloosa, and roan

What is the difference between palatability and cutability?

Palatability measures how pleasurable the eating experience is and cutability measures the percent od lean to fat and bone

What occurs in the nursery stage of swine?

Piglets are mixed together for socialization and weaning of pig and provision of high quality feed as sole source of feed

To "sack out" a horse means to...

Place a blanket or other soft object on the back of the horse to prepare it for the feeling of something on its back

What is a single comb?

Pointy

What type of facility do turkeys live in?

Pole houses- open sided with curtains and fans

What are the three types of horses?

Pony, Light, and Draft

What method is used to keep eggs alive during a workers off time?

Positioning and turning of the eggs 5 or more times a day

What environmental concern is the greatest for the sheep producer?

Predation, parasites on pasture, cold during lambing, ventilation in the barn

What is key to heifer development?

Preparation to breed and enter milking herd Ration Moderate energy intake Promote growth (not fat) Housing Small groups (socialization) Proper intake assured Vaccinations

What is the USDA quality grade used for a young lamb?

Prime, choice, good, utility, cull

What is a mature male sheep called?

Ram

What is a young male sheep called?

Ram lamb

Which breeds are fine wool breeds in sheep?

Rambouillet and merinos

High temperatures in turkey environments ____ feed consumption in turkeys

Reduce

What affect does light have on broilers?

Regulates the behavior and growth rate

What are two equestrian disciplines or "events" that use Western tack?

Reining and rodeo

What is docking on a sheep?

Removal of the tail

What measures are used to predict cutability?

Rib eye muscle size and fat depth

A pork carcass differs from a beef and lamb carass in that it doesn't contain a ____ ____ area, but a ___ ____ area

Rib eye; loin eye

Where is the star marking located on a horse?

Right between the eyes

Where is the snip marking located on a horse?

Right between the nostrils

What is the purpose of "teat dipping"?

Sanitize the teat and control pathogen entry into the streak canal of the teat.

Specifically, how is the manure handled at most farms, using ISU as an example if you are not from a farm?

Scraped from alleys. An auger system moves manure cleaned from the barns into a press, which separates most water from the solids. Solids used as bedding, or extra is composted and then marketed (mostly on campus for horticulture use). The water is stored, then field applied. The solids are also recycled as bedding for the cows in the free stall lactating cow barn.

What are the four structures of beef cattle production and name them in order ?

Seedstock, commercial, feedlot, and packers

White muscle disease or muscular dystrophy is caused by a deficiency in what two things?

Selenium or vitamin E

In this stage of production cycle, a cow's energy level in the diet is at its lowest. Why?

She is in maintenance stage (needs no weight, is not lactating and fetus is too small to be of any great demand).

Which breed is also a well-known beef breed in the US and Europe?

Shorthorn

Where is the stripe marking located on a horse?

Smack dab in the middle as a thin-ish line

Why is there a nursery phase (i.e. what is the purpose of this phase; why do the pigs not just go from farrowing to finishing (though at some operations they do skip the nursery phase, by the way)?

So piglets can learn how to adjust to self-feeders and group living

___ __ is a virus that causes thick crusts and scabs on the mouth affecting nursing and recently weaned lambs.

Sore Mouth

How can pregnancy toxemia be prevented?

Sort ewes and feed the according to the number of fetuses they are carrying

What is the name for a mature female pig?

Sow

What are the temp difference requirements between a sow, new born, and growers?

Sow 60-70 New Born 85-95 Growers 70-80

What technique was required by youth of Massachusetts in the 1600s?

Spinning/ weaving

What do producers do with manure?

Spread on the field

When are the calving seasons?

Spring and sometimes fall

What are the distinguishing external physical differences observed between a rooster and a hen?

Spur size, sickle feathers, hackle feathers

Estrus is detected when the mare...

Squats, urinates sporadically, accepts mourning, vulva "winking"

What are the external factors of the egg that further influence the grade of an egg?

Stains, dirt/ foreign material, egg shape, shell texture, ridges, and shell thickness

What are the two types of shelter requirements?

Stalls and pasture

What does the room temp of a broiler house start and end at?

Start- 85 degrees Farenheit End- 70 degrees Farenheit

What are the four types of milking parlors?

Step-up, parallel, herring bone, and carousel

What are the reins?

Strap on each side of a bridle or headstall to control the horse by directing its head

Which breeds are used as medium wool breeds?

Suffolk, Dorset, Hampshire, Finnsheep, Polypay, Southdown, Cheviot

What is an incubator?

Supplemental heat and humidity to cause egg to develop and hatch a live chick beyond the influence of the hen

What are cows fed?

TMR Total Mixed Ration Corn Silage Alfalfa/grass silage Alfalfa hay Corn Soybean meal Fuzzy whole cottonseed Commodity feeds (corn gluten, distillers grains, soybean hulls, citrus pulp, candy bars, etc.)

What type of environment do turkeys prefer?

Temp- 60-80 degrees Farenheit Stocking Density- 1 to 9 pounds/ sq ft Feed and water at chest level Some form of shelter

Which state is the largest producers of sheep and lambs?

Texas

When someone speaks of range in cutability, what do they mean by it?

The % of edible product

What is foaling?

The act of giving birth

What is the rib eye area?

The cross sectioned area of the longissimus dorsi

What does the term value added mean?

The extra labor or processing to increase the value or price of the item

When the ears are back, the horse is telling us that he is...

The horse is angry or is threatening someone or something. Slightly back might just mean that the horse is attempting to listen behind itself

What feature of the parlor design best facilitates worker well-being?

The lowered pit so that they worker does not have to stoop down to the udder

What occurs in the farrowing stage for swine?

The piglets needle teeth are clipped, use of "crate" to promote piglet welfare, ear notching to facilitate record keeping, creep feeding, slotted or expanded metal floors, and use of heating mats or heat lamps

What was the punishment for illegal wool trade of 1698?

The right hand was cut off

Large-scale hog production has been under scrutiny lately? Why? Name a reason.

The way in which concentrated manure is handled and the environmental qulity

What are the disadvantages to raising pigs?

There is competition for feed, biosecurity issues, its a big investment all together, and bad environmental perceptions

What are the three reasons to why chicken meat is popular?

There is less fat; more efficient production; and lower price

What are the competitive advantages of raising pigs?

They are prolific, feed efficient, leave a small footprint, and a short generation interval

What are the most common external parasites in a sheep?

Ticks or keds

To "take the lead" means to...

To extend further forward the shoulder and leg on the inside of the circle that is being run by the horse.

What is the goal in heifer breeding?

To get them to calve at 2 years old

What is the objective of heifer development stage?

To grow heifer to optimum size, weight and condition and to get her bred at right time. Also to allow for socialization and for bunk breaking

What is the purpose of using a wing band on poultry?

To identify the bird

Why was a wall built in lower Manhattan in what is now known as 'Wall Street?

To stop pigs from roaming through peoples fields and gardens

What is dubbing?

To trim the comb from a newly hatched chick so that possibility of injury and cannibalism are reduced

To "ground drive" a horse means to...

To use extended reins behind the horse as one walks to control the horse's movements and training it to respond to the reins before riding the horse.

How are the calves typically raised at a farm (or describe the ISU system) in terms of type of facility/penning and environmental control?

Today, we saw a temporary group penning as the calf barn is being renovated. So that is ok for answer this time. Normally, and also ok is that a calf barn (enclosed) is used. It provides individual stalls or pens with solid sides to prevent nose to nose contact, individual ventilation per pen and individual care.

What does a Brangus look like?

Total black color *Moderate to large framed cattle. *Moderately thick at best and often fairly narrow based and topped

What minerals and vitamins are horses fed?

Trace mineral block, salt block, vitamin A, copper, sulfate, and calcium

Gaited horses are those which have been...

Trained to preform with gaits of movement that are not natural to the horse

What are the three things horses were used for?

Transportation, Agriculture, and ranching

True/False A feedlot steer should gain about 3 to 4 pounds per day and be harvest-ready at about 1300 pounds.

True

True/False AI and improved management explains much of why the US dairy industry has prospered in terms of production per cow.

True

True/False Annual lactation record of an ISU dairy cow is about 22,000 pounds and happens over about 10 months (305 days).

True

True/False when birds molt their feathers it restarts the egg laying process.

True

True/False wool production generated a significant % of total income for tht typical sheep producer in Iowa.

True

rue/False horses are seasonally polyestrous

True

A ___ is the only meat animal yo not be domesticated in N or Central America

Turkey

What is entropion?

Turned in eyelids

When are lambs shorn?

Typically before they are bred, but some producers shear more often or before lambing so it is quite variable.

An infection of the ______ is called_______________.

Udder; Mastis

Which country consumes the most fluid milk?

Ukraine

How is a ewe determined to be bred?

Ultrasound pregnancy determination or also if the ram "marked" the ewe.

Who are the leading producers of broilers in the world?

United States

What is meant by "floating teeth"?

Use a rasp to remove sharp edges of the teeth

What occurs in the gestation stage for swine?

Use of individual stall, water drippers for cooling, slotted or expanded metal floors,and limited feeding

What are the ways in which chicks are processed?

Vaccinating, beak trimming, comb clipping, and wing banding

What is the order in which layers regain color when our of production?

Vent; eye ring; earlobe; beak shank; feet shank

How successful is AI in sheep, compared say to the other species that we have studied?

Very much less successsful

How is heat detected?

Visual, heat watch, heat patch, or use of synch products

What are the three natural gaits of a horse?

Walk, trot, and canter

What are the properties of wool?

Water resistant Flame resistant Resists soiling, wrinkles, moisture Good insulation Elasticity Strong/Durability Dyeability

Why is the ration different for a feedlot than for the brood cow?

We need feedlot cattle to show maximum growth but not the cows

What are the priorities, tools, products, and challenges of commercial production?

Weaning weight; forage, crossbreeding; feeder calf; market colatility, feed costs

What is a castrated male sheep called?

Wether

What is it about our farm or others that define them as "vertically integrated"?

When multiple stages of an industry is owned

What are the characteristics for turkey meat that is white vs dark?

White meat Dark meat 70% water 71% water 22% protein 19% protein 7% fat 9% fat

What are the two types of turkey breeds and which is the most common for meat production?

White- most common Bronze

What are the basic classes of fluid milk?

Whole milk, 2%, Low fat, Skim milk, and buttermilk

How is the sow provided water?

With the use of nipple waterers at each crate

What type of housing is put in place for poultry?

Wood shavings, rice/ peanut hulls, recycled paper, and chopped straw

What is a scrapie and is it fatal?

Yes; an infectious disease affecting the central nervous system

What are the USDA quality grades used for young beef vs old beef?

Young- Prime, choice, select, and standard Old- Commercial, utility, cutter/ canner

A horse that is dun has what types of markings on the stocking?

Zebra stripping

What does a cow weigh?

about 1200-1400 pounds

What is the average milk production of a cow at a farm like ISU's for a 305 d. 2X ME lactation?

about 21000 to 23000 pounds was presented in class. The ISU farm is about 24000 pounds so that is ok too.

When are piglets weaned from their mothers?

after about 21 days

What causes pregnancy toxemia?

caused when a gestating ewe is not fed enough energy to support herself and rapidly growing fetuses.

What is the Konefal method?

daytime calving or a description of feeding 1X per day to control parturition

What measure is taken on a lamb carcass to predict cutability?

fat depth

What are the measures take on a pork carcass to predict cutability?

fat depth and ham muscle score

How many hens per cycle does a hen typically produce?

identification method in chickens and turkeys where the ID tag is attached to the bow tendon

What is a Cock?

mature intact male chicken

Where does the body condition scoring range from?

one to five One=very thin; five=extremely fat

A parlor design in which cows enter and stand rear end to the milker, such as at the ISU farm, is called a ______ parlor

parallel

What are the signs of estrous for swine?

restlessness, swollen vulva, looking for boar, standing:: locks up=light bulb test