Annie Bio Exam #4

The age-structure diagram of a human population in a developing country has the shape of:

a pyramid

When two species battle for resources until one is driven locally extinct, the process is called:

competitive exclusion.

Carrion flowers mostly attract:

flies.

From an evolutionary standpoint, why do many flowers have attractive colors and smell good?

to increase the rate of pollination and reproduction

Each angiosperm pollen grain contains how many sperm cells?

two

When, after seed germination, does photosynthesis begin?

when the shoot emerges from the soil

Which of the following is an example of a mutualism?

A remora fish removes algae and parasites from a shark's skin, and receives protection in return.

Which statement about the 10% rule of energy conversion efficiency is NOT true?

It suggests that 10% of what an organism eats is used in cellular respiration or is lost as feces

How does exponential growth differ from logistic growth?

Logistic models of growth incorporate environmental limitations on population size.

Which of the following statements concerning primary and secondary growth is most accurate?

Primary growth causes plants to get taller, whereas secondary growth makes them thicker and stronger.

A little girl is playing in a field and picks up a dandelion. She blows on the dandelion and the little "hair parachutes" fly through the air. What exactly just took place, botanically speaking, as she did this?

The bushy hairs allowed the fruits of the dandelion to float in the air.

The nitrogen cycle is important biologically because:

nitrogen is a compent of amino acids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

The nitrogen cycle is important biologically because:

nitrogen is a component of amino acids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

The "competitive exclusion principle" states" that:

no two species competing for the same resources can stably coexist

In a commensal relationship:

one species benefits while the other neither benefits nor is harmed.

In a commensal relationship:

one species benefits while the other neither benefits not is harmed.

The lynx-snowshoe hare population dynamic described in the graph represents an example of population:

oscillation.

Which of the following is NOT contained within the seed?

ovary

The stamens of a flowering plant are broken down into two separate parts. The long, stalk-like structure is the _________, and the pollen-producing bodies on the tips are the __________.

filament; anthers

Which of the following is NOT an example of a density-dependent limiting factor that influences carrying capacity?

flooding

In angiosperms, the ______ are the specialized reproductive organs whose main function is to bring together the sperm and egg.

flowers

Rabid animals:

froth at the mouth so as to increase the likelihood that the rabies-causing virus is passed on to another host.

Which of the following is a MAJOR tradeoff in life histories?

growth for reproduction

When a seed begins absorbing a large amount of water, it:

has begun germination

which of the following features do plants have that ALL animals lack?

having a "body" with a substantial number of dead cells

Fruits often taste bad before they ripen. This is probably because:

immature fruit may still have non-viable seeds; bad taste discourages animal dispersal.

A primary difference between the age pyramids of industrialized and developing countries is that:

in developing countries, much larger proportions of the population are in the youngest age groups.

A population pyramid that gets more nsrrow in shape with higher age groups represents______ while a population pyramid with nearly parallel lines represents:

increasing growth, stationary growth

Trees are different from animals in that trees have:

indeterminate growth, large amounts of dead cells, and regularly lose mass (like branches and leaves) without adverse effects.

Trees are different from animals in that trees have

indeterminate growth, large amounts of dead cells, and regularly lose mass without averse effects

Population density is determined by the number of:

individuals of a species in a given area.

Asexual reproduction is advantageous to plants because:

it is more energetically efficient than sexual reproduction.

When the hazard factor is low, individuals tend to reproduce

later in life

A population with an S-shaped growth curve is said to exhibit _____________ growth.

logistic

The death rate of organisms in a population exhibiting a type III survivorship curve is:

lower after the organisms survive beyond the earliest age groups.

Animals that have warning coloration similar to another poisonous animal, but themselves are not poisonous, are said to be:

mimics

As population size increases, the individuals within the population generally experience all of the following EXCEPT:

more difficulty finding mates

There are many causes of death due to aging in humans. This is because:

mutant alleles that cause adverse health effects LATER in life become more common in a population.

In the interaction of two types of organisms in a habitat, one organism benefits from its interaction from the other but the other organism suffers. What is the name for this interaction?

parasitism

Chemical defenses are more common among plants than animals because:

plants cannot move to escape predators and so must develop other deterrents.

Keynote species:

play an unusually important role in determining the species composition in a habitat.

The common term for the action of transferring pollen grains from an anther onto a stigma is:

pollination

When more than two members of the same species live in the same place at the same time, they constitute:

population

Parasitism may be considered a special form of:

predation

Nitrogen enters the food chain:

primarily through soil-dwelling bacteria that "fix" it by attaching it to other atoms

Which of the following represents the per capita growth rate of a population?

r

The logistic growth rate of a population is BEST represented by the equation:

rN[(K - N) / K]

A population pyramid:

reflects the number of individuals in various age groups in a population

A population pyramid:

reflects the number of individuals in various age groups in a population.

An "age pyramid"

reflects the number of individuals in various age groups in a population.

A stationary population pyramid:

reflects unchanging birth and death rate patterns.

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism by which plants can avoid self-fertilization?

** All of the above are mechanisms to avoid self-fertilization.** a. Male parts and female parts are in different locations on the same tree. b. Male and female parts mature at different times. c. Some individual plants have only male parts while others have only female parts.

Organisms that live in high-risk worlds would tend to have:

**ALL OF THE ABOVE** a. shorter lifespans. b. aging that occurs earlier in the lifespan. c. an earlier reproductive age. d. All of the above. e. Only the first and third choices are true.

Flowering plants attract animals to assist in pollination. Which of the following animal groups is NOT a common pollinator of flowering plants?

**All of the above actually are common pollinators!** bats, bumblebees, moths, beetles

Which of the following is NOT a strategy by which plants achieve pollination?

**All of the above are methods by which plants achieve pollination.** bribery, trickery, releasing pollen to the wind, releasing pollen into water

Which parts of a plant can be used as a "starting point" in asexual reproduction?

**All of the above can serve as the starting point for asexual reproduction.** leaves, stems, shoots, roots

What might happen when a population exceeds its carrying capacity?

**Both a) and d) are possible. ** The population will slowly decline until it reaches its carrying capacity and fluctuate about that number and The population may shoot past its carrying capacity too quickly and then crash

Plants that have separate male and female flowers:

**Both the first and third choices are correct.** a. avoid inbreeding. b. usually synchronize the production of pollen and eggs at the same time. c. may produce more diverse offspring than plants with "whole" flowers.

What is "demographic transition"?

**e. Only the first and second choices are correct.** a. a pattern of population growth that is experienced as a country industrializes b. a pattern of growth characterized by slow growth, then fast growth, then slow growth again

Mutations that cause sickness and death after reproduction:

can be passed on to future generations

If there are 800 individuals in a population at the start of the year, and during the year 200 offspring are produced in that population, the the annual birth rate is:

0.25

In a food chain consisted of grass to consisted of grass to rabbits to foxes, how many pounds of foxes could be expected i a meadow which has 10,000 pounds of grass?

100

If r = 1.05 for a population at a given time (t) when N = 100, what will the population size be at time t + 2 (two generations later)?

110

When you are seven years old, you scratch your name, 4 feet above the ground, into a 12-foot-tall bamboo plant. You spend the next 10 years in a special home for vandals. When you get out, the bamboo is 24 feet tall. At that time, how far above the ground will your name be?

4 feet

A population of meadow voles has an annual per capita birth rate of 0.08 and an annual per capita death rate of 0.02. Estimate the number of individuals added to or lost from a population of 1,000 individuals in 1 year.

60 people added

Coevolution:

ALL OF THE ABOVE a. is responsible for all the beautiful flowers in the world. b. is responsible for nectar production by plants. c. reveals that both biotic and abiotic resources can serve as selective forces. d. can produce an insect with a tongue as long as its body.

An example of a density-independent factor might be a:

ALL OF THE ABOVE; forest fire, lightening strike, earthquake, flood

Life histories are based on:

ALL of the above!

Which of the following statements best exemplifies the difference between a population and an individual?

All of the above exemplify the difference between a population and an individual.

Which of the following is NOT a factor that limits population growth?

All of these factors may limit population growth.

Density-dependent and density-independent factors influence the growth of a population by causing changes in the:

Birth rate and death rate

Which of the following is characteristic of big-bang reproduction?

E. THe 1st, 2nd, and 3rd are all characteristics a. reaches sexual maturity at one year b. mates intensely over a three-week period c. males die shortly after mating period d. reaches sexual maturity at one month

What is the first step that occurs in the process of angiosperm reproduction after a pollen grain lands on a stigma of the correct species?

Elongation of the pollen grain to form a tube extending down the style.

Which of the following is a likely way in which plants increase dispersal of their seeds?

Fruits are conspicuously colored

On average, which leaves more offspring that survive to become adults and reproduce: a pair of elephants or a pair of rabbits?

If both populations are stable, then the pair of elephants and the pair of rabbits will leave the same number of offspring that survive to become adults and reproduce.

How is sexual reproduction important in agriculture?

It allows a plant breeder to selectively breed plants with desirable features.

Mosses and ferns differ in their reproductive strategies from gymnosperms and angiosperms in which of the following ways?

Mosses and ferns rely on liquid water for fertilization, whereas angiosperms and gymnosperms do not need liquid water for fertilization.

Secondary plant growth occurs at the

None of the above NOT ROOTS, branches, top of a plant

Exponential growth can continue indefinitely only if:

None of the above is correct; exponential growth cannot continue indefinitely.

A life history of an organism does NOT consist of the organism's:

None of the above; all are part of an organisms life history.

In the age pyramids depicted by the graphs below, the country on the left could be _________________, while the country on the right could be _________________.

Norway; Kenya

Which of the following scenarios is MOST likely to result in oscillations of two populations together?

One population is the sole predator of another population.

In the equation for logistic growth, when N = K:

Population growth stops

Disease is spread more quickly between individuals who live in close proximity, such as in a nesting colony of penguins. Disease can be considered a(n):

density-dependent factor

Which of the following is NOT true about life history patterns in general?

The greater the investment in reproduction, the longer a species is likely to live.

In a population exhibiting logistic growth, what happens when the carrying capacity is exceeded?

The growth rate becomes negative until the population in back within the carrying capacity.

In the lynx-snowshoe hare oscillating cycle of population growth, when the hare population size grows, more food is provided for the lynx. Which is the IMMEDIATE next step in this cycle?

The lynx reproduce at a higher rate.

Which of the following nutrition cycles has the smallest atmospheric component?

The phosphorus cycle

Which of the following characteristics is associated with a species whose life history strategy has a greater longevity and survival rate?

Their rate of population growth is low

What is the major disadvantage associated with asexual reproduction?

There is no genetic variation among the offspring.

What type of survivorship curve do humans have?

Type I

Sees that are tiny and light are most likely to be

Wind dispersed

Which of the following mammals would you expect to have the shortest gestation period?

a mouse

Those species whose risk of death is low, would also be expected to:

age more slowly

Organisms play a significant role in

all of the above

An ecosystem consists of ____________________ in a given area.

all the living organisms and all the abiotic factors that influence living organisms

Aging is:

an increased risk of dying with increasing age.

"A group of outer protective cells containing one or more ovules" describes what plant structure?

an ovary

Life-history patterns:

are subject to the pressures of natural selection.

The growth of new individual plants from the tissue of an established plant is known as:

asexual reproduction.

Natural populations fluctuate through time. One of the forces causing variation in population size is variation in the physical environment, which can have both direct and indirect effects on populations. Variation in population size linked to environmental factors (aside from those which occur daily or seasonally) is likely to:

be irregular, perhaps even random.

Density-dependent and density-independent factors influence the growth of a population by causing changes in the:

birth & death rate

The graph represents the standard demographic transition-- the pattern of population growth that is experenced as a country industrializes. In this graph, the green line represents ______, the red line represents ________, and the blue curve represents __________.

birth rate; death rate; population growth.

A key factor in determining the longevity of an organism is:

both a and b are correct its age at reproduction. and the hazards that an organism is subjected to on a daily basis.

Most of the carbon in the earth atmosphere exists as:

carbon dioxide, CO2.

The number of individuals that can be supported in a given habitat is the:

carrying capacity

The number of individuals that can be supported in a given habitat is the:

carrying capacity (K).

The population size that a particular habitat can support indefinitely is called the:

carrying capacity.

The phenomenon in which species that live together in the same environment tend to diverge in those characters that overlap is known as:

character displacement

In the interaction of two types of organisms in a habitat, one organism benefits from its interaction from the other but the other organism is unaffected. What is the name for this interaction?

commensalism

Clown fish are protected from predators when they hide among the stinging tentacles of sea anemones. However, some scientists believe that the clown fish may also eat or chase away some predators of the sea anemone. In the first case, the interaction between fish and anemone is __________; in the second case, the interaction is best described as __________.

commensalism; mutualism

Resources often limit populations. When resources are used by more than one species, the initial result is:

competition

What is the FIRST thing that occurs when two species with overlapping niches are put together?

competition

The "ghost of competition past" refers to the fact that:

competition often leads to character displacement, which remains even after direct competition is reduced.

A population pyramid that gets wider in shape with higher age groups represents _____ while a population pyramid with nearly parallel lines represents _____.

declining growth; stationary growth

When plants of a particular species are growing too close to each other, crowding may eventually lead to mortality, known as self-thinning. This type of mortality is:

density dependent

What type of effect has an increasing impact as the population size increases?

density-dependent effect

When the hazard factor is hight, individuals tend to reproduce:

earlier in life

Which cell type composes bark?

epidermal cells

When a population grows in proportion to its current size (e.g. bigger populations grow faster), that population is experiencing ________ growth.

exponential

In the graph, curve A is the ____ and curve B is the ______.

exponential growth curve, logistical growth curve

In the graph, curve A is the ____________________ and curve B is the ___________________.

exponential growth curve; logistic growth curve

Which factor is MOST LIKELY to have a density-independent influence on population growth?

extreme weather conditions

The "life--dinner hypothesis" proses that:

selection for escape ability in the prey is stronger than section for capture ability in the predator.

The beak sizes and shapes of Darwins's finches are correlated with which environmental feature?

size of seeds eaten

The beak sizes and shapes of Darwins's finches are correlated with which environment feature?

size of the seeds eaten

Research on barnacle distribution in the intertidal zone reveals that species A would readily colonize the lower intertidal areas if species B was absent. This indicates that:

species B can outcompete species A.

Which of the following organisms would occupy a high tropic level?

spider

When determining the growth rate of a population, which of the following is NOT important?

starting population size

Some fruits are designed to be attractive food for animals. Other fruits that rely on animal dispersal are:

sticky or covered with clingy burrs

Which of the following flower structures is INCORRECTLY paired with its function?

stigma: surround and protect the female gametes

A graph illustrating the proportion of individuals in a population that will live to a given age is called a

survivorship curve

Prey reduce their risk of predation through physical and behavioral defenses. Which of the following is NOT a physical defense for the reduction of predation?

the alarm call of a Belding's ground squirrel

In a population, as N approaches K, the logistic growth equation predicts that:

the growth rate will approach zero.

You plant one acorn in a forest and a second acorn in an open field. After twenty years, the oak tree in the forest is tall and thin, while the oak tree in the field is shorter, thicker, and has a broad crown. What is the most likely explanation for the outcome?

the oak tree in the forest had to compete for light with the neighboring trees.

Which of the following is most likely to lead to the highest levels of biodiversity?

the presence of a keystone species

The "fundamental niche" of an organism is defined as:

the range of environmental conditions under which the organism can survive and reproduce.

Ecology is best defined as the study of:

the relationships between all living organisms and their environments.

The outer green leaflike portions of a flower inclose the inner petals like a protective barrier. Can you name this outermost portion from the chouces below?

the sepals

Which of the following is NOT included in the definition of a niche?

the specific geographical location where an organism lives

"Ecology" is best defined as:

the study of the relationships between all living organisms and their environments.

In years when beech trees produced a large crop of nuts, growth rings were narrow. This is best explained by:

the tradeoff that exists between growth and reproduction

A primary difference in the age pyramids of industrialized versus developing countries is that:

third-world countries have much larger proportions of their population in the youngest age group.

In general, there is a positive correlation between body size and generation time. This statement is:

true; larger animals tend to have a longer generation time.

The monarch butterfly uses ___________________ as a defense for reducing predation.

warning coloration

The term [(K - N) / K] influences a population growth curve such that:

when N equals K, population growth is zero.