ANSC 107 Test 3, Topic 3: Comparative Digestive Systems

Molybdenum (Mo)

(Mo): balance Cu and S

Feed Analysis Factors (5)

-Digestibility (total digestible nutrients) TDN -Percent crude protein: growth (building block) -Percent fat: energy; highest caloric energy density -Percent fiber: aids in digestion -Calcium/Phosphorus: ratio

Stomach-Horse

-Larger than other species -Contains two regions: glandular and non-glandular (squamous) which are divided by the margo plicatus -subject to ulcers

Passage Rates

-Monogastric: 12-20 hrs -Ruminant: 96-120 hours; rumination=6-8 hours

Sulfur

-Most needed in WOOL producing animals (sheeps and angora goat) -disulfide bridges associated with fiber growth (increases fiber integrity) -component of methionine, cysteine, B-vitamins thiamine and biotin -rarely seen as most supplements contain sulfur -must watch N:S ration; problems with high urea feeds -can have toxicity problems over 0.4% -Dietary interaction with Mo and Cu -Sulfure forms insolulble complexes with Mo and Cu which decrease their utilization

Ruminant stomach components and percentages

-Reticulum (5% volume) -Rumen (80% volume) -Omasum (7-8% volume) -Abomasum (8-9% volume)

Mouth Differences

-Swine: secretion of salivary amylase -Ruminants: no enzymes are secreted. Provides source of N,P, and K (regurgitate)

Potassium

-intracellular fluids, osmotic pressure -Low K causes listlessness and stiffness -grazing animals ararely have problem (unless grazing mature or droughty forages) -Most problem seen in feeding areas -bananas and cereal grains.

Iron (Fe)

-needed for blood -major deficiencies: heavy parasite load strips out iron/red blood cells -ticks, worms, fleas -species need: working horses, beef cattle, and baby pigs -blood test; also signs of weakness and anemia

Iodine

-needed for synthesis of thyroid hormones -Common sign of deficiency is goiter: swelling of under jaw -animals grazing kale must have added iodine -using iodized salt generally eliminates the problem

Copper

-nervous system, pigmentation of skin -cofactor for enzyme reactions -sheep need 7-11 ppm, goats need 10-25; cows need 2 to three times more -Cu levels influences by S and Mo -Different breeds are more or less susceptible -Copper toxicity is a major problem in show lambs -hard to keep low Cu in feeds -dog food has a lot of copper

Reticulum-Honeycomb

-not completely separated from the rumen -walls are lined with mucus membrane containing many intersecting ridges which subdivide the surface into a honey-comb like surface -ridges help increase surface area and catch things while the mucus is a protective coating

Stomach (swine and horse)

-pH around 2-3 (acidic) -storage of injested food -muscular movements cause physical breakdown -secrete digestive juice

Selenium

-regulated by USDA -needed for cardiac and skeletal muscle function, early embryonic development, and tooth development -goes hand in hand with Vitamin E -Areas with low selenium a. Nwst: Se deficient soil, white muscle disease b. Deep South: cotton fields where arsenic was used (strip out of soil)

Magnesium

-skeletal maintenance and enzyme systems -Grass tetany is the most common problem a. lush pastures with fast growing forages b. low blood Mg c. convulsions, salvation, frothing at mouth -Mg requriements ate 0.15% if diet -Spring grass that is low Mg and high K +heavy fertilized with n causes problems.

Duodenum Receives Secretions from: (2)

1. Bruenner's Gland: alkaline secretion (to make basic) 2. Pancreas: secretes majority of digestive juices with hormone secretin

Classifications of Digestive systems

1. Monogastric 2. Modified Monogastric 3. Ruminant

Types of VFA's

1. Proprionate: energy (glucose) 2. Acetate: high in grazing animals→use to break down cellulose from plant nutrients 3. Butyric: no change; stabilization force

Omasum Functions

1. Reduction of particle size 2. absorption of water (key ingredient to digestive function

salivary glands of mouth secrete:

1. Water-moistens the feed and aids in taste mechanisms 2. mucin-lubrication aid for swallowing (form of mucus) 3. Bicarbonate salts-acts as a bigger to regulate stomach pH (make more basic)

Esophagus

: ingested material moves via muscular contractions known as peristaltic waves; smooth muscle

Ketosis

: pregnant animals (sheep and dairy cattle); improper nutritional balance in which mother produces ketone bodes (breath smells fruity); improper blood glucose level in pregnant female

Feed Additives include:

Chlorotetracycline: antibiotic -Oxytetracycline: antibiotics -Lasalocid (Bovotec): -Decoquinate (Deccox): ure -Rumensin -Rabon: -Calculi Prevention:

Decoquinate

Coccidia prevention; feed 28 days during periods of exposure

Small Intestine

Duodenum, Jejunum, and ileum

rennin

Function: Natural complex of enzymes produced in any mammalian stomach to digest the mother's milk

Rumen Functions

Functions 1. Storage 2. soaking 3. physical mixing and breakdown 4. fermentation chamber: provides ideal environment for microbial activity →bacterial synthesis of water soluble vitamins and vitamin K as well as deamination reactions.

Digestive Juices (4)

Gastrin Hydrochloric Acid Pepsin Renin

Rumen and Microbes have what kind of relationship? Give Examples

Mutualistic Rumen provides Bacteria.... -warm, moist, dark anaerobic condtions -proper pH (6.8) -substrate (chew) Bacteria provides Rumen.... -VFA's -Microbial CP -Vitamin K -B Vitamins -Combine N from dietary protein of non-protein N source with a carbon skeleton from carbohydrate sources to form their own body protein

pepsinogens

Released by: chief cells Function: Proteolytic enzynme that begins protein digestion and degrades food into peptides

hydrochloric acid

Released by: parietal Cells Function: Activates pepsin and constitutes the majority of gastric acid

gastrin

Response To: -stomach distension (full) -presence of partially digested proteins especially amino acids -hypercalcemia Inhibited By: -stomach acid (HCl) -somatostain Function: Hormone that causes the release of digestive enzymes

Order of Ruminant Stomach

Reticulum-->Rumen-->Omasum-->Abomasum

Large Intestine (3 sections and function)

Sections: Cecum, Colon, and Rectum -Microbial digestion -absorption of water -synthesis of B vitamins (solubility)

Digestive Enzymes From Intestinal Wall: Peptidase

Substrate: Peptides

Digestive Enzymes From Intestinal Wall: Chymotrypsin

Substrate: Protein

Digestive Enzymes From Intestinal Wall: Sucrase

Substrate: Sucrose (sugar)

Digestive Enzymes From Intestinal Wall: Lipase

Substrate: Triglycerides (lipids)

Digestive Enzymes From Intestinal Wall: Amylase

Substrate: carbohydrate, starch

Digestive Enzymes From Intestinal Wall: Lactase

Substrate: lactose

Digestive Enzymes From Intestinal Wall: Maltase

Substrate: maltose (sugar)

Digestive Enzymes From Intestinal Wall: Trypsin

Substrate: protein

Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA's)

The main energy source in ruminant diet; not utilized efficiently in swine and horses because location of synthesis

esophageal groove

a passage way extending from the cardia (esophageal opening) to the abomasum, formed by two heavy muscular folds; functions to allow milk consumed by the suckling animal to bypass reticulo-rumen and thus escape bacterial fermentation

Omasum-manyplies

a sphericall organ filled with muscular laminae which are studded with short papillae

Jejunum

active site of nutrient absorption (amino acids, sugar molecules, fatty acids, glycerol); vili: increase absorptive area

ileum

active site of nutrient absorption; gets what jejunum can't

Urinary calculi

affects males only, especially goats and sheep; imbalance of calcium and phosphorus in the diet; stones develop in the urinary tract and filliform appendage in sheep gets blocked leading too urea poisoin; water belly; rupture

Bruenner's Gland

alkaline secretion (to make basic) in duodenum

Coccidia

bacterial disorder that causes gastrointestinal distress

Eructation

belching of gas -microbial fermentation in the rumen produces large amount of CO2 and methane -if the gases are not releases, the animal will bloat, which can result in death -normally do not hear because air dampens and heads back into the lungs; air just escapes without a sound -evolutionary adaptation b/c they are a species of prey

Types of concentrates

carbonaceous and proteinaceous

Gallbladder removed because of....

chyme

Liver

contains bile salts (emulsify fats, activate lipase, detergent of body) and cholesterol -bile salts that emulsify fats and neutralize acidic chyme are stored in the gall baller -filter -does not have to be complete; has lobes that can be removed

Milk Fever

dairy cattle; caused by an imbalance of milk calcium; cascade of events that shuts down the kidneys, guts, etc.; does not affect males

margo plicatus

divides the horse stomach between the non-glandular (squamous) and glandular region

Bile Salts

emulsify fats, activate lipase, detergent of body (in liver)

roughages

feed materials low in energy, high in fiber (>18% crude fiber) -includes: pasture, hay, silage, straw, and stover -variable protein content (4-22%) -Needed for bulk in ruminant rations: need something for microbes to remain active -higher in calcium and trace minerals than most concentrates -Legumes (alfalfa and beans) are higher in B vitamins and protein than most concentrate -Better sources of fat soluble vitamins than most concentrates -Limited or excluded in swine rations because they have no rumen -more variable in nutritive content and acceptibility than concentrates due the variation in stages of maturity and harvesting and storage provesudes -necessary in lactating dairy cow rations and the basis of all ruminant diets (RUMEN) -produce heat in ruminant animals bc fermentation -microbial activity

Rumen

fermentation vat -large, hollow, muscular compartment which extends from the diaphragm to the pelvis and nearly fills the left side of the abdominal cavity in dairy cows -walls of rumen lined with papillae (finger-like projections) and secrete NO enzyes -protruding left side=bloat=full of gas

Abomasum: true stomach

first glandular portion of the ruminnant GIT (Secretes); essentially the same as the stomach in non-ruminants

Rabon

fly control, often used in horse feeds

Esophageal groove

helps with the passage of milk; all animals have this at bith and it closes down because milk based diet shirts (critical in newborn ruminants)

Carbonaceous concentrates

high in energy and low in fiber; low in protein (in relation to oil seeds and some seed mill seeds) -Common examples: corn, sorghum grains (milo), oats, barley, wheat, molasses, animal fats -high energy grains; think breakfast

Calculi Prevention

imbalance of calcium sulfate a. ammonium chloride b. ammonium sulfate: same levels as A, not as efficient as A

Colic

in HORSES; intestinal distress causing the stomach to flip; occurs in the gland, nonglandular stomach, small intestine

villi

increase absportive area; finerlike projections of the jejunum

Founder

inflammation of bones in hooves caused by pressure in HORSES; too high of concentration of feed/overeating

Urea Cycle

mechanisms that takes nitrogen across the rumen wall and back to the salivary glands in order to preserve nitrogen in the system. (N→rumen wall→salivary glands)

Colostrum

milk produced up to 30 hours after birth that provides nutrients and antibodies needed to develop in the immune system; gap junctions; starts digestion in the abomasum (in piglet and foal this goes to the stomach)

Ruminant

more than one stomach compartment; sheep, goats, llamas, and cattle

Monogastric

one stomach; humans and swine

Protein Substitutes

other nitrogen sources -urea and Biuret are examples of non-protein nitrogen sources that can be used as a portion of protein requirement in ruminant diets to reduce the cost of ration -will only work with high concentrate rations

types of cells in stomach

parietal and chief

Lasalocid

prevention with coccidia improvement in gain; some control of toxoplasmosis (birds)

Proteinaceous concentrates

protein supplements, plant or animals -greater than 20% protein -less than 18% fiber -relatively high energy -common examples: bakery meals, soybean meal, cottonseed meal, linseed meal, peanut meal, corn gluten meal, Brewer's dried grains, meat and bone meal, dried whey, blood meal

Zinc

reproductive performance (male side)

peristalsis

rhythmic contraction to move a substance

Modified Monogastric

single stomach but specialized components that aid in digestion; horses and birds

Cobalt

synthesize B12

Digestion

the breaking down process of food to allow absorption -combination of actions: mechanical, chemical, microbial -continuous process along alimentary canal

Thiamine deficiency

thiamine is important for nucleic acid processes; heavily human influenced diet.

Acidosis

too much acid, too low of a pH; acid reflux in humans but not in horses (ulcers instead)