ANT-1 Final Exam Study Guide Dr. Greathouse's Class (2021)

Monkeys are found in

both the New World and Old World.

The fossil known as "Piltdown Man"

was a hoax.

The Dmanisi site is in

Georgia (the country, not the state).

In DNA, the base A pairs with the base

T

________________ is the study of what happens to plants and animals after they die.

Taphonomy

Which of the following is the dental formula of humans?

2.1.2.3

Human beings have ____ pairs of chromosomes

23

The fossil known as "Lucy" belongs to the species

Australopithecus afarensis

Most primates are solitary creatures that live alone.

False

Plesiadapiforms are believed to be archaic primates because they looked like modern-day primates.

False

Each amino acid is coded for by

____3___ chemical bases.

Rapid speciation following the availability of new environments is known as

adaptive radiation.

Grooming is an example of __________ behavior.

an affiliative

Grasping hands and depth perception are important in coping with _____________ environment.

an arboreal

Prior to the development of evolutionary thinking, the dominant view of biological variation focused on

an unchanging natural world.

DNA sequences are found in long chains known as

chromosomes

Compared with ourselves, Neandertals

did not have a chin.

Imagine you are studying a population of finches over time and observe an increase in average beak size over many generations. This is an example of ______________ selection.

directional

Adapoids and omomyoids are considered to be ____ primates.

early.

Play behavior in primates

essential for proper biological and social development.

A "niche" is best defined as

how a species meets its basic needs.

Which of the following is an example of a generalized trait?

opposable thumbs in humans

In the forest, you observe a monkey using its tail to hold its body as it moves through the trees. This monkey must be a

platyrrhine.

A ___________ trait is one that has been inherited from an earlier ancestor.

primitive

Genes that are involved in turning protein-coding genes on or off, which affects how these genes are expressed, are known as __________ genes.

regulatory

Mary Anning located and excavated skeletal remains of

reptiles.

Imagine you have found a skull with an ape-sized brain, very large back teeth, and large cheekbones. Based on this information, this is most likely a specimen of

robust Australopithecus

The brain size of Homo erectus is

roughly 70 percent the size of modern humans.

Archaeological evidence suggests that Homo habilis relied on ___________ to obtain meat.

scavenging

A group's home range is the area in which the group

searches for food.

Culture, as used by an anthropologist, refers to a:

shared learned behavior.

According to the idea of gradualism, macroevolution usually involves

slow and gradual change.

Charles Lyell argued that the Earth's geology was formed by

slow moving forces.

Mutations are

sometimes harmful, sometimes useful, and sometimes neutral.

The genus name Australopithecus translates as

southern ape

Nuclear DNA refers to

the DNA found in the nucleus of the cell

Biological anthropologists study

the fossil record for human evolution. the behavior of monkeys and apes. the genetics of living human populations. All of the above.

Given enough time, genetic drift will eventually cause

the loss of alleles.

A mass extinction is

the simultaneous extinction of many species.

Today, primates primarily live in

the tropics

The species Australopithecus anamnesis dates to ________ million years ago.

4.2 to 3.9

The earliest known specimens of Homo erectus are dated to ________ million years ago.

1.9

There are ________ different types of mammalian teeth.

4

The first anthropoids may have appeared as early as _______ million years ago.

40

Molecular dating suggest that humans diverged from the African ape line roughly __________ million years ago.

5 to 6

Homo habilis has been found in

Africa

Evidence for Homo erectus using fire includes fire-cracked rocks and burned animal bones at cave sites in

China

________________ is when a species gives rise to a new and separate species. A. B. C. D.

Cladogenesis.

The Acheulian tradition is associated with

Homo erectus.

Some anthropologists consider the early African forms of Homo erectus to be a separate species known as

Homo ergaster.

Apart from the Neandertals, other fossils referred to as "archaic humans" are sometimes classified as "archaic Homo sapiens" and sometimes as

Homo heidelbergensis.

The Levallois technique is first seen in the stone tool tradition of

Homo heidelbergensis.

Many anthropologists consider the variation in Homo habilis specimens as evidence of another species named

Homo rudolfensis.

The ______________ tradition is associated with Neandertals.

Mousterian

Homo habilis has been found in association with __________ tools.

Oldowan

Which of the following hypotheses is least likely given what we know about comparative anatomy and the fossil record?

The common ancestor of African apes and hominins was bipedal.

Before the discovery of the early hominins (starting with Dart's discovery of A. africanus in 1924), the most widely accepted explanation of human origins was that _______ evolved first.

a large brain

Oldowan tools

are produced by removing a few flakes off of a stone core.

Experiments have shown that, at normal walking speeds,

bipeds are more energy efficient than quadrupeds.

Homo erectus has been found

in Africa, Asia, and Europe.

Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment states that

the set of chromosomes that is passed on from a parent to a child is not always the same.

Bipedalism first appeared in

Africa

Fossils of the first hominids are found in

Africa

________________ are knuckle-walkers.

African apes.

_____________ acts to inhibit reproductive isolation.

Gene flow

__________ first demonstrated the principles of genetic inheritance.

Gregor Mendel

Which of the following is not a physical characteristic of bipedalism?

The big toe sticks out from the other toes.

Which part of the body reaches adult size the earliest?

The head and brain.

A dental formula tells you

The number of each type of tooth

Abundance of food determines between-group interactions, and food distribution determines within-group interactions.

True

The alternative forms of a gene found at a given locus are known as

alleles.

Even though it is about the same size, the _____________ has been referred to as a "pygmy chimpanzee."

bonobo

Many early anthropoids have smaller eye orbits than earlier primates. The smaller eye orbits suggests they were

diurnal

An allele is _________ if it masks the effect of another allele.

dominant

The only way an allele can be removed in a single generation is when it is

dominant and completely lethal.

The probability of survival and reproduction of an organism is known as its

fitness

A specific type of genetic drift, known as ___________, results from the formation of a new population by a small number of individuals.

founder effect

Harlow's deprivation experiments on rhesus monkeys showed that

young monkeys need social contact for normal development.

Fossil remains of the genus Ardipithecus date back ______ million years ago

4.4-5.8

Who wrote On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, the classic work providing the foundation for the development of modern evolutionary thought?

Charles Darwin.

The first "true primates" appeared during the ______________ epoch.

Eocene

How is Proconsul similar to living apes?

It did not have a tail.

________________ pioneered the study of chimpanzee behavior in the wild.

Jane Goodall

What is the primary diet of gorillas?

Leaves and fruit.

_____________ is responsible for transporting genetic information to the site of protein synthesis.

Messenger RNA

___________ is the production of body cells, whereas _________ is the production of sex cells.

Mitosis; meiosis

The oldest suggested possible hominins, dating back close to 6 million years ago, are classified as

Orrorin Sahelanthropus Ardipithecus All of these

What is the name of the supercontinent that began to break up approximately 200 mya?

Pangea

___________________ is an example of the earliest fossil hominoid.

Proconsul

DNA regulates the process of protein synthesis with the help of A. RNA. B. sunlight. C. water. D. a variety of body salts.

RNA

Each parent contributes one allele at each locus to his or her offspring. This is known as Mendel's Law of

Segregation

________________ of Ardipithecus suggests that it was bipedal.

The position of the foramen magnum

One chemical difference between DNA and RNA is that RNA has the base ___ instead of the base T.

Uracil

What is a primate?

a diverse group of placental mammals.

The large teeth, jaws, and chewing muscles of the robust australopithecus reflects adaptation to

a hard diet.

Polyandry is a marriage system where

a woman has several husbands.

he definition of a "breeding population" can be influenced by

geographic distribution. cultural differences. the age distribution of the population. All of the above

The arboreal hypothesis of primate origins emphasizes primates

grasping hands and feet.

Oligocene anthropoids are found

in both the Old World and the New World

The peppered moth in England changed in color from almost all being light-colored to almost all being dark-colored. This change was related to a changing environment, specifically

industrial pollution.

Chimpanzees are

knuckle walkers.

The mode of locomotion used by gorillas is known as

knuckle-walking

Studies of Japanese macaques have detected the development of new behaviors, such as food washing, and dropping grain in water to separate it from sand. These behaviors demonstrate the importance of ___________________ in primate life.

learning

Large-sized primates, like gorillas, have a ____ metabolic rate compared to smaller primates.

lower

Modern ____________ are able to maintain a constant body temperature.

mammals

Fossils are best defined as

mineralized copies of once-living organisms.

Gene flow acts to make populations

more similar to each other.

New alleles can be brought into a population by

mutation and gene flow.

One key distinguishing characteristic of primates is the presence of

nails

Catastrophism attempted to explain the fossil record in terms of

natural catastrophes in an area, followed by organisms moving into the area from elsewhere.

The study of evolution of the peppered moth provides an excellent example of

natural selection.

Taphonomy is the study of

organisms after death.

The hypothesis of acquired characteristics stated that

organisms changed during their lifetime, and would then pass these changes on to their offspring.

Dispersal in primate societies acts to

reduces competition for mates. introduce new alleles. reduce inbreeding. All of these

Continental drift

refers to the process by which the continents move.

A sagittal crest is frequently found in

the robust australopiths.

According to the biological species concept, horses and donkeys are not considered in the same species because

they do not produce fertile offspring

Examples of tool use among chimpanzees include

using stones to crack open nuts. using stones to crack open nuts. "fishing" for termites and ants All of these

The first hominids

were bipedal and had small cranial capacities.

Selection against a recessive homozygote will

will gradually decrease the frequency of the recessive allele.