ANT 102 Final Exam Review (all quizzes)

A mode of subsistence defined by reliance on wild plant and animal food resources already available in the environment is called

Foraging.

Foragers have a broad spectrum diet, that is, they

Have a diet based on a wide range of food resources.

The often unnoticed system of rights and privileges that accompany normative sexual choices and family formation is called

Heteronormativity.

After studying Hopi language, linguistic anthropologists Sapir and Whorf concluded that

Hopi speakers understand time in a fundamentally different way than English speakers

Which statement best represents the practice of horticulture?

Horticulturalists move their gardens periodically, use simple tools, and largely consume their own crops.

Bilateral cross-cousin marriage refers to marriage of a

Man to the daughter of his father's sister and his mother's brother.

Economic anthropologists have studied the results of Westernization around the world, and found that increasing numbers of McDonalds (or other Western commodities) have

Not Westernized people in the ways originally feared, and in some cases have caused a resurgence of local identities.

A family of parents in a culturally-reorganized relationship, such as marriage, and their minor or dependent children is called a/an

Nuclear family.

Boas' concept that all healthy individuals of the Homo sapiens species had the capacity to learn any language or culture is called

Plasticity.

Anthropologists refer to full-time religious practitioners as

Priests.

Among the Kpelle of Liberia, the poro and sande are

Secret societies for men and women with mandatory membership.

Scholars who create localized, regional racial classification schemes which attempt to be "precise" are known as

Splitters.

While most of the human population is lactose intolerant, some people can naturally digest milk and diary products. This lactose persistence in some people is a result of

Their ancestors' history of dairy farming.

What was the primary motivation for warfare in early agricultural states?

To increase surpluses of food and other agricultural products.

The world's eight richest men now control as much wealth as the bottom BLANK of the entire world's population.

50%

General purpose money is 1.) A tool for storing wealth. 2.) A medium of exchange for all kinds of goods and services. 3.) A way to assign interchangeable values. 4.) All of the answer choices are correct.

All of the answer choices are correct.

The idea that we should seek to understand another person's beliefs and behaviors from the perspective of their culture rather than our own is called

cultural relativism

In medical anthropology, _________ is a medical condition that can be objectively identified, while__________is the subjective or personal experience of feeling unwell.

disease, illness.

Which of the following of Hockett's design features are unique to human language?

displacement

The idea that one's own group is better than any other is called

ethnocentrism

What is the term for the process of participant-observation fieldwork in cultural anthropology?

ethnography

Chapter author Palmer argues that it's important to take the local beliefs and practices of people into consideration when engaging in conservation projects because

ideas about environmentalism and conservation are views developed in Western nations that need to be adapted to a local context.

Bronislaw Malinowski is best known in anthropology for

pioneering fieldwork methods, including participant observation

While Western biomedicine is based on science and rigorous testing, it is also true that: 1.) other cultures recognize and prefer their own forms of science separate from the Western tradition. 2.) it is a product of Western history and culture, from the Greek and Roman traditions through the European Scientific Revolution. 3.) ethnocentrism predisposes people to believe that their own culture's traditions are the most effective. 4.) All of the answer choices are correct.

All of the answer choices are correct.

When something is given or traded with the expectation that something of equal value will be returned within a specified time period, it shows

Balanced reciprocity.

In the United States, the fact that most divorced parents share time and financial responsibilities somewhat equally for their children reflects the practice of

Bilateral descent.

In the Chukchi community of northern Russia, a shaman may be called to this role due to their

"Abnormal" personality traits, such as nervousness, anxiety, or moodiness.

The term cisgender refers to

A person whose assigned sex at birth matches their gender identity, such as a person assigned female at birth who identifies as a woman.

A ritual moving a person from one social role to another and carried out in three phases - separation, liminality, and incorporation - is known as

A rite of passage.

How did 19th and mid-20th century belief systems in the US classify gender and sexuality? 1.) Heterosexuality was thought to be "normal" and "natural." 2.) Homosexuality was thought of as inappropriate gender role behavior, such as "effeminate" men or "butch" women. 3.) Masculine men and feminine women were assumed to be the "natural" gender expressions for each gender. 4.) All of the answer choices are correct.

All of the answer choices are correct.

In the Trobriand Islands, which of the following best represents the relationship between people and their yams? 1.) Women own the yams, and men share what they grow with women. 2.) A large yam pile in a man's house demonstrates he is well-liked and maintains his relationships in the community. 3.) Yams are believed to be living beings with minds of their own who may wander away at night if they are not magically charmed into place. 4.) All of the answer choices are correct.

All of the answer choices are correct.

Marriages integrate family groups in tribal societies by 1.) Creating allies among different families. 2.) Marrying cousins to one another. 3.) Discharging kin-based obligations. 4.) All of the answer choices are correct.

All of the answer choices are correct.

Parenthood and other kinship roles and relationships are rooted in 1.) Social roles. 2.) Legal relationships. 3.) Cultural expectations. 4.) All of the answer choices are correct.

All of the answer choices are correct.

Pastoralists raise animals in order to 1.) Utilize the food products of the animal. 2.) Use the fur and wool of animals for warmth and clothing. 3.) Use animal dung for fuel for their cooking fires. 4.) All of the answer choices are correct.

All of the answer choices are correct.

Robert Lemelson found in his research on schizophrenia that, although the underlying disease creates similar symptom patterns cross-culturally, symptoms of schizophrenia in Indonesia: 1.)are viewed as examples of communicating with the spirit world or spirit possession. 2.) are seen as the effects of traumatic memories. 3.) do not carry as much stigma as in the U.S. and thus Indonesian people with schizophrenia remain integrated into their communities. 4.) All of the answer choices are correct.

All of the answer choices are correct.

The importance of gift-giving to reciprocity is that 1.) Giving gifts build a relationship between two individuals or groups. 2.) Economic behavior is a unique cultural practice in each area of the world and throughout time. 3.) The meaning of gifts is a symbolic reflection of culture and how people understand right and wrong. 4.) All of the answer choices are correct.

All of the answer choices are correct.

Which of the following immigrant groups were targeted in the 19th and early 20th century as inferior to "whites" (the US's mainstream Anglo Protestant society)? 1.) Irish. 2.) Jewish. 3.) Italian. 4.) All of the answer choices are correct.

All of the answer choices are correct.

Which of the following social supports leads to the development of athletes who excel in a particular sport? 1.) Social and economic opportunities within the sport, especially for youth. 2.) A high degree of prestige for those who excel. 3.) A strong cultural preference for the sport. 4. All of the answer choices are correct.

All of the answer choices are correct.

The Nigerian email scams that ask Western strangers for money, and promise reciprocity, can be best understood as

Negative reciprocity.

The multi-faceted political and economic philosophy that emphasizes privatization and unregulated markets is

Neoliberalism.

Is there any empirical evidence to show that individuals in warlike societies are genetically more aggressive than individuals in peaceful nations?

No, there is no empirical evidence to suggest that certain groups are genetically more aggressive than another group.

The anthropological term for a trait that is inherited independently, and not bundled together with other traits, is

Nonconcordant.

Which areas of culture should be off limits to anthropological study and critique?

None, all aspects of life are appropriate to study.

During the 1920s, some scholars argued for a division of European races into

Nordic, Alpine, and Mediterranean.

The family in which a person is raised is their family of ___, while the family they may create by marrying and raising children is their family of ___.

Orientation, procreation..

A subsistence system that relies on herds of domesticated livestock is called

Pastoralism.

A male-dominated political and authority structure and an ideology that privileges males over females overall is called

Patriarchal.

Some cultures recognize descent in a family lineage only on the father's side (or in the paternal line). This form of descent is referred to as

Patrilineal.

The residence pattern in which a couple resides with their husband's father's family after marriage is called

Patrilocal.

What is the role of the peasant in the formation of state societies?

Peasant farmers were circumscribed geographically (unable to move elsewhere) when an elite minority arose to control their labor and means of subsistence.

The idea of the "ethnoscape" focuses on BLANK that flow(s) across borders.

People.

When an injured person blames their accident on a curse directed at them, they are using which type of ethno-etiology?

Personalistic.

The study of the human power dynamics within ecosystems, such as how governments and corporations establish systems that constrain local behavior, is referred to as

Political Ecology.

The anthropological approach that contextualizes economic relations within state structures, political processes, social structures, and cultural values is called

Political economy.

In Asad's Anthropology and the Colonial Encounter (1973), he makes the important point that

Political systems must be seen as part of a wider system that is based on a historical perspective but does not ignore individual choice.

The term anthropologists use for a marriage between one woman and multiple husbands is

Polyandry.

The term anthropologists use for a marriage between one man and multiple wives is

Polygyny.

Which of the following practices would be considered a ritual, as the chapter defines it?

Praying towards Mecca five times a day.

A BLANK derives their authority from the scripture and occupational position in a formally organized religious institution, while a BLANK derives their authority from their direct connection to the divine and ability to convince others through charisma.

Priest, phrophet.

Which of the following best describes the field research background of each of the chapter's authors?

Priscilla worked among Indigenous tribes in Kenya and Emily worked with Inuit communities

What major contributor(s) to human disease became problematic once agricultural communities became densely populated?

Problems disposing of waste and difficulty accessing clean water

A person who claims to have direct communication with the supernatural realm and who can communicate supernatural messages to others is called a

Prophet.

When anthropologists say "race is not real," what they mean more accurately is that

Race is not an accurate way to describe any biological differences in the human species, but ideas about race are real in social and cultural ways.

The process by which social, economic, and political forces determine the content and importance of racial categories is referred to as

Racial formation.

Short-term uses of physical force that are organized to achieve a limited objective such as the acquisition of cattle, wealth, or abduction of women are called

Raids.

The intensification of globalization has led many to use others as scapegoats, in an attempt to reassert their own values and way of life. These efforts are often referred to as BLANK by social scientists.

Re-entrenchment.

The accumulation of goods and services by a person or institution for the purpose of dispersal at a later date is

Redistribution.

The collection of taxes by the IRS in the United States, with the objective to disburse tax refunds and invest into infrastructure and federal services can best be seen as a form of

Redistribution.

The process by which an inaccurate concept or idea is so heavily promoted and circulated by people that it becomes an unquestioned "truth" is called

Reification.

The Nagol land diving ceremony is a dangerous ritual that is meant to create a sense of communitas or unity. Therefore, it can be described as a

Rite of intensification.

A set of behaviors expected of an individual who occupies a particular status is called a/an

Role.

According to the chapter, there are currently about as many people in the world who consider themselves religiously "unaffiliated" as there are

Roman catholics.

Which of the following anthropologists wrote about how culture shapes a region's personality traits in Patterns of Culture (1934)?

Ruth Benedict

Marriage to a succession of spouses one after the other is called

Serial monogamy.

Anthropologists researching gender in the 1980s came to the conclusion that evaluating male dominance in any culture

Should be examined through the lens of different components of status and socio-economic and identity variables.

Brazilians rely on an unofficial system of "types" (tipos) to identify differences among people. The tipos are based on

Slight but noticeable differences in physical appearance.

How do chapter authors say that Syria's rather sudden membership in the "scapes" of globalization led to the uprisings in that country?

Social media, including activist blogs and images from the Arab Spring uprisings, galvanized people into protesting in the streets.

A Japanese person of Buraku descent (Burakumin) can be distinguished from non-Buraku Japanese by

Social stigma based on ancestry.

Some advantages of the intensification of globalization include

Solidarity movements, boycotts, and crowd-source fundraising by people in the Global North to aid people in the Global South.

Individuals who seek to use magic for their own purposes are referred to generally by anthropologists as

Sorcerers.

Darjeeling tea companies are marketing their product with labeling practices that appeal to Western consumers. Meanwhile, the workers who pick tea leaves in Darjeeling, India

Still work within a highly unequal system in which they rely on plantation owners for pay, food, housing, and medical care.

Laura Nader's thought piece called "Up the Anthropologist: Perspectives Gained from Studying Up" emphasized the need for anthropology to

Study those in power (the colonizers) as well as those affected by that power (the colonized).

In socio-cultural anthropology, expanded funding and more anthropologists in the discipline led to

Subdivisions into specialties such as law, politics, medical anthropology and education.

According to Malinowski's functional approach to religion, which of the following acts would likely require supernatural rituals or ceremonies?

Taking a difficult exam for graduate school.

The emerging field that covers the politics of financialization, the rise of audit cultures and their impacts on culture and society, and the spread of diseases is a subfield of broad reach, called

The anthropology of policy worlds.

In the US, the idea of a "legitimate" or "illegitimate" child refers to whether

The child was a result of a legally recognized relationship that entitled offspring to certain rights, including inheritance.

Nader argues that anthropologists should work to unveil the contemporary scene of modern wars for the public's understanding because

The consequences of failing to do so are great in terms of mass killings and destruction.

Morgan's work on Iroquois classification terms for kin led to a new understanding of

The different social organizations of small societies.

The reason that the human species exhibits a very low level of genetic variation is due to

The fact that Homo sapiens is a relatively recent species.

The title of the ethnography, Chopsticks Work Only in Pairs (1999), reflects the Lahu society's emphasis on

The importance of the male-female dyad or partnership in domestic life, work, and leadership.

In Buddhism, the form of a human's reincarnation depends on

The quality of the karma that a person has developed over their life.

What do the chapter authors argue is the distinguishing feature of globalization?

The rapid speed of global interactions.

A subsistence system is

The set of practices used by members of a society to acquire food.

In many cases, a person's consumption patterns (otherwise known as "taste") are actually a reflection of

The social class in which they were raised.

In Hinduism, the atman is the supernatural or spiritual element that coexists within a person's natural body. This concept is most similar to the Christian concept of

The soul.

In traditional Chinese society, which kinds of terms did siblings use to refer to one another?

The terms identified siblings by gender and whether they were older or younger.

In subsistence studies, the term domestic economy refers to

The work associated with obtaining food for a family or household.

Which of the following is a summary of traditional Navajo cosmology?

The world has fourteen levels, or "platters", that were created from the lowest level to the top, where humans emerged.

The fact that small-scale, semi-subsistence farmers - such as the indigenous coffee farmers of Central America and Mexico - own their own land, organize along a kin-based system, and also produce a commodity for the global market demonstrates that

Their economic activity is uniquely adapted to the contemporary global economy by utilizing several modes of production simultaneously.

In the 1930s, anthropologist Ruth Landes argued that Afro-Brazilian Candomble religious communities were matriarchal because

Their leadership was made up of and controlled by women.

Why doesn't class stratification develop in foraging societies?

There is no advantage to hoarding food or having too much personal property.

All of the following are true about matrilineages, EXCEPT

They are also matriarchal, that is, women have more power than men.

Before colonialism, the Tiv people of Nigeria had a unique economic system characterized by

Three distinct spheres of exchange, each with their own form of money.

The goal of the Ithaca, New York HOURS program is

To maximize the number of transactions and deepen connections between people in the Ithaca area.

How does the Afro-Brazilian religion, Candomblé, show religious syncretism?

Traditional gods of Candomblé, the orixás, are combined with Catholic divine beings, such as saints.

Societies that are characterized by groups of people linked by age, gift exchanges, or marriage, a lack of central government, leadership roles that are open to everyone, and an egalitarian set of values are

Tribes.

Which of the following modes of production is based on farmers or herders producing for themselves and their families, but also giving a portion of their goods or labor to their leaders?

Tributary production.

The chapter argues that although anthropology has many subfields and specialties, all anthropologists share the "anthropological attitude," which Nader argues

Values both detachment and involvement as modes of rethinking existing assumptions, such as ethnocentrism, racism, and sexism.

In the field of anthropology, what statement best describes the relative positions of male and female professors?

While women hold positions of power and authority in the field, discrepancies remain among rank, salary, and publication rates.

All of the following were used as evidence for what the authors call the "creation story" of universal male dominance in our human ancestors, EXCEPT

Women were able to join men on the hunt when necessary.

After one man traveled to the US from Liberia with the Ebola virus in 2014, many Americans debated whether full travel bans should be instituted to and from countries with confirmed cases of Ebola. This is not only an example of how globalization can potentially create a public health disaster, but also highlights which social aspect of intensified globalization?

Xenophobic attitudes and racial prejudice.

Anything that serves to refer to something else, but has an arbitrary meaning, is best referred to as

a symbol

Armchair anthropology is a term used to refer to

a type of early anthropology based on the tales of others who had traveled to foreign lands

Sometimes an anthropologist does research on a particular group in order to lend their expertise to help fight for justice and equality for that group. In your text, this approach to research is called

activist anthropology

All of the following are true about human paralanguage, EXCEPT

all gestures share the same meaning across cultures, such as the "A-OK" hand sign

The hypothesis of linguistic relativity promotes the idea that

all languages are equally complex and advanced; no language is primitive.

The general idea of Chomsky's Universal Grammar is that

all normally developing human infants have an innate ability to acquire the language(s) used around them

Medical anthropologists: 1.) explore the environmental, social, and cultural conditions that impact the experience of illness 2.) draw on all four sub-disciplines of anthropology 3.) undertake both applied and theoretical anthropology 4.) all of the answer choices are correct

all of the answer choices are correct

Sir E. B> Tylor is known for 1.) becoming the first professor of anthropology at Oxford University 2.) writing a book called Primitive Culture 3.) writing a definition of "culture" that is widely considered to be the foundation of the culture concept 4.) all of the answer choices are correct

all of the answer choices are correct

The American Anthropological Association's Code of Ethics stresses which of the following ethical responsibilities? 1.) do no harm 2.) obtain informed consent 3.) make results accessible 4.) all of the answer choices are correct

all of the answer choices are correct

The bipedal position of humans, in contrast to the quadrupedal locomotion of other animals, led to some changes in the vocal anatomy. This includes 1.) a lowered larynx 2.) a longer pharynx 3.) a rounded palate 4.) all of the answer choices are correct

all of the answer choices are correct

To which of the following groups can anthropology contribute important forms of knowledge? 1.) feminist movements 2.) all of the answer choices are correct 3.) LGBTQ movements 4.) Indigenous movements

all of the answer choices are correct

Undertaking a period of fieldwork in cultural anthropology typically requires 1.) interacting on a daily basis with a group of people to learn about them 2.) spending a few months to a few years living among the research particpiants 3.) the anthropologist to go to where the people of the research study are 4.) all of the answer choices are correct

all of the answer choices are correct

Which of the following is true about anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski? 1.) he lived among Trobriand Island villagers, undertaking participant-observation fieldwork 2.) he wrote a book about life in the Trobriands, called Argonauts of the Western Pacific (1922) 3.) he "went native" during his fieldwork, becoming personally involved with the locals in ways that are ethically questionable 4.) all of the answer choices are correct

all of the answer choices are correct

Who was Zhang Qian? 1.) one of the first people to systematically study and document cultural differences 2.) a military officer born in the second century BCE 3.) a traveler who discovered many of the trade routes used in the Silk road 4.) all of these answer choices are correct

all of these answer choices are correct

Chapter author Katie Nelson conducted her first fieldwork among

an Indigenous community of northeastern Brazil called the Jenipapo-Kanindé

What is armchair anthropology?

an approach that uses the stories and experiences of others to measure other cultures from one's own (superior) vantage point

What do paleoanthropologists study?

ancient human relatives

The stigma that accompanies HIV/AIDS contributes to unequal treatment of patients with the same symptoms because

based on how the disease was contracted, some patients are deemed "innocent" and receive superior treatment than those deemed "guilty."

How does a fable become a tradition within a culture?

by being retold and accepted by others in the community

Management of cultural resources supports conservation of the human-environment interaction through

cataloguing and preserving archaeological sites and historic places threatened by development.

Western biomedicine tends to conceive of the body as a kind of biological machine. When parts of the machine are damaged, defective, or out of balance, the preferred therapeutic responses are most often

chemical or surgical interventions.

Traditional Chinese Medicine understands the body to contain a life force that, when blocked, causes illness. This force is called

chi (qi).

The communication of animals using sounds and visual cues (such as color changes, expressions, or body movements) is referred to as a

closed system

The American Anthropological Association's (AAA) Code of Ethics specifies that all of the following guidelines EXCEPT

complete your research by any means necessary

Digital communication has had all of the following effects, EXCEPT

confusing students in terms of which register to use when speaking to people in their communities

Today, anthropologists recognize all of the following EXCEPT

culture change has led to the loss of an authentic way of life for peoples around the world

The fact that patients in China who experience depression complain of different symptoms than patients who experience depression in the United States illustrates that

culture shapes a person's experience of their illness.

The four-fields approach in the anthropology of the United States includes

culture, biology, language, and archaeology

Ethnographers tend to write two kinds of field notes:

descriptive field notes and personal observations

Globalization has had all of the following effects EXCEPT

dialects spoken by people in small communities are gaining in popularity

Cultural explanations about the underlying causes of health problems is referred to in medical anthropology as

ethno-etiology.

The study of traditional uses of plants for food, construction, dyes, crafts, and medicine is called

ethnobotany.

Henry Morgan's argument that all societies "progress" through the same stages of development (savagery, barbarism, civilization) is an example of what type of thinking?

ethnocentric

The tendency to view one's own culture as more important and correct than any other culture is called

ethnocentrism

The field of study that investigates the ways that natural processes have shaped the development of life on Earth, producing measurable changes in populations over time is called

evolutionary biology.

All of the following are true about the Na people, who live in the foothills of the Himalayas, EXCEPT

fathers are absent from their children's lives.

Jane Goodall's work with nonhuman primates highlights the value of:

field-based research

The theory of structural-functionalism, as used by Radcliffe-Brown, believed that social structures

functioned to maintain social stability over time

The Garbage Project and "African Burial Ground" are examples of which branch of anthropology?

historical archaeology

The rapid changes in human lifestyles from small foraging groups to crowded, technologically- advanced societies shows that

human lifestyles are biocultural, or products of interactions between biology and culture.

An approach to healing that seeks to treat medical ailments by achieving a balance between the forces or elements of the body is called

humoral healing.

In order to study the similarities and differences among living societies and cultural groups, what must cultural anthropologists do?

immersive fieldwork

The Kayapó project illustrates how

indigenous groups shape the environments in which they live.

The abandonment of a language in favor of a new one is called

language shift

Clifford Geertz, a post-modern anthropologist, stressed the importance of

language, as a means of transmitting symbolic knowledge in public contexts

The discipline that investigates human health and health care systems in comparative perspective, considering a wide-range of bio-cultural dynamics that affect the well-being of human populations is referred to as

medical anthropology.

The term "vernacular" is used to identify

non-standard or stigmatized forms of a language, also may be called a "dialect"

Broca's area and Wernicke's area are two structures that

process language in the human brain

Sahlins' critique of agriculture is meant to

question whether civilization and industrialization are necessarily improvements for the sustainability of human societies.

A symbolic or interpretive anthropological approach

reads culture as a "text," and includes the perspectives that the anthropologist brings to the research

All of the following are true about Franz Boas EXCEPT he

relied heavily on racist stereotypes, making much of his work ethically questionable

In his book, The Golden Bough (1890), Sir James Frazer

relied on the accounts of others, such as missionaries and government officials, to formulate his ideas

Which of the following is NOT a major subfield of anthropology in the United States?

sociopolitical anthropology

The idea that a U.S. bride would wear a white dress to her wedding, but a Chinese bride would wear red, relies on the meaning of colors in different cultures

symbolic

Anthony Kwame Harrison argues that anthropology places taken-for-granted notions of progress within the broader context of human culture. What example does he give of a taken-for-granted notion of progress?

the increasing number of razor blades

Julian Steward's work among the Shoshone of the North American Great Basin illustrated

the multiple evolutionary pathways of different societies, and variety of ways that local communities could adapt to ecological conditions.

The theory of functionalism, as used by Malinowski, understood that culture traditions developed as a result of

the need to regulate specific human needs, such as food, safety, reproduction, and livelihood

Margaret Mead's book Coming of Age in Samoa (1928) provided an example of cultural determinism in that

the stress and anxiety of American adolescence were not experienced by Samoan youth, who grew up in a different cultural environment

The ideal of the ecologically noble savage puts the success of Indigenous conservation projects in jeopardy because

there is a potential for backlash by the Western media if Indigenous communities lose their symbolic purity.

Cultural relativism argues that we should seek to:

understand another person's beliefs and behaviors from the perspective of their culture rather than our own

In Slavonia, where chapter author Gilliland conducted research, agricultural households were

very large, up to 100 members who had specializations such as sewing or caring for horses.

Widely known as the founder of American anthropology, Franz Boas insisted that:

while cultures differ, they are not superior to nor inferior than one another

Anthropologist Philippe Bourgois lived with Puerto Rican crack dealers in East Harlem in order to find out:

why pockets of extreme poverty persist in the United States

Early ethnographer E.E. Evans-Pritchard describes the one main explanation that the Azande of north-central Africa give for any misfortune. This explanation is

witchcraft.

One consequence of early anti-miscegenation laws during the period of slavery in the US was that

Children of slave women and a Euro-American father inherited their mother's racial and slave status, adding to the slave "property" of the father.

All of the following are correct about Navajo (or Dine) society, EXCEPT

Clan membership is tied to a historical person recognized to be an ancestor.

Which anthropologist argued that religious beliefs are a "system of symbols which acts to establish powerful, persuasive, and long-lasting moods and motivations?"

Clifford Geertz

What natural event led to our early hominin ancestors expanding outward geographically and becoming bipedal?

Climate change

The political, social, economic, and cultural domination of a territory and its people by a foreign power for an extended period of time is referred to as

Colonialism.

The "white man's burden" was the notion that

Colonialists thought it was their responsibility to "civilize the savages" of the world.

Relationships formed through blood connections are called ___, while those formed through marriage are called ___.

Consanguineal, affinal.

Marvin Harris argues that religious beliefs developed in India to prohibit killing cows because

Cows were more valuable alive than as meat, due to their role in farming and subsistence.

In the salsa dance world, which of the following best describes the coming together of people at salsa dance "congresses" and festivals?

Dancers from all over the world convene and, even though they may not speak the same languages or share local styles, they can dance together.

The social-cultural process that creates kinship-based relationships of rights and obligations between members of a family is referred to as

Descent.

What do the authors say have been the results for women's positions with the development of "civilization" compared with traditional (or "primitive") societies?

Development has brought "mixed blessings" for women.

A child born into a traditional Croatian family will use different terms to refer to their mother's brother and father's brother as a reflection of the

Different roles that these uncles play in a child's life based on an earlier agricultural lifestyle.

According to Wolf's typology, the three distinct modes of production are

Domestic, tributary, and capitalist.

Which type of property exchange demonstrates the higher status of the groom's family and its ability to demand a payment for taking on the economic responsibility of a young wife?

Dowry.

Why might humans be susceptible to obesity based on our ancient history as foraging peoples?

Food shortages among foragers would give a selective advantage to those individuals who could retain body fat.

Anthropologists use the term domestic group to refer to a

Group of people who live together and share activities such as cooking, childcare, and economic support.

How does chapter author McDowell understand the political organization of ISIS (also called the Islamic State)?

He argues that ISIS has achieved many of the characteristics of a formal political state.

All of the following describe the Big Man of New Guinea, EXCEPT

He has the power to coerce others.

How did Malinowski change the process of ethnography?

He set a high standard for participatory ethnographic fieldwork and included theory, not only description.

People whose gardens supply the majority of their food are called

Horticulturalists.

A study focusing on the spread of religious doctrine by missionaries would be interested primarily in the

Ideoscape.

It has been argued that "black" athletes are naturally gifted runners and jumpers due to benefits passed down from their enslaved ancestors. What does the evidence say about this claim?

If we look at other sports, such as the high jump, one can see that "white" athletes from US and Western Europe dominate; it is clearly cultural and social supports that create excellence in groups of people, not genetics.

When seeking to understand violence, Nader argues that a holistic approach to ethnography is especially useful for understanding

Intercommunal violence.

How does Akbar Ahmed's (2013) book reflect a paradigm shift in the anthropology of the twenty-first century?

It uses a contemporary analysis of states and empires, as well as tribes.

Which anthropologist first used the term cultural ecology to describe how cultures use and understand their environments?

Julian Steward

At the turn of the 20th century, the landowning elite began to lose control in Latin America when

Latin American peasants migrated from the countryside into the cities and European immigrants arrived.

The perception that an individual has a valid right to leadership is called

Legitimacy.

Complex belief systems often developed by those in power to rationalize, explain, and perpetuate systems of inequality are referred to as

Legitimizing idealogies.

The anthropologist who equated "cultural evolution" with increasing control over the natural environment through technological progress was

Leslie White.

Scholars who create racial classification schemes that use general categories that span a large geographic area (often continents) are known as

Lumpers.

Practices intended to bring supernatural forces under one's personal control are referred to as

Magic.

Gender ideologies in the 19th and mid-20th centuries were based on a form of biological determinism, in which

Males and females were supposedly born fundamentally different reproductively and were "naturally" sexually attracted to each other, although women's sexual drive was not well-developed.

A social contract between (most often) two individuals and potentially their families that specifies rights and obligations of their union and their offspring is how anthropologists understand

Marriage.

The Nayar of southern India practiced an interesting form of matrilineal descent in which women lived with their mothers and siblings, even after marriage. This had the result that

Men and women could have more than one spouse, but the children always remained with their mothers.

How many people in the world today do not have access to adequate nutrition, the most basic element of good health?

1 in 20 people.

Skin color in humans is represented in geography by a cline, or clinal pattern. The skin color cline means that

A certain skin color may be more common in one region than another, but the variation is gradual and continuous.

The series of steps a food product takes from the field to the store is called

A commodity chain.

In Brazil, women who "swallow frogs" (engolir sapos) too often may develop "nerves (nervos)." When women express these symptoms to a health care provider, what are they experiencing physically and emotionally?

A constant suppression of emotional pain, which leads to headaches, trembling, dizziness, fatigue, and other symptoms.

The salaula (secondhand clothes market system) of Zambia is an example of

A highly successful informal economy that operates within a global system.

What does the chapter author, Garcia, say sparked his interest in cultural anthropology?

A lifetime of other people's questions and assumptions about his racial and ethnic background.

Joseba Zulaika's Terrorism - The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy (2009) argues that counter-terrorism produces terrorism, invoking the idea that

A premodern type of thinking is being used, like the fear of witches, that denies evidence and sees all as good or evil.

What is the correct relationship between a state and a nation?

A state is a coercive political institution; a nation is an ethnic population.

Some of the ways that women navigate public spaces associated with males, such as in India, is to practice purdah, that is, to

Adopt clothing, behavior, or special routes to create separation or segregation.

People who are disconnected from the production of their food (that is, who do not know where their daily food comes from or how it was produced) are more likely to be in which kind of society?

Agricultural.

How did the organization of space in the film Kypseli reflect local gender norms? 1.) Women owned the houses and kitchen implements; men owned the land, farm tools and animals. 2.) Men occupied the front of the church; women were restricted to the back. 3.) All are correct. 4.) The house courtyard was the province of women during the day and of men in the evening.

All are correct.

How has research and teaching of the anthropology of law changed since the 1960s? 1.) There is a focus on the diffusion of legal ideologies, such as the rule of law, to new states. 2.) Students are interested to learn about the War on Terror in the U.S. 3.) More attention is paid to globalization and modernization. 4.) All of the answer choices are correct.

All of the answer choices are correct.

What kinds of goods and ideas flow across national boundaries, as identified by Appadurai's idea of "scapes?" 1.) people 2.) technology 3.) media 4.) all of the answer choices are correct

All of the answer choices are correct.

In the anthropological study of religion, a revitalization ritual is

An attempt to resolve serious problems, such as war, famine, or poverty, through a supernatural intervention.

Any efforts to classify human populations into racial categories should best be understood as

Arbitrary and subjective.

One of the most common characteristics of ancestor spirits across religious belief systems is that they

Are needy, and must be cared for properly or they can negatively affect the lives of the living.

Why do anthropologists think agriculture arose nearly simultaneously in different regions of the world? 1.) Global climate change led to the extinction of the megafauna (large game animals that hunters had relied upon) 2.) A quest for power among elites led to a culture of feasting and gift-giving, requiring additional and intensive production from the land. 3.) Both of the answer choices are possible hypotheses. 4.) None of the answer choices is correct.

Both of the answer choices are possible hypotheses.

Which type of property exchange demonstrates a higher value placed on women and their ability to work and produce children?

Bridewealth.

Which of the following anthropological believed that supernatural beliefs met the psychological needs of people, and were born out of the "tragedies of human life?"

Bronislaw Malinowski

A stunning find in the field of urban archaeology is a city of 20,000 people at the convergence of the Missouri, Mississippi, and Illinois rivers, which was larger in the 11th and 12th centuries than London or Paris. The name of this city is

Cahokia.

The process of buying, eating, or using a resource, food, commodity, or service is called

Consumption.

All of the following statements are correct about subsistence types, EXCEPT

Each society practices only one of the four subsistence types.

Each of the four types of socio-cultural integration can be identified as

Egalitarian, ranked, or stratified.

When an ill person describes the origin of their suffering as coming from a fright or shock, they are using which type of ethno-etiology?

Emotionalistic.

The cultural rule which emphasizes the need to marry within a cultural group is called

Endogamy.

One of the main differences between the anthropology that developed in the 19th and early 20th centuries in North America and Europe was that

European anthropology focused more on social institutions (such as family or political organizations), and how they interact with culture

Which is the most common form of family structure cross-culturally?

Extended family.

Negative reinforcements include

Fines.

The cultural norms and attitudes surrounding food and eating are known as

Foodways.

Which of the following scenarios best represents the "built environment" among foragers?

Foragers construct temporary shelters made of twigs, leaves, palm fronds, or whatever plant materials are available in their environment.

Which of the following subsistence activities is an example of an immediate return system?

Foraging for plant foods in a forest.

At the level of the state, the law becomes increasingly

Formal.

Which of the following anthropologists is widely considered to be one of the founders of modern North American anthropology, with its focus on fieldwork and cultural relativism?

Franz Boas

The shift from Old English to Middle English occurred when

French conquerors from Normandy invaded England in 1066 AD

The set of ideas about the categories of gender, and the beliefs, behaviors, and meanings associated with each gender, is referred to as a

Gender idealogy.

All of the following are true about gender cross culturally EXCEPT

Gender is always binary or dualistic, consisting of males and females.

A set of culturally invented expectations leading to a role that a person assumes, learns, and performs, describes

Gender roles.

At Halloween each year, the author joins in giving out handfuls of candy to neighborhood children. This type of reciprocity can be best called

Generalized.

In Globalization studies, the fact that McDonalds offers local favorites in its branches across the world, such as a McAloo Tikki potato patty in India, is an example of

Glocalization.

The adaptation of global ideas into locally palatable forms is referred to as

Glocalization.

A sodality is characterized by

Groups of people in a tribe who are connected by age.

One of the differences between the US and Brazilian systems of "racial" classification is that

In Brazil, an increase or decrease in social status may change people's perception of an individual's "type" (tipo), while in the US a change in social status does not influence the perception of race.

Sharing of food and other resources among members of foraging groups

Is a survival strategy that reinforces social equality and helps the group get through times of scarcity.

Why does an early human burial with stone tools, shells, animal bones, and other objects suggest a belief in the supernatural?

It seems to show they were preparing their dead for what might be needed in an afterlife.

What was the result of the privatization of water in the Bolivian city of Cochabamba, as mandated by the World Bank and IMF loans?

It was disastrous, due to rapid population growth and a scarcity of water.

More than simply a social construction, "race" is now studied in the contexts of

Its role as a social, legal and medical category in relation to inequities.

The word used to describe culturally-recognized ties between members of a family is

Kinship.

In anthropology, descent from a common ancestor is referred to as

Lineage.

What was the major criticism of the early 20th century "three-race" theory that divided the world's peoples into the categories of Caucasoid, Mongoloid, and Negroid?

Many people of the world were omitted from the racial groups with no clear way of including them in one group or another.

A society characterized by a centralized government that has a monopoly over the legitimate use of force, a large diverse population, social stratification, and complex economies is called a

State.

Which types of societies throughout time have had the strictest controls over marriage, in order to reproduce the existing social structure?

Stratified non-egalitarian societies.

E.E. Evans-Pritchard's important contribution to ethnography was

That Azande beliefs about magic and witchcraft made perfect sense within the context ofAzande life.

Which vitamin, important for healthy bone growth, does sunlight help produce?

Vitamin D

In calling religion "the opium of the people", Karl Marx meant that religion

Was an ideology that dulls people into accepting their low economic and social status by promising acceptance into Heaven through obedience.

How can sickle cell anemia be seen as an adaptive characteristic for humans?

When a person inherits one copy of the sickle cell gene, it confers resistance against malaria.

Thomas Malthus' idea that connects population and resources argues that

Without something to slow it down, a population will grow faster than the resources that the environment can provide.

A minimal unit of meaning in a language, that may be bound or unbound, is

a morpheme

Language universals are

a set of characteristics of all human languages that are the same or similar

Anthropologist Bob Myers argues that: 1.) anthropology does not seek to exoticize those who live differently from us 2.) anthropology seeks to illustrate the potential for human life 3.) anthropology seeks to demonstrate that the way of doing things we know best is neither normal nor necessarily right 4.) all of the answer choices are correct

all of the answer choices are correct

Lynn Kwiatkowski's participant observation research consisted of: 1.) conducting interviews and surveys 2.) sharing daily and ritual experiences 3.) living in Ifugao Province of the Phillippines 4.) all of the answer choices are correct

all of the answer choices are correct

What causes language variation? 1.) migration routes 2.) social class 3.) settlement patterns 4.) all of the answer choices are correct

all of the answer choices are correct

Which subfield of anthropology aims to solve specific practical problems in collaboration with governmental, non-profit, and community organizations?

applied anthropology

According to the authors, in the story of Gulliver's Travels, which character(s) becomes The Other?

both Gulliver and the Lilliputians

An approach to healing that directs the combined efforts of multiple people toward treating illness is called

communal healing.

Biological anthropology and archaeology use what kind of approach when conducting research?

deductive

Before beginning fieldwork, researchers usually must submit their plans to an Institutional Research Board (IRB). The role of the IRB is to

ensure that study participants are aware they will not be harmed by the research

A shift in the kinds of diseases that are prevalent among human populations is referred to as a/an

epidemiological transition.

The in-depth study of everyday practices and lives of a people is referred to as

ethnography

Horace Miner's essay Body Rituals of the Nacirema (1956) was written as a satire to

have readers examine the way that early anthropological descriptions made other people seem exotic and strange

All of the following are true about Sir James Frazer EXCEPT

he concluded that all religious systems were equally developed but had different manifestations

What was the eventual result of the debate within the AAA over Napoleon Chagnon's actions among the Yanomami?

he was not found guilty, but also not found guilt free

In English, we say: "I love you." In Spanish, there are many ways of conveying different types of love, such as te quieor, te amo, and te adoro. These differences are an example of:

how language may influence our views of the world

When researching the American lawn, Julie Sharp found that the strongest indicator of whether a household's lawn was intensively managed with toxic chemicals was

how well the household members knew the names of their neighbors.

Obesity is considered to be a "disease of civilization," meaning

it did not exist in early human populations.

How do anthropologists understand the concept of The Other?

it is a term that describes people whose customs, beliefs, or behaviors are different from one's own; an outsider or stranger

What is ethnocentrism?

it is the belief that one's own culture is better than others

The Nuremberg Code is a document produced after WWII that is relevant to anthropology because

it provided a model code of ethics for how to treat human subjects ethically in medical or scientific research

What aspects of culture did Bob, the coffee shop patron, identify in his definition of culture?

language and changing cultural values

The concept that emphasizes the ways in which human social and cultural practices are influenced by basic subsistence needs is referred to as

materialism.

Ethnography that examines how other species make decisions and exercise a degree of agency that can influence history is referred to as

multispecies ethnography.

The approach in which disease is thought to be the result of natural forces such as cold, heat, wind, dampness, and above all, by an upset in the balance of the basic body elements is a

naturalistic ethno-etiology.

To which of the following does ethnography NOT refer?

novels written by cultural anthropologists

The research technique in which an ethnographer records their own observations and thoughts, as well as what they do while engaging in daily community activities, is called

participant observation

"Going native" means that an anthropologist

participates more fully in local life than an observer, potentially becoming romantically involved with Native people

Paul Farmer, working as both BLANK and BLANK, demonstrates the applied potential of anthropology.

physician/medical anthropologist

Nineteenth century anthropologists identified three stages of "cultural evolution," which were called (in this order of development)

savagery, barbarism, and civilization

The field of study that questions the objectivity of modern science to some extent and views science as a product of specific cultural understandings is

science and technology studies.

The idea that children will gradually lose the ability to acquire language naturally without effort is called

the Critical Age Range Hypothesis

Why do the authors of this chapter decide to talk to a patron of a coffee shop?

the authors are interested to know how non-anthropologists define culture

Descriptive linguistics is a subfield that studies

the structures of language.

Research suggests that when a person unknowingly receives a placebo drug,

their body often responds physiologically in the same way it would if the drug were real.

The practice of slash-and-burn (or swidden) agriculture can be indefinitely sustainable when

there is a low population density and an adequate supply of land.

The common English phrases "I won the argument" and "I had a fight with my boyfriend last night" are examples of the conceptual metaphor in American culture that argument is

war

Sustainable development can be defined as

ways that environmental resources can be preserved while utilizing those resources for industry.

The practice of moving gardens to new areas, cutting down fast-growing trees, burning the undergrowth, and planting crops is called

"Slash and burn."

Durkheim's term to describe the passion or energy produced when groups of people experience the same thoughts and emotions is

Collective effervescence.

Who wrote the book commonly known as Al Rihla, considered to be among the first examples of early pre-anthropological writing?

Ibn Battuta

How were differences among cultures explained before Tylor's definition of culture?

Through climate differences and Divine decision making.

Which of the following is the best summary of the goals of economic anthropology?

To examine the forces that affect the decisions of economic actors in production, exchange, and consumption, and the meaning of material and immaterial objects.

All of the following are reasons why functionalist theories fell out of favor, EXCEPT that they

focus on the practices that give structure to daily life

What does Sapir-Whorf hypothesis propose?

the language you speak allows you to think about some things and not others

Anthropologist Scott Hutson (2000) describes similarities between the altered states of consciousness and "self-forgetting" of shamans and a similar experience of participants of

"Rave" dance parties.

During the height of the European colonial period, European nations ruled more than ____of the world.

85%

Chapter author McDowell argues that ISIS already demonstrates all of the following aspects, EXCEPT

A secular government.

Bruno Latour made the argument that the discipline of anthropology is uniquely qualified to provide insight into key components of current environmental crises by: 1.) determining the reasons behind the choices human groups make. 2.) bridging the natural and social sciences. 3.) studying contradictions between cultural universals and particularities. 4.) All of the answer choices are correct.

All of the answer choices are correct.

Globalization within a consumerist economy enables individuals: 1.) to exhibit their identities through the purchase and conspicuous use of goods. 2.) to expand their range of identities in new ways through the use of global goods, ideas, and belief systems. 3.) to increase their symbolic capital by knowing how to distinguish between goods. 4.) all of the answer choices are correct.

All of the answer choices are correct.

The concept of mana, an impersonal supernatural force containing power, is an example of

Animatism.

The period (epoch) in geological time in which the effects of human activities have altered the fundamental geochemical cycles of the earth is referred to the

Anthropocene.

Chapter author, Christian Palmer, became an environmentally-focused anthropologist with a holistic perspective after receiving a

BA in ethnobotany and MA in environmental science.

The Kula Ring of the Trobriand Islands, a ceremonial exchange of arm bands and necklaces, best illustrates

Balanced reciprocity.

The term that anthropologists use to quantify the number of calories that can be extracted from a particular unit of land to support a human population is

Carrying.

A society characterized by a stable political office that belongs to the leader, a redistributive economy, social and political bonds made through marriages and secret societies is most likely a

Chiefdom.

The cultural rule that emphasizes the need to marry outside of one's own cultural group is called

Exogamy.

A family of at least three generations sharing a household is referred to as a/an

Extended family.

Religions that worship a single supreme God are called BLANK, while those that worship multiple gods are called BLANK.

Monotheistic, polytheistic.

The study of the means of control in societies is the subject of

Political anthropology.

A two spirit person of the Zuni Pueblo represents a

Third gender role that is "not man" and "not woman."

Anthropologist Eric Wolf argued that human consciousness is determined by this basic human activity:

Work.

In cultural anthropology, the term "belief" refers to:

all mental aspects of culture

In anthropology, the process of learning culture as it is transmitted by others is called

enculturation

Malinowski is known to have done all of the following EXCEPT

marrying a Native Trobriand woman