ANS 3216 Intro to Equine Science Exam 1

Created by smoothing/filing down first tow premolars to reduce irritation caused by the movement of a bit.

"Bit Seat"

Principle lobbying group for horse industry (unified voice to the legislature); use economic impact to convince legislature to pass favorable legislation/tax breaks.

American Horse Council

"Permanent," "unalterable," "easy to read," "does not cause pain."

An ideal form of verification is ___, ___, ___, and ___.

Angle of incisors that becomes more acute ("buck-toothed") with age.

Angle of Incidence

Selection of stallion/mare pairing for traits of interest in offspring (performance, size, coat color), or against lethal traits.

Animal Breeding

White sclera around eye, striped hooves, sparse/short mane and tail, mottled skin around nose/genitalia. 14.2-16 hands.

Appaloosa

Oldest known purebred (influenced all light saddle warmbloods); 5v foundational mares (Al-Khamesh). Distinctive physical features include... - Dished faces - Level croup - Lofty movements - Intelligent, gregarious, fiery personality - 14.2-15 hands - 5 lumbar, 17 rib, and 16 tail vertebrae - Solid color

Arabian

Bay, Brown, Black, Chestnut (Sorrel in Quarter Horses), and White.

Base Coat Colors

Reddish-brown base coat color with various varieties (e.g., dark/mahogany, blood, sandy) with a black mane/tail and black points.

Bay

Entire coat is black with no brown or red-colored hairs with a solid black muzzle and flanks.

Black

Used to prevent neonatal isoerythrolysis (NI) from blood incompatibility between mated mare and stallion. Not 100% accurate; utilizes the exclusionary principle.

Blood Typing/Antibody Screening

Roan coloring with a black base color.

Blue Roan

Group of animals with distinguishable characteristics (function, conformation, color, etc.) that possess the power to transmit said characteristics with a high degree of certainty to progeny.

Breed

Black/brown base coat color with lightened flanks, girth, lower belly, legs, or muzzle.

Brown

Bay or brown base coat color with a single incomplete dominant cream gene (dilution of bay). Similar in appearance to duns without dorsal stripe and black points.

Buckskin

Erupt in stallions only (with exception of a handful of mares known as "boss mares" due to high testosterone levels) at 4 1/2 to 5 yrs.

Canine Teeth

Dark red or reddish-brown base coat color with a dark red or brownish red tail and mane (tails/manes can also be a golden blonde shade called "flaxen").

Chestnut

64 individuals, or 32 pairs in horses

Chromosomes

Based on size, weight, and build.

Classification

- Paint - Pinto - Appaloosa - Palomino - Buckskin (dun, grulla)

Color Breeds

Chestnut base coat color with two cream genes (double dilution). Typically cream coat color with a matching colored mane or tail and pink skin/blue eyes.

Cremello

Used to develop a genetic "profile" from a hair/blood sample. 99.9% accurate in parentage verification; additionally used for detection if genetic defects.

DNA Typing (Fingerprinting or Genotyping)

- Palomino - Buckskin - Dun (e.g., Grulla)

Dilutions

Largest breeds (15.2-20 hands; 1,600+ lbs); primarily "cold blooded" work horses. Includes Clydesdales, Shires, Percherons, and Belgians.

Draft Breeds

Heavier, sturdier horses oftentimes utilized for draft and agricultural work. Include Percherons, Shires, Clydesdales, and Belgians.

Draft or "Cold Blooded"

Bay or brown base coat color with dun gene (dorsal stripe along the back with primitive leg/shoulder striping). Typically yellow-tan coat color.

Dun

Evolved during the Pleistocene epoch 1 million years ago. Migrated from Kazakhstan to the rest of the world; eventually became extinct in N. America.

Equus ("one toe")

Once domesticated but are now wild; legislation labels them as wildlife; now protected, overpopulation has led to negative impact on public lands.

Feral Horses

Rasping and filing sharp edges off molars (outside surface on top molars and inside surface on lower molars).

Floating Teeth

diverse/transient horse population contributes $6.8 billion to the economy and 113,000 jobs.

Florida Horse Industry

Intense cold kills pigment producing cells (melanocytes), leaving an area of white, pigment-free skin. Benefits: minimal changes in hide, more distinct/legible, does not produce an open wound, relatively painless.

Freeze Branding

Groove at the gum margin on upper corner incisor that emerges at 10 yrs, extends approximately halfway down the tooth at 10 yrs, and reaches the bottom of the incisor at 20 yrs.

Galvayne's Groove

DNA segments that code for synthesis of proteins which determine traits.

Genes

Science of heredity and variation.

Genetics

An unregistered horse whose parentage is unknown, unidentifiable, or significantly mixed.

Grade Horse

White hair throughout with dark colored hair.

Gray

Wither height in hands (1 hand=4 inches). Ex. 62 inches= 15.2 hands.

Height Measurement

Cross between a male horse (stallion) and a female donkey (Jenny). Hybrid therefore sterile (unmatched chromosomes; 64 in horses, 62 in donkeys, 63 in mules).

Hinny

Horses returned to N. America by Spanish Conquistadores and were eventually traded/dispersed by Native Americans.

Horses 500 years ago (N. America)

"...domesticated animal raised in agricultural setting to produce commodities such as food, fiber, labor" (USDA)

Horses are Livestock

Established as pack animals for use in transport and farming. Some still used today (e.g., ranching, police force, amish).

Horses as Work Animals

Curb (leverage) bit invented, in addition to transport by chariots.

Horses in 1st Century B.C. (Greece)

Stirrups first introduced by effective horsemen/warriors.

Horses in 5th Century (Huns)

Most replaced by tractors, cars, and trucks in transport and agriculture due to increased affordability and presence of vehicles after 1901.

Horses in History after 1901

Utilized for pleasure, racing, and showing.

Horses in Recreation

Scythians invented the saddle and bridle. Horses were primarily utilized during this time for mounts, draft, milk, meat, and war.

Horses in the 7th Century

Destroys hair follicles located under the skin and leaves a permanent bald scar on the hide

Hot Brand

- Trauma - Theft - Weather emergency - Escape - Travel - Showing - Parentage verification - Ownership dispute

Identification is essential in case of...

Central incisors (2yrs, 6 months), lateral incisors (3 yrs, 6 months), corner incisors (4 yrs, 6 months).

Incisor Cap Shedding

Cross between "cold" and "hot" blooded horses (sturdier than "hots," more refined than "colds"). Include sport, harness, and dressage horses.

Light Draft or "Warm Blooded"

Can be traced back to the Arabian. Include Arabians, Thoroughbreds, Quarter Horses, Standardbreds, Gaited horses (Saddlebred, Tennessee Walkers, Paso Finos, Morgans).

Light or "Hot Blooded"

Inked tattoo on the horses' inside upper lip with numbers to indentify individual. Utilized mainly in the race horse community among thoroughbreds and quarter horses.

Lip Tattoo

Location of a gene on a chromosome.

Locus

1st molar (1 yr), 2nd molar (2 yrs), 3rd molar (4 yrs).

Mature Molar Eruption

Scaled down horse; maximum height of 34" at withers

Miniature Horse

First breed developed with a breed registry in the U.S. Morgan Horse Registry (1894). Foundational sire= Figure (1789) with Royal Mare, Byerly Turk, Godolphin Arabian, and Darley Arabian ancestors. Distinctive physical features include... - 14.1-15.1 hands - 1,000 hands

Morgan

Cross between a female horse (mare) and a male ass (jack). Known as a "John" if male and a "Molly" if female. Hybrid therefore sterile (unmatched chromosomes; 64 in horses, 62 in donkeys, 63 in mules).

Mules

Comes from the Anglo-Saxon word "hors" meaning "swift."

Origins of the Word "Horse"

Irregular color pattern that is a mixture of white patches (with pink skin) and a base color. Can ONLY be STOCK TYPE (QUARTER HORSE).

Paint

Golden color with a light colored mane and tail (dilution of chestnut).

Palomino

South American breed developed 500 years ago and established through importation by Spanish Conquistadores. Distinctive physical features include... - Stamina, smooth gait - Evenly spaced 4 beat lateral gait (each foot contacts the ground independently in a rapid, unbroken rhythm)

Paso Fino

Bay or brown base coat color with two cream genes (double dilution). Typically a light, cream colored coat with light "rust" mane and tail and pink skin/blue eyes.

Perlino

White and black paint/pinto patterning.

Piebald

Irregular color pattern that is a mixture of white patches (with pink skin) and a base color. Can be ANY breed.

Pinto

Small horse, less than 14.2 hands at the withers. Includes Shetlands, Welsh cobs, exmoor, Hackeys, etc.

Pony

A Mail carrying service; ran from 1860-1861; was established to carry mail along the 2000 miles from St. Joseph, Missouri, to Sacramento, California; replaced after the implementation of the telegraph.

Pony Express

2nd PM (2 yrs, 8 months), 3rd PM (2 yrs, 10 months0, 2th PM (3 yrs, 8 months).

Premolar Shedding

American bred (1600s Spanish/English horses) for speed at the quarter mile. AQHA (1941)= oldest horse registry in the world. Distinctive physical features include... - 14-16.5 hands 1,000-1,400 lbs - Solid in color, limited white markings - Full number registry (two parent quarter horses) - Appendix (denoted by "x," thoroughbred crossed with full quarter horse)

Quarter Horse

Roan coloring with a bay or chestnut base coat color.

Red Roan

Any method of which results in getting genetic material from a male sperm into a female egg

Reproduction

Uniform distribution of colored and white hairs with the head, mane, tail, and legs remaining the base color.

Roan

Foundational sires= Gaines' Denmark and Harrison Chief. American Saddlebred Horse Association (1891). Distinctive physical features include... - "Peacocks" - 15-16 hands - 1,000-1,200 lbs - All colors acceptable - Some 5 gaited, some 3 gaited

Saddlebred

White and any color but black paint/pinto patterning.

Skewbald

Last slaughter houses= Dallas Crown and belted Corp., Texas (2006), Cavel International, Illinois (2007).

Slaughter Houses in the U.S.

The number of horses generally drops as socioeconomic conditions worsen, and rises simultaneously as said conditions improve and disposable income is made available.

Socioeconomic Barometer

Hyracotherium->Mesohippus->Merychippus->Pliohippus->Equus

Species Evolution Chain

Relatively new breed (dates back 200 years). Foundational sire= Messenger (English thoroughbred foaled in 1780; great grandson of Hambletonian 10). U.S. Trotting Association (1938). Distinctive physical features include... - 15.2 hands - 800-1,000 hands - Varying colors= bay, brown, black - Trotters ( 2 beat gait with legs in diagonal pairs) - Pacers (2 beat bilateral gait)

Standardbred

Roan coloring with a chestnut base.

Strawberry Roan

Young=oblong; older=triangular; oldest=round.

Surface of Permanent Teeth

Developed from Thoroughbred, Standardbred, Morgan, and American Saddlebred bloodlines. Allan F-1= first registered stallion in TWHBA. Distinctive physical features include... - 15-17 hands - 1,000 lbs - Variety of colors - Unique gait, "running walk"= smooth, gliding gait; fast version of flat walk with head nod in tune to beat and ear swing

Tennessee Walker

"Chestnut."

The equivalent to a human fingerprint in horses is a ___.

3 Foundational Stallions: Byerly Turk, Darley Arabia, Godolphin Barb. American Foundational Stallions: Matchem (Godolphin Barb), Herod (Byerly Turk), Eclipse (Darley Arabia). Jockey Club (1894)= registry. Distinctive physical features include... - Strong, fast, enduring stamina ("greyhounds") - 15-17 hands - 900-1,300 lbs - Bay, brown, chestnut, black

Thoroughbred

Composed of the Kentucky Derby (1 1/4 miles; "Run for the Roses"), Preakness (1 3/16 miles; Black-eyed Susans), Belmont Stakes (1 1/2 miles; carnations).

Triple Crown

showing, dressage, cross country, rodeo, harness racing, hippo therapy/therapeutic riding, polo, fox hunting, draft (work), etc.

Uses of Horses Today

Measure horse from point of chest to point of croup in inches ((heartgirth X heart girth X length)/300)+50= weight +/- 3%

Weight Estimates

1) Increase in mechanization of the military 2) Invention and widespread usage of the combustion engine 3) Urbanization 4) Economy (Closure of slaughter facilities, loss of tax incentives, increased cost of ownership).

What are the major reasons behind the decrease in horse populations?

Equus caballus.

What species is the modern horse derived from?

Horses were first hunted for meat 50,000 years ago (driven off cliffs, herded into natural cut de sacs, clubbed to death).

What was the first introduction of horses in human history?

War, transport, exploration, culture, socioeconomics, industrial agriculture.

What were the major impact areas of horses on early society?

4,000 B.C. in Kazakhstan (steppe grasslands north of the Black Sea).

When and where were horses first domesticated?

Snow white base coat color (that horses are born with and retain through adulthood) with pink skin and dark colored eyes.

White

- Gray - Roan - Paint - Pinto

White Hair Modifiers

23 common locations and 5 types. Nearly every horse has at least one whorl on each side of the neck' permanent/unchanged by age and formed while in utero.

Whorls

- To know how much to feed horses - To track health and growth - To be able to accurately prescribe medications

Why is it important to accurately weigh a horse?

26.9 million acres of protected land across 10 western states (Nevada, Wyoming, California). Feral horses taken off public lands and moved to private lands (Bureau of Land Management).

Wild Free-Roaming Horses/Burros Act of 1971

Rudimentary premolar 1 in horses that erupt at approximately 6 months of age. Typically extracted when horses reach riding age due to tendency of teeth to rub against bits.

Wolf Teeth

~60 million (U.S.=7.2 million; China=6.7 million; Mexico=6.2 million).

World Population

More sharp, "eagle-beaked" hook of the upper corner incisor that typically appears at 11-13 yrs.

11-year "Hook"

Racing (42%), competition (32%), recreation (21%), Work (5%).

2017 AHC Economic Impact Survey

More rounded "hook" of the upper corner incisor that typically appears around 7 yrs.

7-year "Hook"