ANS331 Exam 1
During female sexual differentiation, which structures regresses? Mullerian duct Epithelial cords Mesonephric tubules Mesonephric duct
Epithelial cords Mesonephric tubules Mesonephric duct
What is the function of the blood-testis barrier? Prevents immune system from attacking spermatozoa Allows certain molecules (i.e. antibodies) to cross into the testes Increases blood flow to the testes Assist with meiosis
Prevents immune system from attacking spermatozoa
rathkes develops to
anterior pituitary (from diverticulum of stomodeal roof)
what gland has control of testosterone
bulourethral gland
what is the fate of most egg cells
death
Name a domestic animal specie that does not have a pendulous scrotum:
dog, feline, pig
in the male, mesonephric tubules turn to
efferent ducts
neurohypophysis
infundibulum/brain floor
muscularis=
myometrium
when does the zone pellucida form
secondary stage
mucus during pregnancy
thicker
tunica dartos
sustained contractions
Which of the following is NOT a male reproductive accessory gland?
sweat
how does mucus change during partrition
tacky=mucus plug slimy=true labor calf coming within 12 hr
Which structure is carrying the "hot" blood to the testes?
testicular artery
neural endocrine reflex
-Thermal, tactile, or visual stimulation -Sensory nerve endings -Afferent neurons -Spinal column -More neurons into the hypothalamus (our control center for reproduction) -Hypothalamus will act on pituitary -Anterior pituitary releases FSH and LH, which has an effect on follicular ovulation -Oxytocin is released into the bloodstream -Tail of epididymis and mammary gland
simple neural reflex
-Thermal, tactile, or visual stimulation -Sensory nerve endings -Afferent neurons -Spinal cord -Efferent neurons -Target tissue
Ovary consists of....
1.primordial (squamous cells) 2.primary (cuboidal cells) 3. secondary (zone pellucida (what sperm penetrate)) 4. antral/tertiary (has three layers) 5. corpus hemorrhagium (CH) 6. corpus lute (CL) 7. corpus albicans (CA)
three systems that develop at the same time as the reproductive tract
1.pronephros (primitive kidney) 2.mesonephros (forms urine and empties into urogenita sinus) 3. metanephros (final kidney)
Which of the following is within the range of DAILY sperm production in mammals? 50 million 50 billion 15 billion 250,000
15 billion
when is testicular descent in most animals
2/3rd trimester (besides colt-up to a year after birth)
A pre-ovulatory follicle has ___ distinct cell layers.
3
In the species discussed in this course, the temperature gradient between core body temperature and the testes must be __________ for successful spermatogenesis. 4-6 degrees F 1-2 degrees F 2-3 degrees C 4-6 degrees C
4-6 deg C
What is the typical storage capacity (in days of production) of the tail of the epididymis? 1 day 21 days 4-8 days 14 days
4-8 days
how long is sperm stored in the tail of the epididymis
4-8 days
testicular artery
Abdominal aorta to inguinal canal-straight, After inguinal canal-highly convoluted, 'Wrapped' in testicular veins, Almost pulseless
Where is the specific site of fertilization?
Ampullary-isthmic junction
Neurotransmitter (simple neural reflex)
Causes other nerves to fire OR Causes contractions of smooth muscle that surround reproductive tract Ex. tunica dartos/testes thermoregulation GnRH = driving hormone, FSH and LH are released by GnRH -prevents dilution of GnRH
Which is true regarding ampulla of the oviduct? Cilliated columnar cells Funnel shaped to catch ova Over ½ of entire oviduct Striated squamous cells Large diameter
Ciliated columnar cells, over 1/2 of entire oviduct, large diameter
pampiniform plexus
Convoluted testicular artery Testes temperature is about 4-6C from body
Neuroendocrine reflexes
Efferent neuron travel to hypothalamus- releases neurohormones (GnRH) Neurohormones enter bloodstream and activate target tissues Oxytocin is a neural hormone GnRH → anterior pituitary → ovary Requires that a neurohormone (released by a neuron) enters the bloodstream and act on remote target tissue
Simple Neural Reflexes
Efferent neurons travel directly to target tissue- elicit response Nerves release neurotransmitters directly to target tissue Target tissue- direct innervation by neurotransmitter
cryptorchidism
Failure of one or both testes to descend through inguinal canal
what causes freemartins
Female is exposed to testosterone and anti-mullerian hormone from male (Extraembryonic membranes of each conceptus fuse Common chorion, same cotyledons Common blood supply between male and female)
Which is NOT true of a freemartin? -Common cotyledons between fetuses -Female reproductive tract is exposed to Mullerian hormone -Testes develop first, so bull calf is not affected -Hefier calf is sterile due to andronization of reproductive tract
Female reproductive tract is exposed to Mullerian hormone
another name for the antral follicle if it grows into pre-ovulatory follicle (if the egg ovulates)
Graafian follicle
Align the event of testicular descent earliest to latest
Growth and elongation of testicular body, rapid growth of gubernaculum, shrinkage of the gubernaculum, fully regressed gubernaculum
Which of the following is NOT true regarding the testicular artery? Is wrapped by testicular veins (pampiniform plexus) Is convoluted from abdominal aorta to inguinal canal Is essential for thermoregulation of testis Is convoluted within the spermatic cord Returns venule blood to body at essentially the same temperature it left
Is convoluted from abdominal aorta to inguinal canal
Pair the hormone with its site and action LH and FSH
LH-ledig cells-testosterone production FSH- Sertoli cells- spermatogenesis
thermoregulation of testes
Location of testes Sweat glands Low insulation of scrotum Cremaster Tunica dartos Pampiniform plexus
The three main functions of the epididymis are: (check all that apply) Thermoregulation of testes Maturation of spermatozoa Storage of spermatozoa Trickle Spermatogenesis Hormone secretion
Maturation of spermatozoa Storage of spermatozoa Trickle
mesoderm
Muscle, skeleton, cardiovascular, REPRO SYSTEM
is reproduction an efficient process
NO
Which of the following is NOT true regarding development of adenohypophysis? Originates from the diverticulum of the stomodeal roof Origninates from the rathkes pouch Becomes a body of cells Originates from the diverticulum of the brain floor
Originates from the diverticulum of the brain floor
In the mare where does ovulation occur? Antral torsion Follicular bursa Ovulation fossa Corpus luteum
Ovulation fossa
posterior pituitary
PPP and PVN oxytocin through axons
what secrets oxytocin and where is it housed and where secreted
PVN secretes oxytocin, in the posterior pituitary, but housed in anterior pituitary
The main purposes of seminal plasma are:
Provide nutrients and buffers for spermatozoa
Sexual differentiation is regulated by ____ on the ___ chromosome Female sex determining;X SRY gene;Y Antimullerian hormone; Y SRY protein;Y
SRY gene; Y
Epithelial cords eventually become Seminiferous Tubules Mullerian ducts Rete testis Mesonephric ducts
Seminiferous tubules
Spermatogenesis occurs here: Rete testes Tail of the epididymis Seminiferous tubules Pampiniform plexus
Seminiferous tubules
In general how do the sperm cells move through the male reproductive tract? Smooth muscle contractions of various ducts Whip-like action of the sperm tail Capillary action Uterine contractions
Smooth muscle contractions of various ducts
Neurohormone (neuroendocrine reflex)
Tends to travel farther Released into bloodstream (capillaries) Enter the bloodstream to target tissues elsewhere in the body Ex. suckling reflex/milk let-down
NOT a fxn of the muscularis of the uterus? Transport of early embryos Expulsion of fetus and fetal membrane during parturition Transports sperm cells through cervix Transport of secretory products
Transports sperm cells through cervix
How are old spermatozoa removed from the body? Trickle of out of the epididymis and vas deferens and flushed out with urine Male ejaculates on own periodically to get rid of 'old' cells Reabsorbed by wall of the epididymis Dead 'old' spermatozoa are ejaculated with the next group of live sperm cells
Trickle of out of the epididymis and vas deferens and flushed out with urine
The spermatic cord contains which of the following? (check all that apply) Sweat glands Vaginal cavity Convoluted testicular artery Cremaster muscle Tunica dartos Vas defrens/ductus deferens Pampiniform plexus Viseral Vaginal tunic parietal vaginal tunic
Vaginal cavity Convoluted testicular artery Cremaster muscle Vas defrens/ductus deferens Pampiniform plexus Viseral Vaginal tunic parietal vaginal tunic
seminal vesicle function
add a large amount of seminal plasma for the bull and boar
anterior pituitary gland
adenhypophysis (originates from roof of embryos mouth, stomodeal ectoderm, rathkes pouch)
protein hormones
attach to outside of cell (slow)
Steps of cytoplasmic droplet from development to shedding
base of head, middle of tail, distal tail, shed
What prevents antibodies from attacking the developing spermatozoa in the seminiferous tubules?
blood-testis barrier
What suspends the non-pregnant mammalian reproductive tract is suspended in the body?
broad ligament
male repro accessory glands
bulbourethral gland prostate gland seminal vesicles
The gel portion of the boar or stallion ejaculate is produced by which gland?
bulbourethral glands
where does gel fraction of ejaculate come from
bulbourethral glands
privilege pathway
the crypts of the cervix, (filtration) but is a shortcut to the oviduct and allows the sperm to last longer in the female
antral follicles consist of three layers. ..
theca exerna (supports follicle), theca interna (produces androgens), granulosa (produces estrogen, inhibit, and follicular fluid)
How is the blood testis barrier accomplished? (multiple) Tight junctions of Sertoli cells Mediastinum Seminiferous tubules Peritubular cells
tight junctions of Sertoli cells and peritubular cells
tonic vs surge center
tonic is slow and steady GnRH for male surge center is big slugs into the female basically of GnRH
T/F The fate of most oocytes is death.
true
T/F The fate of most spermatozoa is death
true
T/F The percentage of sperm cells produced that actually fertilize an ova is extremely small.
true
The cytoplasmic droplet must be shed from the sperm tail in order to be able to fertilize the ovum True False
true
Vagina very active secretory organ True False
true
most follicles are quiescent t or f
true
cremaster muscle
unsustained contractions
list what is in the spermatic cord
vaginal cavity, visceral vaginal tunic, parietal vaginal tunic, cremaster muscle, ductus deferens, testicular artery, pampiniform plexus
In the female the mullerian ducts eventually become Epididymis Testes Efferent ducts Cervix Oviducts Uterus vagina
cervix, oviducts, uterus, vagina
prostate gland fxn
cleanses the urethra
ledig cells
control LH and testosterone production
If an ovary has a functioning, growing follicle present, it will not have a functioning ___ present.
corpus luteum
Which portion of the ovary houses the oocytes (except the mare)? Cortex Germinal epithelium Medulla Ampulla
cortex
function of cortex versus medulla
cortex- houses the follicles medulla- highly vascularized, lots of blood flow
cortex versus medulla
cortex-contains follicles (outer region) medulla- contains larger blood supply and vessel in repro tract; (innermost region)
What is the mechanism of heat transfer in the pampiniform plexus? Radiative exchange All of these are true Counter-current heat exchange Evaporative cooling
counter-current heat exchange
pampiniform plexus
countercurrent heat exchange
What is the term for the lack of descent of either one or both testes?
cryptorchidism
endoderm
digestive system, lungs, endocrine system
in male, paramesonephric duct
disappears
in female, mesonephric duct and tubules
dissapear
Spermatozoa are ejaculated from which part of the epididymis?
distal region
what was the first animal AI'ed
dog
efferent versus afferent
efferent back down and afferent up and away
Reproduction is NOT an ___ process. Many resources are used to ensure survival of the species.
efficient
what stimulates prostiglandin
empty uterus
mucosa and submucosa=
endometrium
in the male, mesonephric ducts turn to
epydidymis and vas deferns
what causing contractions and ease of them
estrogen causes them, and progesterone makes them stop
location of spermatic cord
extends from inguinal ring to top of testis
Spermatozoa are ejaculated from the head of the epididymis. True False
false
T/F Since the ovary contains all of the oocytes at an animal's birth, it is quiescent/stagnant throughout its life and does not change much.
false
The velvety, finger-like projections on the infundibulum of the oviduct are called:
fimbria
cervix fxn
flushing (with mucus), lubrication (thinner mucus), protection/barrier (thick mucus)
blood testis barrier info
formed by the tight junctions made by the sertoli cells
Bulburethral/ Cowper's Gland fxn
gel portion of the ejaculate last one
steroid hormones
go into cell nucleus (fast)
ductus deferens function
goes up into body and sperm transport tube
Which layer of the antral follicle produces estrogen and inhibin? Theca extrana Granulosa Theca interna Tertiary
granulosa
what cells produce estrogen, inhibit, and follicular fluid
granulosa (third innermost/center of antral follicles)
What is the name of the ligament that assists with testicular descent?
gubernaculum
When estrogen levels are high which of the following is true? High degree of tone in mare Increased tone assists with embryo migration and attachment High degree of tone in most species Flaccid in most species
high degree of tone in most species
anterior pituritary
hormones released from here FSH and LH
3 sections of oviduct
infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus
prostiglandin
kills the CL (Lutylase)
what is the ultimate goal of reproduction
live birth
2 phases of ovarian cycle Thecal Luteal Estrual Follicular
luteal and follicular
seminal vesicles fxn
majority of the sperm wave comes from this
Why would the developing spermatozoa be identified as foreign by the immune system?
meiosis
Which embryonic layer gives rise to most of the reproductive system in mammals?
mesoderm
what layer of inner cell mass gives rise to repro system
mesoderm
Another name for the paramesonephric ducts Clitoral Differentiated Muscularis Mullarian
mullerian
What is the specifc term for the muscular layers of the uterus?
myometrium
ectoderm
nervous system, skin, hair
posterior pituitary gland
neurohypophysis (originates from infundibulum 3rd ventricle)
what animals do and dont have pendulous scrota
non pendulous- horse, pig, dog, cat pendulous- bull, ram
seminal plasma
not required for fertility- added to the sperm cells during the ejaculation process- adds nutrient and buffers
what in female is developed from mullerian (paramesonephric) ducts(mesoderm)
oviducts, uterus, cervix, cranial vagina
where does ovulation occur in the mare
ovulation fossa
Where do the oviduct, uterus, cervix and caudal vagina develop from?
paramesonephric ducts
serosa=
perimetrium
Gubernaculum is derived from what
peritoneum
Which of the following is not a male accessory gland? Prostate gland Bulbourethral glands Pituitary gland Vesicular gland
pituitary gland
blastocoel and inner cell mass
placenta and ICM rest of body
What forms the infundibulum?
posterior pituitary
infundibulum/3rd ventricle develops to
posterior pituitary (from diverticulum of brain floor)
blood testes barrier
prevents destruction of developing spermatozoa by immune system (meiosis) → went through meiosis twice 1. peritubular cells 2. tight junctions between sertoli cells
Hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system
prevents the pituitary from diluting GnRH
corpus cavernosum
primarily engorges with blood during erection
Which stage of follicular development would you find squamous cells surrounding the follicle? Graafian Antral Primordial Secondary Primary
primordial
What is the most immature stage of folliculogenesis? (hint: microscopic, surrounded by single layer of squamous cells)
primordial follicular
SORT the following into chronological order of development: secondary, primary, antral/graafian, ovulation, primordial
primordial, primary, secondary, antral/graafian, ovulation
PROgesterone
pro pregnancy, is produced by the CL
One of the functions of a CL is to produce ____, which is turn maintains pregnancy.
progesterone
3 accessory glands
prostate, seminal vesicles, bulburalrethra
sella turcica
protects both anterior and posterior pituitary glands
functions of vaginal mucus
protects vagina during copulation, thickens with estrogen, prevents micro bacteria with thicken mucosa
2 functions of the cremaster
raise and lower testis--pump blood back up into body
adenohypophysis from
rathkes pouch
The reproductive system and the ______ system develop in close proximity and at the same time as each other Muscular Cardiac Renal Respiratory
renal
PVN
secretes oxytocin (produces), transports via axons
The bony structure that develops around the pituitary gland protecting it? Rathkes's pouch Diverticulum Sella turcica Inner cell mass
sella turcica
Which of the following is NOT a method of thermoregulation in the testes? Sweat glands Seminiferous tubules Tunica dartos Testicular artery Pampiniform plexus
seminiferous tubules
Steps of a spermatozoa from the structure of origin to its structure of storage
seminiferous tubules, rete testes, efferent ducts, head, body, tail of epididymis
spermatogenesis pathway
seminiferous tubules→ rete testis→ efferent ducts→ head of epididymis→ body of epididymis→ tail of epididymis → deferent duct/vas deferens
Which cells secrete the anti-mullerian hormone? Sertoli cells Paranephric cells Governor cells Leydig cells
sertoli cells
SRY gene
sex determining region of Y chromosome (determines male or female)
4 parts of scrotal tissue
skin, tunica dartos, scrotal fascia, parietal vaginal tunic
mucus during estrus
slimy (stringy, think of the show heifers slimy when in heat)
Which species is the semen deposited into the cervix deeper than others? Queen Mare Ewe Cow Sow
sow
Epididymis function
storage, maturation, trickle
what happens if timing is off in reproduction
a successful reproduction does not happen
seminiferous tubules
(SSSS) sperm production, Sertoli cells 'govern spermatogenesis' , under control of FSH
The SRY gene is found on which chromosome?
Y chromosome