Animation

What was Disney's big hit in the 1960's? Why was it innovative?

"101 Dalmatians" (1961) - their first feature to use the newly created Xerox process to transfer drawings onto cels (gave a sketchier look)

"____________" (1988) became a huge it in Japan and the world over and it introduced many Western audiences to anime. It was one of the first cyberpunk animes and is regarded as an important influence on that genre.

"Akira" Katsuhiro Otomo

Paramount and MTV Studios had a modest hit with "_______________________" (1996) based on Mike Judge's successful cartoon series on MTV that celebrated idiocy and mediocrity.

"Beavis and Butt-Head Do America" The studio had another modest hit with "South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut" (1999).

The first feature length animation by Aardman Animation was "_______________" (2000), directed by Park and Lord, and released in the United States by DreamWorks. It took four years to produce and became a huge hit, grossing over $200 million worldwide.

"Chicken Run"

__________________ was the director of "Nightmare Before Christmas" who joined Portland based Laika Films in 2004. He wrote and directed the stop motion film, "Coraline" (2009),

Henry Selick

__________________'s smartly satirical "Futurama", also debuted on Fox and the cult sci-fi series ran until 2003 before being cancelled.

Matt Groening's

State run _______________ was the largest animation studio in the USSR.

Soyuzmultfilm

Who was Ralph Bakshi?

Started at Terrytoons in the late 1950s as an animator before working for Steve Krantz Productions , where he helped produce "Spider-Man" (1967).

________________ (studios) had a hit with the feature film, "The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie" (2004) based on the popular Nickelodeon cartoon series and released another feature in 2015 that also utilized some CGI sequences.

Paramount Studios

Matt Groening, along with director James L. Brooks, created the dysfunctional _______________ as short interstitials for Brooks' sketch comedy series, "The Tracey Ullman Show" in 1987 on the newly established Fox television network.

Simpson family

In 1986, George Lucas sold the computer graphics division to ________________________. Jobs renamed it Pixar and wanted the company to sell hardware but his graphic workstation failed. Pixar had more success with their Renderman software.

Steve Jobs, co-founder of Apple Computer.

Both "______________" (1977) and "__________________" (1980) were made as animated films by Rankin Bass Productions for television.

"The Hobbit" "The Return of the King"

"The Flintstones" borrowed heavily from the 1950's television show, "____________________________".

"The Honeymooners"

Hanna-Barbera created what show in 1958 for syndication? What spin off show did this prompt?

"The Huckleberry Hound Show" Spun off into "The Yogi Bear Show" in 1961.

Richard Williams, born and raised in Toronto, created what animations?

"The Little Island" (1957) His biggest success came as the director of animation on "Who Framed Roger Rabbit" (he also designed many of the characters in that film, including Roger), a technically difficult job.

"Tiny Toon Adventures" (1990), features a collection of characters who were derivatives of their famous progeny (Babs Bunny and Plucky Ducky). This series paid homage to the classic Warner cartoon shorts. "Animaniacs" (1993) was another collaboration by _____________________.

Steven Spielberg/Warner Bros.

Cartoon Network was formed in 1992 by ______________ after he bought Hanna-Barbera, and their vast library of animated shows, to go along with the Warner Brothers and MGM animation libraries he had earlier acquired when he took over _____________.

Ted Turner MGM/UA

Filmation produced Bill Cosby's "Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids" for __________________.

CBS in 1972.

What was another form of revenue for established cartoon studios?

Commericals/advertising. Bullwinkle (owned by General Mills) appeared in ads for Cheerios.

What was the first primetime show to air on a broadcast network in over twenty years, since the demise of "The Flintstones" ?

The Simpsons

'50's, '60's, '70's, '80's - now NFB

The animation unit moved away from purely experimental and abstract techniques and into more representational drawing and traditional cel based storytelling (albeit stylized), such as in Low's Academy Award nominated, "The Romance of Transportation in Canada" (1953). It was the first NFB's first nomination for Best Animated Short.

What was "Fritz the Cat" (1972) based off of?

The underground comic by counter-culture cartoonist, Robert Crumb.

________________ worked as an animator at Disney in the 1970's and 1980's on their traditional animated features. He made some decidedly non-Disney shorts for them, like the stop motion, "Vincent" in 1982. He directed the live action "Beetle Juice" film and then went on to direct the blockbuster, "Batman" (1989).

Tim Burton

___________________ set up *** Animation Studio in Phoenix with Don Bluth and Gary Goldman as producers. "Anastasia" (1997) was their first film and it was well received critically and did well at the box office.

Twentieth Century Fox (Fox Animation Studio)

The most successful and most popular animated series of the 1980's were found in _________________, usually shown ______________.

syndication after school

During the 1960's, ___________ began to replace "doga" (moving drawing) when referring to animation

anime

The growth of ___________ networks exploded in the 1980's and 1990's, filling niche markets.

cable

Hayao Miyazaki started at ___________ in the 1960's as an animator.

Toei Doga

Although "Tron" did not cause a revolution in digital filmmaking, several companies were formed in the 1980's to create digital effects for movies. Lucas' _______________________, an established special effects company, was at the forefront. Other important companies were ____________ and Pacific Data Images (PDI).

"Industrial Light and Magic" (ILM) Blue Sky

Cartoon Network showed old animation and also debuted original programming like "____________________" (1996) and "_____________________" (1998).

"Johnny Bravo" (1996) and "The Powerpuff Girls" (1998).

Warner Brothers first feature film was the animated/live action, "_________________" (1996), that was a big hit at the box office and introduced some of their classic Looney Tunes characters to a new generation.

"Space Jam"

In 1979, George Lucas hired several leading computer scientists to start a computer graphics research division for Lucasfilm. They pioneered many important technologies to enable computer graphics to be used for special effects. They created the "Genesis Effect" sequence for "_________________" (1982) and it was entirely computer generated.

"Star Trek: The Wrath of Khan"

What was the last Disney feature to use hand-painted cels and analog camera work? What did it use?

"The Little Mermaid" (1989) The final sequence was made using the Pixar developed CAPS (Computer Animation Production System) which eliminated cels by scanning the drawings into a computer, digitally coloring them and then placing them over scanned backgrounds, before being rendered and printed onto film.

DreamWorks SKG produced "_________________" (1998) which was the first hand drawn film but it barely broke even at the box office despite being an excellent film. It was followed by "The Road to El Dorado" (2000) and the release of two more poorly received films, including "Sinbad: Legend of the Seven Seas" (2003) which employed 2D hand drawn animation alongside CGI animation.

"The Prince of Egypt"

Fox closed the Fox Animation Studios and acquired Blue Sky animation, concentrating on CGI animation and leaving 2D to its television division. It did have a huge hit with the hand drawn "_______________________" in 2007. It was a worldwide success and grossed over $500 million.

"The Simpsons Movie"

The fundamentals of digital animation were developed in the early 1960's. However, the enormous amount of processing power required and the limits of the technology, meant that very little digital animation was produced. Disney's "_______________" (1982) was the first feature length movie to introduce computer generated animation to the general public.

"Tron" - limited by technology - film was expensive to produce and did not do very well at the box office due, in part, to a weak script and it was released at the same time as "E.T."

What made The Simpsons such an influential show?

- excellent writing - voice acting - pop culture references - satire of tv and authority - celebrity guest voices

Why was Disney studios in decline in the 1970s?

Animated features in the 1970's were mediocre, suffering from weak stories, characters, and from uninspired and often, re-cycled animation.

What were some of NFB's in-house animations?

Animated sing-a-longs, Chants Popularizes, adapted from popular songs that were extremely inventive and graphically stylized. In 1945, Grierson left the NFB, and McLaren stepped down as head of the animation unit to concentrate on his own work.

DePatie-Freleng Enterprises did some contract cartoon work but concentrated on making visuals and animated title sequences for movies. What other animate features did they create in the 1960s?

Blake Edwards hired them to do an animated introduction for the live action comedy, "The Pink Panther" (1964). Oscar winning "The Pink Phink" (1964). Pink Panther shorts were released theatrically until 1980 and the DePatie-Freleng studio did a lot of television animation well into the 1980's

"Brother Bear" (2003) was _____________'s last successful hand drawn release and by 2004.

Disney's

In 1994, Jeffrey Katzenberg, former head of Disney's feature films and the one who spearheaded the 1990's revival, left the company to form ___________________, along with Steven Spielberg and David Geffen.

DreamWorks SKG

When was the Disney Renaissance, and it consisted of which films?

During the 1980s, after many mediocre animated films one bright spot was the team of Ron Clements and John Musker, who directed "The Great Mouse Detective" (1986). The duo scored big with their next feature, "The Little Mermaid" (1989), with excellent music by lyricist Howard Ashman and Alan Mencken. "Beauty and the Beast" (1991) became a massive hit, both financially and critically. Musker and Clements teamed up for Disney's next feature, "Aladdin" (1992). "The Lion King" (1994) became the highest grossing animated film of all time.

DVD sales of what series were huge and it became the biggest selling television series on DVD when it was released. This caused Fox to bring the show back into production in 2005 and it has continued to be popular.

Family Guy

What show was "The Simpsons" of its day?

Jay Ward's, "Rocky and His Friends". It had excellent writing, lead by UPA veteran Bill Scott (who was co-producer, head writer, and the voice of Bullwinkle) and excellent voice acting.

Who created "Rocky and his Friends"? When did it debut? On what network? Some of the characters featured are from episodes of what tv show?

Jay Ward, debuted in 1959, on ABC. "Crusader Rabbit"

Who recommended that the Canadian government set up a National Film Board? What was its mandate?

John Grierson The NFB formed in 1939. "To interpret Canada to Canadians and the world".

What well written show has a cult following due to its co-creator Mike Judge, who received notoriety for creating MTV's "Beavis and Butt-Head"?

King of the Hill

Nickelodeon began as a kid's network in 1979. It was purchased by media giant Viacom in the mid-1980's and began to develop original programming. What were some of these shows?

Klasky Csupo's "Rugrats" and the instant cult classic, "The Ren & Stimpy Show", created by Canadian John Kricfalusi. "Hey, Arnold!" (1996) and "Blue's Clue's" (1996) were other successful series for the network.

Who produced "Fritz the Cat" (1972)?

Krantz (directed by Bakshi)

"Ryan", a co-production with the _____________, won an Academy Award for Best Animated Short. "The Danish Poet", also an _____________ co-production, won in 2006.

NFB

How are animated commercials and Saturday morning cartoons linked?

Naturally, Saturday mornings were a popular time to air animated commercials and many were selling sugar sweetened cereals, often using cartoon characters to do it, candy, and toys.

Which Canadian animation company produced "The Care Bears Movie" (1985)?

Nelvana

Corus owns or co-owns many Canadian television channels, including animation focused ones such as...

Nelvana, Teletoon, Cartoon Network Canada, and Treehouse.

Syndication freed animation distributors from the interference of what?

Network "Standards and Procedures".

Was "Rocky and His Friends" successful among children's networks?

Never a high-rated show, but had a strong adult following (satirical scripts, witty topical humor, parody, outlandish plots, and shameless use of puns).

___________________ began as a kid's network in 1979. It was purchased by media giant Viacom in the mid-1980's and began to develop original programming.

Nickelodeon

_____________________ is a versatile independent filmmaker known for his cult hit, "Dazed and Confused" and the successful comedy, "The School of Rock". He created another cult film with "Waking Life" (2001) which was shot on digital video and then animated by using a digital rotoscoping process that gave the film its unique look.

Richard Linklater

"Who Framed Roger Rabbit" (1988) was a co-production between Disney Studio and Steven Spielberg's Amblin Entertainment. The mix of live action and animation was extremely ambitious and was done without _______________ and incorporates the live action and hand drawn cels together with the use of an optical printer and other special effects devices.

The film took over four years to make and it was the most expensive film to produce up to that time. It became a huge financial success and capitalized on nostalgia for old cartoon characters, including many Warner Bros. favorites. digital effects

"_____________________" (1980), directed by Sheldon Cohen and based on a short story by Roch Carrier, is one of the most beloved NFB animations.

"The Sweater"

Who created the "Yellow Submarine" film by the Beatles? What was the animation style?

Al Brodax, a King Feature's producer convinced Beatles' manager Brian Epstein to do an animated movie. Director: George Dunning (NFB) Lead illustrator: Heinz Edelmann (kaleidoscope poster design style) - uses traditional animation, watercolor animation, photographic montages interlaced with animation, and rotoscoping - inspired by the psychedelia movement of the Sixties

"___________________" (1977) has been called a parody of (and an homage to) "Fantasia".

Allegro Non Troppo

________________________________ were the only way animation still appeared in prime time after the demise of "The Flintstones".

Animated television specials

What was Grierson's first priority for the NFB?

War related propaganda, and he commissioned three short animated films from Walt Disney (including "Thrifty Pig").

When did the superhero genre return to popularity?

When Hanna-Barbera refashioned the DC comics line-up and created the family friendly "Super Friends" in 1973. This also started another mini-boom of "safer" superhero cartoons in the 1970's, like "Hong Kong Phooey" and "Captain Caveman". Even Filmation's "The New Adventures of Batman", had a moralistic "Bat Message" at the end of each episode and contained no violence and little action onscreen.

Hayao Miyazaki uses hand drawn ________________ and is known for his vivid and inventive visual style.

cel animation

Bluth joined with Stephen Spielberg in 1986 to make...

"An American Tail"

Rankin-Bass Productions started as Videocrafts in the early 1960's producing traditional animation for television along with stop motion animation utilizing their "_______________" technique that incorporated doll like figurines. They produced a stop motion prime time holiday special, "Rudolph the Red Nosed Reindeer", in 1964.

"Animagic"

"_______________" was Britain's first feature length animated film.

"Animal Farm"

Mushi Production Co.'s "______________" (1963-1967), was the first successful television animation series and many more followed in the 1960's

"Astro Boy"

In the 1990's, "Bob's Birthday" won an Academy Award and was later turned into a successful television series, "________________" on Global television.

"Bob and Margaret"

"________________" and "___________________" are two recent examples of adult focused animated comedy series airing on Teletoon under the banner of Teletoon Original Productions.

"Crash Canyon" and "Fugget About It"

Was the first cartoon series produced exclusively for television?

"Crusader Rabbit" (1949, NBC) - done in limited animation, to appear as a "animated comic strip". - cheaper to produce

What was Toei Doga's big hit in 1966?

"Cyborg 009" Based on a sci-fi manga, became a huge hit, leading to sequels and a television series. This showed the studio that sci-fi was a lucrative market for animated features.

What was the first X-rated animated movie?

"Fritz the Cat" (1972) - depicted sex, violence, drug use

In 1950, which UPA animation won the Academy Award for Best Animated Short?

"Gerald McBoing Boing"

Different animation studios from around the world produced each individual episode and as a result, each one has a different visual style. What animation is this?

"Heavy Metal" (1981)

What other animations did Bakshi create?

"Heavy Traffic" (1973) "Wizards" (1977) "The Lord of the Rings" (1978) "American Pop" (1981) "Fire and Ice" (1983) (worked with famed fantasy illustrator Frank Frazetta) He returned to television, directing "Mighty Mouse the New Adventures" in the late 1980's

Disney had their biggest ever live action (with some animation) hit with the Oscar winning _________________.

"Mary Poppins" (1964)

What was the first animated Christmas special? What were 2 others?

"Mr. Magoo's Christmas Carol" released by UPA in 1962. "A Charlie Brown Christmas" (1965). "How the Grinch Stole Christmas" (1966).

Tim Burton returned to his animation roots by producing and co-writing the stop motion cult favorite, "____________________" (1993).

"Nightmare Before Christmas"

Disney produced "The Wuzzles" and "The Gummi Bears" in 1985/86 that were produced in Japan and had superior animation than most Saturday morning cartoons which were usually poorly animated knock offs of live action shows, or cheaply made fare based on the latest trends or fads, such as the many unsuccessful animated series based on arcade video games such as...

"Pacman", "Donkey Kong", "QBert", "Frogger", and that talking car favorite, "Pole Position". This trend continued later in the decade with "Captain N: The Game Master", which had a pro video game playing message and featured characters from Nintendo video games.

In the 1990's, Hayao Miyazaki's popularity soared in Japan and his film, "_________________" (1997), became the new Japanese box office champ.

"Princess Mononoke"

When it came to animated feature films, Disney had a very poor decade in the 1970's and "______________" (1973) stands as a low point in Disney animation.

"Robin Hood" "The Rescuers" (1977) was their only solid animated movie of that decade.

"____________________________" was a spin off from Archie and it became another success for Filmation and in turn, it spawned the 1970's cult favorite, "Groovie Goolies".

"Sabrina the Teenaged Witch"

ABC produced the iconic, "________________________", in 1972. This educational cartoon combined music and animation in an effort to teach a variety of subjects from math to history using catchy tunes and rhyming lyrics.

"Schoolhouse Rock!"

In 1969, Hanna-Barbera created what TV show?

"Scooby-Doo...Where Are You?" for CBS. It became one of their most successful cartoons ever and many versions of the show have followed and still air today!

The NFB won an Academy Awards for Best Animated Short in 1978 for John Weldon's "_____________" and again in 1979 for the United Nations sponsored "______________", directed by Eugene Federenko.

"Special Delivery" "Every Child"

"________________" (2001) became the all time, worldwide non-USA highest grossing film and it also won an Academy Award for Best Animated Feature.

"Spirited Away"

Filmation was entrusted by "________________" creator Gene Roddenberry to bring that cult series back to life on Saturday mornings.

"Star Trek"

"The Archies" even scored a #1 hit with _______________ in 1969.

"Sugar Sugar"

Filmation made what popular Saturday morning show in 1968?

"The Archie Show" based on the long running comic book.

In the 1980s, Hayao Miyazaki created some of his key early films such as...

"The Castle in the Sky" (1986) and "Kiki's Delivery Service" (1989).

Cordell Barker's, ______________________ (1988) was a big success and nominated for an Academy Award.

"The Cat Came Back"

"___________________" became the first prime time animated series when it debuted on Friday nights in 1960 on ABC television network. What other firsts did this show feature?

"The Flintstones" - first half hour show on tv - first with a laugh track - celebrity guest stars

What was the first Disney feature to employ computer generated graphics?

"The Great Mouse Detective" (1986).

What animation did Walt Disney die before it was completed?

"The Jungle Book" (1967)

Caroline Leaf used an oil on glass technique to animate Canadian icon, Mordecai Richler's short story, "__________________". Leaf's animation received great acclaim.

"The Street"

"_____________________" (2003) was a co-production between Canada, France, and Belgium but most of it was animated in Montreal.

"The Triplets of Belleville" It became an international hit and was nominated for Best Animated Feature at the Academy Awards. It won the Genie (Canada's then answer to the Oscars) for Best Motion Picture in 2004

What were 3 other prime time TV shows from 1960s Hanna-Barbera?

"Top Cat" (1961) "The Jetsons" (1962) "Jonny Quest" (1964)

Toy maker Hasbro, along with Marvel Entertainment, produced what show based on a toy line that was popular in Japan?

"Transformers" Debuted in 1984 and ran for just over three seasons in the U.S. but for many more seasons in Japan.

What was the first animated feature to star real people in animated form?

"Yellow Submarine"

The Toei Company envisioned Toei Doga to be...

"the Disney of the East"

Who was Don Bluth?

- A Disney animator for their mediocre 1970s films. - Left in late 70s to form own animation company, taking Disney's young talent. - "The Secret of NIMH" (1982) - Great animator but a mediocre storyteller.

Vancouver was home to what production studio?

- Hanna-Barbera (mid-1960s), - was also the (brief) site of Pixar Canada - small Canadian satellite studio of Sony Pictures Animation which has worked on "Hotel Transylvania" among others.

When did the quality of Saturday morning cartoons decline?

- In the 1970s most cartoons were spin-offs of live action television shows ("The Brady Kids", "Return to the Planet of the Apes") with some "animated" twist, retreads of former animated shows (new "Scooby Doo" and "Archie" series). - altered by the rise of pressure groups and parental groups like the "Action for Children's Television" (ACT), which censored much of the cartoon violence and ended the superhero genre of the 60s.

What did UPA want their animations design to focus on/not focus on?

- less animals, mainly human characters - move away from cartoon violence ("hurt gags") - UPA did not want an established look for their cartoons, and each was to reflect the individual story

What style were DePatie-Freleng's Pink Panther animations?

- pantomime (no dialogue) - featured a traditional mixture of animation set to music (Mancini's jazz) - limited animation style

Bluth joined up with George Lucas in 1988 to make...

..."The Land Before Time"

Saturday Morning cartoons rose to popularity in the late 60s because...

...animation became equated with children's programming. - a way to fill up time - cheap - most lasted 1 season; they didn't find an audience

By the early 1960's, the NFB was known as much for its cartoons as for its...

...experimental films, in such shorts as Potterton's "My Financial Career" (1962) and Derek Lamb's, "I Know an Old Lady Who Swallowed a Fly" (1964).

During the 1950's, local children's television shows (most of them very low budget) became a dumping ground for older, mainly black and white, cartoons because...

...television only broadcasted in black and white. Some networks (e.g. CBS buying Terrytoons) bought up entire cartoon libraries to televise and many characters from the 1930's and 1940's ended up on television.

"Heavy Metal" (1981) was based on...

...the popular neo-underground magazine/graphic novel of the same name. Ivan Reitman, was a producer. Gerald Potterton served as the supervising director.

When was the rise of home video?

1980s when VHS became widespread, animated films that did not do well in the theater, often made up for it through the increased revenues from video rentals and video purchases. Studios, such as Disney, made a lot of money by releasing older animation on videocassette, for sale and for rental, allowing them to reach a new generation of fans.

Who was Gerald Potterton?

A british animator who worked on the animated feature length film, "Animal Farm" (1954), joined the NFB in 1954. Strengthened the cartoon animation team/worked on animated shorts.

How did Hanna-Barbera cope with low budgets for tv?

A new system of planned animation by utilizing and re-using the same drawings, limiting what the animation could do and having dialogue, and catch phrases, carry the stories. Backgrounds were famously re-looped in the same scene. Focus on the character's voice, not on looks/movement. If the character's mouth moved, other parts of their body rarely did. It features very vivid colors due, in part, to the number of cels used in a planned animation shot because of the many re-used drawings.

The Eighties became the decade of the music video with the debut of MTV in 1981. What are some examples?

A-Ha's, "Take on Me" (1985), cel animation by Ralph Bakshi and John Kricfalusi for the Rolling Stones' video, "Harlem Shuffle" (1986), computer animation in Dire Straits' video for "Money for Nothing" (1985) (and in the music video by Weird Al Yankovic that parodies the song) stop motion and pixilation in Peter Gabriel's, "Sledgehammer" (1987)

Gumby, developed by _____________ from his stop motion animated short "Gumbasia", used easy to manipulate triangular clay forms (reinforced by wires). He appeared with his pal Pokey in five minute shorts on the popular kids show _____________ in 1955. His popularity meant that Gumby was given his own show on NBC in 1957.

Art Clokey "Howdy Doody"

___________________ Studios of Ottawa produced the first animated series in Canada, when it produced 130 five-minute episodes of the limited animation series,"Tales of the Wizard of Oz" for American animation company, Videocrafts (later to become Rankin-Bass Productions) in 1961.

Budge Crawley

Describe Disney animations during the 1980s.

Disney underwent many changes, most of their feature productions were low-budget live action. "The Fox and the Hound" (1981) was the first feature made by "new guard" of Disney animators, was a moderate hit. "The Black Cauldron" (1985) - weak script and weak characters. "The Great Mouse Detective" (1986) - first Disney feature to use computer-generated graphics better movie, did well at box office.

What company became an important provider of low cost animation for American networks in the 60s? How did this impact genre?

Filmation. "The New Adventures of Superman" debuted in 1966 and became a big hit with children. This lead to a focus on superhero cartoons by all the other animation studios: Hanna- Barbera had "Atom Ant", "The Impossibles", and "Space Ghost"; Jay Ward had "Super Chicken"; Marvel superheroes also made their television debut with "Spiderman" (1967). Total Televison had a hit with "Underdog" in 1964.

What were some successful syndicated shows of the 1980s?

Filmation: "He-Man and the Masters of the Universe" (1983) "She-Ra Princess of Power" (1985) DIC: "Inspector Gadget" (1983) "Heathcliff" (1984) Murakami-Wolf-Swenson: "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles" (1987)

Societe Radio Canada formed an animation unit in 1966 and _________________ is one of its most successful animators with shorts like "Crac!" (1981) and "The Man Who Planted Trees" (1987), both of which won Academy Awards for Back.

Frederic Back

What was the dominant cartoon studio in the 1970s? What major animations did it create?

Hanna-Barbera Teen/tween shows: "Josie and the Pussycats" in 1970 "The Pebbles and Bamm-Bamm Show" (both featured original music)

"The Ruff and Reddy Show" (1957) was the first of what newly formed cartoon studios venture into tv?

Hanna-Barbera Productions

During the 1960's, 1970's, and 1980's, they were the largest producer of animated shows on television.

Hanna-Barbera Productions

In the early 1980's, Studio Ghibli was formed and its key creative people were _________________ and ___________________.

Hayao Miyazaki Isao Takahata

Who was Norman McLaren?

He made two films for the General Post Office Film Unit (headed by Grierson) using pixilation and his drawing-on-film technique which created animation without a film camera. - moved to New York to make his abstract animation. - then to Ottawa in 1941 to head up the animation unit at the NFB. "Neighbours" (1952) is a pixilation technique from a live action source and this antiwar analogy (made during the Cold War) became his most well known film and won an Academy Award for Best Documentary Short. McLaren experimented with the relationship between motion, movement, and sound. - also created unique soundtracks by drawing (scratching) on the optical soundtrack of the film to accompany the drawings, paintings, and scratches he made on the film's emulsion.

________________ promoted a ______________ animation style that featured flattened perspectives, abstract backgrounds, and strong primary colours all used in order to caricature the world rather than imitate it like in Disney's articulated realism.

UPA - United Productions of America limited